First Founding Father
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merchant-bankers, 198, 202
Tea Act, 63
Mifflin, Thomas, 161, 162, 168–169
militias
Battles of Lexington and Concord, 83–84
Chesapeake Bay defense, 122–123
interstate conflicts, 201
Lee’s call in First Continental Congress, 73, 75
selection of officers, 99
Shays’s Rebellion, 198
sufficiency for defense, 39, 80
time of service, 177–178
training, 82
Mississippi River, 191, 202, 226
Monmouth Courthouse, battle of, 173–174
Monroe, James, 136, 262
Montesquieu, Baron de, 17, 217
Monticello, 262
Montreal, 97
Morris, Robert, 103, 175, 189, 243, 255
Mount Vernon, 9, 19, 261–262
Mt. Airy, 26–28
Native Americans. See American Indians
Navigation Act, 47
navy, American
building of, 95–96, 100, 141, 147–148
Chesapeake Bay defense, 122–123
Delaware River defense, 108–109
disbanding, 194
privateers, 182
Nelson, Thomas, 186
New Hampshire, 117, 199, 201, 229, 234
New Jersey, 116–117, 120, 228
New York
boycotts, 48
British army base, 133–134, 136, 151, 172–173, 174
Constitution ratification, 239
Declaration of Independence, 116, 120, 125–126
invasion during Seven Years’ War, 31
New Hampshire land conflict, 201
opposition to federal tax, 160, 193
opposition to proportional voting, 207
New York City, 39, 48, 56, 189
Norfolk, 103
North Carolina, 108, 178, 229–230, 239
Northern Neck Peninsula, 15, 19
defense by militia, 179–180
hurricane damage, 53
Lord Dunmore’s base, 122–123, 126–127
slave population, 35–36
Northwest Territory, 159, 204–206
Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress (Jefferson), 115
Ohio Land Company
Articles of Confederation effect, 159, 193
Effects of Northwest Ordinance, 206
formation, 15
Grand Ohio Company competition, 32–33, 103, 130–131, 145, 206
Robert Morris involvement, 161–162
Quebec Act, 66
Spain, 191
Olive Branch Petition, 96–97, 100
Otis, James, 45–46
Paine, Thomas, 104
Parliament
American representation, 48–49
Continental Association, response to, by, 77–80, 82–83
election of William Lee, 58
powers vis-à-vis Congress, 207, 219, 234, 244
rights to tax colonists, 38–39, 46–47, 58, 59, 76
tea boycott response, 62–63, 64–67
See also Stamp Act; tea boycott; Townshend Acts
Pennsylvania
colonial acquisition, 14–15
Connecticut land conflict, 201
Constitution ratification, 228
Declaration of Independence support, 116, 120
French invasion, 18
militia, 185
Quebec Act, 66
Virginia land conflict, 201
Philadelphia
British attack, 2, 151, 152–155, 172–174
Constitution ratification, 228–229
protests, 39
temporary federal capital, 253
travel difficulties, 69–70
Post–Revolutionary War debt crisis, 191–194
Hamilton’s economic reforms, 249–253
lack of specie, 197–198
Shays’s Rebellion, 198–200
taxation difficulties, and, 213–214
See also Constitutional Convention
Potomac River, 3, 19, 85, 195
Powhatan Indians, 10
President. See U.S. President
Proclamation of Neutrality, 256–257, 258
Putnam, Israel, 133
Quakers, 35, 36, 206
Quartering Act, 66–67, 234
Quebec, 32, 97
Quebec Act, 66, 234
Quincy, Josiah, 56
Randall, Joseph, 5, 15–16
Randolph, Edmund, 209
admiration for John Robinson, 32
appointments to Constitutional Convention, 201
Constitution, opposition to, 209, 226
Constitution, support for, 232–233
Randolph, Peyton, 28, 70
Reflexions (Vergennes), 107
Revere, Paul, 75, 83
Revolutionary War
arguments for, 107
arms supply, 102, 109–110, 135, 149, 151–152
arrival of French officers, 142–145
Battle of Bunker Hill, 94–97
Battle of Saratoga, 157–158
Battles of Lexington and Concord, 83–85
British flight from Boston, 104–105
British raids of Chesapeake Bay, 122–123, 126–127, 179–180
British response, 172
British support, 88–89
Declaration of Independence, 117–118
formal alliance with France, 171
French army, 186–187
French court diplomacy, 135–136
French support, 3
Loans from overseas, 191–192
Marquis de Lafayette, 183–187
peace talks, 182, 187–188, 194
southern campaign, 180–187
See also Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de; Continental Army; Continental Congress, Second; Cornwallis, Charles; Declaration of Independence; Howe, William; intelligence/spying; post–Revolutionary War debt crisis; Revolutionary War, French support; Washington, George, during Revolutionary War
Rhode Island, 48, 229, 239
Richmond, 80, 180, 183
riots, 38, 56, 59, 202
Robinson, John, 29
Richard Henry Lee conflict 29, 32–37
slave trade, 34–36
on treasury notes, 32–33, 36–37
Rutledge, Edmund, 133
Rutledge, Edward, 114, 116–117
Saratoga, battle of, 157–158
Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 123
Senate. See U.S. Senate
Seven Years’ War
Braddock expedition, 18–23, 31
British debts from, 38
consequences for French, 92
expulsion of French from Fort Duquesne, 32
surplus of obsolete arms, 109
Shawnee Indians, 194
Shays’s Rebellion, 198–200, 249
Sherman, Roger, 207
Shippen, William, 17, 72, 120, 161
Six Nation Confederacy, 14–15
slavery/slaves
agreements at Constitutional Convention, 207
aristocracy, 224
Declaration of Independence, 124–125
effects on Senate voting, 220
emancipation by British army, 101, 180, 183–184
headrights, 8–9
opposition by RHL, 2, 33–36, 50–51, 73, 218
prohibition in Northwest Territory, 159, 205–206
slave rebellions, 36
voting rights, 218
Smith, Adam, 251
Smith, Jean Edward, 216
South Carolina, 116–117, 124, 229
Spain
assistance during Revolutionary War, 141, 168
Florida control, 228
Mississippi River control, 191, 194
threat to United States, 118
speculation, 175, 201, 255
Springfield, 198
spying. See intelligence/spying
Stamp Act, 37–51
colonial resistance, 45–46
effects of, 37–38
influence on RHL, 40–43
Lee family response, 40–45
political turmoil, 46–51
Staten Island, 127, 133
Steptoe, Elizabeth, 23, 77
Steptoe, James, 23
Steuben, “Baron” von, 170, 171–172
Stratford Hall, 12–14, 263–264
expansion by Thomas Lee, 15
inheritance, 77
library, 17–18
location, 19
Stratford Landing
boycott of British trade, 77–78, 85
British attack, 181–182
hurricane damage, 53
Suffolk Resolves, 75–76
Sullivan, John, 133
Supporters of the Bill of Rights, 59–60
Supreme Court, 208–209, 248
Susquehannock Indians, 10
tariffs. See taxes/tariffs
Tarleton, Banastre, 183–184, 186
taxes/tariffs
Articles of Confederation, 160, 193, 197, 203–204, 213–214
Bacon’s Rebellion, 11
direct vs. indirect, 38
liquor distillers, 250
non-British imports, 39
opposition to federal taxes, 200, 219, 221–222, 230, 234
Parliament’s right to levy, 38–39, 46–47, 58, 59, 76
property taxes, 225, 249
Seven Years’ War, 32
slaves, 34–36
Virginia Assembly, 168
See also Stamp Act
Tayloe, John, 26–28
Tayloe, Rebecca Plater, 26–28
Tea Act, 62–64
tea boycott, 62–68
British response to tea losses, 64–67
participation by RHL, 77–78
Tea Act, 62–63
“Tea Parties,” 63–64
Thomson, Charles, 115–116, 130
Virginia Tidewater, 29, 51
tobacco
as currency, 146
harvesting, 35
Lee family’s tobacco trade, 9, 55–57, 77–78, 123
shipping, 57
Townshend Acts, 46
arguments over legitimacy, 48–49
boycott response, 62–63
partial repeal, 55–56
trade
American Revolution effects, 191
British obstruction, 78
effects of Declaration of Independence, 108
French/American trade, 109, 158
fur trade, 33
merchants, 46, 58, 63, 194, 198, 202
national bank, 251
1769 hurricane effects, 52–53
state control, 201
waterway networks, 194–196
See also boycotts; currency; merchants; tobacco
U.S. Congress, First, 237–248
Bill of Rights ratification, 246–248
establishment of government departments, 245–246
Federalist/Antifederalist divisions, 239–241
Hamilton’s economic reforms, 249–253
member pay, 255
RHL appointment, 237–238
tariff law proposal, 244–245
See also Bill of Rights; U.S. President
U.S. Constitution, 200–204, 206–235
emolument clause of, 255
executive powers, 214, 219–220, 225, 234, 245
government structure, 207–208
military, 225, 230, 233–234
prohibition of titles, 244
ratification, 3, 228
representation, 206–207, 224, 248
state vs. federal powers, 215, 219, 233–234
trial by jury, 214–215
Virginia ratification convention, 230–235
See also Constitutional Convention; U.S. Congress, First
U.S. House of Representatives, 207, 210, 220–221, 253
U.S. President
character, 225
election, 238–239
executive departments, 245–246
executive orders, 256–258, 262–263
judicial appointments, 248
powers under Constitution, 208, 211, 225, 234
Senate powers overlap, 214
title of address, 242–244
U.S. Senate
Electoral College votes, 208, 218
judicial appointments review, 248
overlap of presidential-senatorial powers, 214
representation, 220
RHL appointment, 237–238
RHL as president pro tempore, 254
terms of service, 239
Valley Forge
deaths, 160–161
diversion of supplies, 167–170, 173
tactical advantages, 160
Vergennes, comte de (Charles Gravier), 93, 102, 107, 158
Vermont, 201
Virginia
commercial union with Maryland, 195–196
convention on parliamentary levies, 69, 73
Elizabeth I and, 8
land conflict with Pennsylvania, 201
Lee family control, 1
militia, 18–23, 85, 101, 177
money, 200
navy, 122, 147–148, 180
Ohio Territory control, 130–131, 159
population, 9
Shays’s Rebellion, 199
slavery laws, 35
See also House of Burgesses; Virginia Assembly
Virginia Assembly
Bill of Rights
ratification, 247–248
Constitution ratification debate, 226, 230–235
convention after king rejects congressional appeal, 80–82
Declaration of Independence support, 108
draft,167–168
Thomas Jefferson inquiry, 186, 187
Thomas Nelson election, 186
removal of RHL, 145–147
See also House of Burgesses
Virginia Gazette, 31, 42, 215
Virginia Independent Chronicle, 225, 227
voting
bare majority vs. two-thirds majority, 211, 230
Coercive Acts, 66
property requirements, 218, 238–239, 241–242
state populations, 206–207, 248, 253
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 216
Wakefield School, 5–6, 15–16
War of 1812, 262
Warren, Joseph, 86
Washington, Augustine, 21, 26
Washington, Corbin, 249
Washington, DC, 252–253
Washington, George, 1, 3
Boston Tea Party criticism, 64
Braddock’s expedition, 18–23
commander of Virginia militia, 85
on Constitution, 206, 209, 214, 215, 216, 226, 235
criticism by Patrick Henry, 231–232
criticism of role in Seven Years’ War, 31
election as Constitutional Convention president, 201
House of Burgesses, 28
Mercer/Lee duel, 45
mythologizing of, 262
Ohio Valley Company formation, 15
oratory, 71
property, 29, 53
reluctance to attend Constitutional Convention, 202–203
Stamp Act opposition, 40
views on federal government, 200
views of The Federalist, 226
waterway networks, 194–196
Washington, George, as President
election, 238–239
executive departments, 246
federal capital, creation of, 252–253
inauguration, 243
judicial appointments, 248
Proclamation of Neutrality by, 256–257, 258
Revolutionary War debts, 249–250
RHL’s appointment to Senate, 238
vetoes congressional representation bill, 253
Whiskey Rebellion, 261
Washington, George, during Revolutionary War
<
br /> attempted assassination of, 127–128
on Continental Army officers, 98–99, 142–143, 149–150
Conway’s plot against, 162–170
Cornwallis’s Virginia campaign, 185
currency counterfeiting by British, 148–149
enlistment shortages, 145, 178
flight to Delaware River, 136–137, 138–139
Germantown disaster, 160–161
Kips Bay defense, 134
money shortages, 103–104
need for navy, 102
nomination as commander-in-chief, 86–87, 151
Norfolk seizure, 101
Philadelphia defense, 152–155
pursuit of Howe’s army, 172–174
response to treaty with France, 171
supply shortages, 96, 97
surrendering of commission, 188–189
Valley Forge, 160–161, 167–170, 173
Yorktown, battle of, 186–187
See also Conway, Thomas; Revolutionary War; Valley Forge
Washington, Martha, 165
Washington, William Augustine, 249
Wayne, Anthony, 185
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 251
Webster, Noah, 70, 216
Westmoreland Resolves of 1766, 41–43, 46
Wilkes, John
criticism of king, 60, 93–94
friendship with Arthur Lee, 61, 88–89
opposition to British taxation of Americans, 59–60, 61
Williamsburg, 13, 80, 98
Willing, Thomas, 103
Wirt, William, 37, 119, 146–147, 222
Yorktown, battle of, 186–187