China 1945
Page 52
“the least bit of attention”: Ibid., p. 61.
“squeeze”: Ibid., p. 207.
“a lot of robberies”: Da Gong Bao, Dec. 24, 1945.
“Such a spirit of daring”: Ibid.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Everything Stalin Wanted
Soviet invasion of Manchuria: David M. Glantz, Soviet Operational and Tactical Combat in Manchuria, 1945, “August Storm” (Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003), pp. 1–2 and passim.
“three days of open looting”: Survey of the Mukden Area Situation as It Has Developed from 16 August 1945 to 10 September 1945,” NARA, RG 226 (Records of the OSS), Entry 148, Box 6.
“ ‘not being normal in their minds’ ”: Ibid.
“domination of the provinces”: Lisle Abbott Rose, Dubious Victory: The United States and the End of World War II (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1973), p. 132.
“The Kremlin will be careful”: Davies, Dragon, pp. 406–407.
“discrediting the Chungking government”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 348.
“Without the support of the Soviet”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 433.
“One should keep Japan”: Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Sanford University Press, 1993), p. 3.
the result might be massive: Ibid., p. 5.
“Russia has pledged”: Lohbeck, p. 405.
“This kicked the props”: Time, Sept. 3, 1945.
“without hope of future help”: Time, Sept. 3, 1945.
“minimized”: New York Times, Oct. 14, 1945.
“because Stalin insisted”: Pantsov and Levine, p. 346.
foment a pro-Communist uprising: Goncharov et al., pp. 8–9.
as a tactical move: Sheng, p. 102.
“very distressed and even angry”: Shi Zhe, p. 215.
Mao argued in an interview: Mao, Collected Works, vol. 4.
“the talks would buy time”: Goncharov et al., p. 7.
“beyond any measurement”: Sheng, p. 100.
“ ‘bourgeois influence’ ”: Mao, “The Situation and our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan,” Aug. 13, 1945, in Collected Works, online at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_01.html.
“it should not be surprising”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 325.
“unanimous demand”: Sheng, pp. 98–99.
“going to his own execution”: Time, Sept. 10, 1945.
“weird, loud scream”: Shi Zhe, p. 21.
“Olive oil! olive oil!”: Time, Sept. 10, 1945.
“the cordial atmosphere”: Time, Sept. 10, 1945.
“well-informed observers”: Ibid.
“ten thousand years”: Taylor, p. 319.
“I am confident”: Time, Oct. 8, 1945.
“back of its hand”: Time, Sept. 24, 1945.
“We must stop”: Taylor, p. 321.
“touched the Chairman’s heart”: Ibid.
The two sides promised: Ibid., p. 319.
he has been justly criticized: Feis, p. 361.
“only words on paper”: Mao, “On the Chungking Negotiations,” Collected Works, vol. 4, online.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Facts on the Ground
“vast lost areas”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 519–20.
“have the right to enter”: Feis, pp. 340–41.
“It is debatable”: Davies, Dragon, p. 406.
“to render to China”: Feis, p. 346.
“The Eighth Route Army”: Vladimirov, p. 26.
“Like everywhere in the Special Area”: Ibid., p. 40.
“outmaneuver Stalin”: Schaller, p. 256.
“think of the kids”: David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 424.
“not a drop of gentleness”: Melby, p. 26.
“There is no such thing”: Schaller, p. 214.
Zhu De was already ordering: Taylor, p. 315.
Mao dispatched nine regiments: Goncharov et al., p. 9.
the Soviets took 925 airplanes: Taylor, p. 318.
“They are Red Army”: Sheng, p. 106, citing Zhu Yuanshi, “Liu Shaoqi yu Kangzhan Jiesu Hou zhengduo Donbei di Zheng Dou” [Liu Shaoqi and the Struggle for Power in the Northeast After the End of the War of Resistance], Jindaishi yanjiu [Modern History], no. 5 (1988): pp. 124–45.
“The Soviet Union doesn’t”: Yang Kuisong, Mao Zedong, p. 223.
“The Soviets not only”: Ibid.
“They gave high praise”: Zeng Kelin, “Dadi Chongguang: Youguan Dongbei Jingun Huiyi,” [Recover the Land: Recollections of Marching into the Northeast] Renwu [Figures] 184, no. 5 (1984): 77–78.
the Soviet emissary’s plane: Ivan D. Yeaton, Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1976), p. 116.
the emissary made a public statement: Sheng, pp. 106–107.
“We want to bore our way in”: Taylor, p. 317.
number of Chinese Communist troops: Goncharov et al., pp. 10–11.
“There is a possibility”: New York Times, Oct. 30, 1945.
told him that Chinese Communist troops: Yang Kuisong, Mao Zedong, p. 228.
“caught with our pants down”: Yu, p. 231.
nearly two thousand agents: Ibid., p. 226.
dropped into territories: Yu, p. 232.
a nearby POW camp: Ibid., pp. 232–33.
deaths of thousands of American troops: OSS Records, NARA, RG226, Entry 148, Box 7.
“suddenly and unannounced”: OSS “Survey of the Mukden Area,” NARA, Entry 148, Box 6, Folder 87.
Cardinal observed the Eighth Routers: Ibid.
“a stabbing of a B-24 tire”: Ibid.
“without a fight?”: Ibid.
“support for Chinese reactionaries”: Schaller, p. 266.
“quite capable”: Benis M. Frank and Henry I. Shaw, The History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, vol. 5, Victory and Occupation (Washington, DC: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), pp. 547–48.
a convoy of nearly twenty-five thousand: Henri I. Shaw, The United States Marines in North China, 1945–1949 (Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968), p. 1.
“the largest troop movement”: Schaller, p. 265.
the marines took over Qingdao: Shaw, pp. 3–4.
“he might have been impeached”: McCullough, p. 474.
“the plan should be abandoned”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 570–71.
“military necessity”: Shaw, p. 10.
“the ports in question”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 571.
“to support undemocratic institutions”: Ibid., pp. 559–62. Feis, pp. 371–73.
“outstanding intelligence officers”: Yu, p. 235.
“lean, hearty, enthusiastic”: Paul Fillmann and Graham Peck, China: The Remembered Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), p. 186.
Birch was ordered to go: W. J. Miller, “Account of the Death of Captain John Birch,” OSS Headquarters, Central Command, Sept. 14, 1945, NARA retained file. Yu, pp. 235–41.
another American OSS team: Yu, p. 241.
the CCP needed industry: Steven I. Levine, Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 26.
“a solid foundation”: Goncharov et al., p. 9.
“No matter what”: Sheng, p. 116.
“formally inform them”: Ibid.
Communist troops opened fire: Shaw, p. 2.
of all the Japanese forces: New York Times, Oct. 8, 1945.
sent a message to Wedemeyer: Feis, p. 365. Sheng, pp. 116–17.
“with many sacrifices”: Ronald H. Spector, The Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 54.
“an interference”: Frank and Shaw, p. 559.
“The decision regarding Chefoo”: New York Times, Oct. 9, 1945.
“comic opera”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 646.
“every mile of track”: Shaw, p. 8.
“the rest of the traitor army”: Ibid., p. 6.
“an island in a Communist sea”: Ibid., p. 7.
on a train near Guye: Ibid., p. 9.
“a true son”: Time, May 30, 1960.
searched the KMT offices: Donald G. Gillin and Ramon H. Myers, eds., Last Chance in Manchuria: The Diary of Chang Kia-Ngau (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1989), pp. 88–89.
“filled with Soviet officers”: Ibid., p. 72.
“On the same day”: Ibid., p. 73.
“this issue can be negotiated”: Ibid., p. 75.
“a sitting duck”: Ibid., p. 76.
Chinese Communist troops were in control: Feis, pp. 384–85.
“It is very clear”: Gillen and Myers, p. 104.
American actions to exclude the Soviets: Feis, pp. 390–95.
“these professors are distressed”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 476–79.
Among its resolutions: Taylor, pp. 305–306.
plans for an airlift were dropped: Ibid., p. 324.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: What to Do?
“extreme antipathy”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 578–79.
“not an extremist”: Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, China Confidential: American Diplomats and Sino-American Relations, 1945–1996 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 91.
“augment strength”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 601.
“It appears at present”: Ibid., p. 602.
“Dissident elements”: Ibid., pp. 603–604.
“heavy pressure”: Ibid., pp. 611–12.
“Impasse seems to have reached”: Ibid., p. 613.
“looting trains”: Ibid., p. 618.
“well-entrenched”: Ibid., p. 687.
“the darkest aspect”: Ibid., p. 691.
“a complete victory”: Ibid., p. 664.
“completely unprepared”: Ibid., p. 652.
this corrosive problem: Ibid., p. 653.
“a momentous bearing”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 629.
“move resolutely”: Ibid., p. 632.
“Drumright’s stance”: Davies, Dragon, p. 418.
“small likelihood”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 642.
“We have to recognize”: Life, Nov. 19, 1945.
“It is somewhat confusing”: Cited in Utley, p. 143.
“The political structure”: New York Times, Feb. 25, 1945.
“one of the pinnacles”: Time, Sept. 3, 1945.
“customary panegyrics”: White, In Search, p. 241.
“Most Americans”: Life, Nov. 19, 1945.
“deserted an ally”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 673.
“considered opinion”: Ibid., p. 680.
“it’s impossible for me”: Ibid., p. 684.
“perhaps the wise course”: Ibid., p. 686.
“the symptoms”: James Forrestal, The Forrestal Diaries, ed. Walter Millis (New York: Viking, 1951), p. 111.
“the professional foreign service men”: New York Times, Nov. 29, 1945.
“give some assurance”: New York Times, Nov. 28, 1945.
“an uproar”: Melby, p. 39.
“a victory for American people”: Radio Yenan, Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Nov. 28, 1945.
“Pat Hurley came out”: Time, Dec. 17, 1945.
he called George Marshall: John Robinson Beal, Marshall in China (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970), pp. 1–2.
“the cry of the cranes”: Gillin and Myers, p. 126.
“speak out”: Sheng, p. 113.
Stalin’s communication with Mao: Goncharov et al., p. 15.
Stalin told the Communists: Sheng, p. 114.
posters criticizing the KMT disappeared: Gillin and Myers, p. 127.
he expressed the hope: Ibid., p. 135.
“middle and small cities”: Sheng, p. 114.
“neutralize the United States”: Ibid.
“a thunderous greeting”: Taylor, p. 329.
“glorious victory”: Ibid.
“agreed to almost all”: Ibid.
“indicate more positive attitude”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, pp. 694–95.
“more serious threats”: Ibid., p. 700.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Marshall Comes Close
“Everybody is waiting”: Melby, p. 51.
“He is a modest man”: Beal, p. 68.
“the finest soldier”: Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Statesman, 1945–1949, vol. 4 (New York: Viking Press, 1987), p. 27.
“the growing impression”: Melby, p. 69.
“hitting him on the back”: Caughey, p. 62.
“The murder and brutality”: Melby, p. 44.
Vincent argued forcefully: May, pp. 139–41.
“failed to make reasonable concessions”: FRUS, 1945, vol. 7, p. 768.
“he was not to be abandoned”: Feis, p. 419.
two percent chance of success: Henry Byroade, “Oral History Interview with Henry Byroade,” Harry S. Truman Library; online at trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/byroade.htm.
“You have … been given”: Pogue, p. 29.
“I told General Marshall”: Wedemeyer, p. 363.
“I am going to accomplish”: Ibid.
“eliminating autonomous armies”: Lyman P. Van Slyke, ed., Marshall’s Mission to China: The Report and Appended Document, vol. 1 (Arlington, VA: University Publications of America, 1976), p. 6.
“to establish a puppet regime”: Ibid., p. 11.
“barrier of fear”: Van Slyke, Marshall’s Mission, p. 7.
“All shades and grades”: Melby, p. 53.
Stalin advised the Chinese Communists: Sheng, p. 123.
“My estimate”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, p. 18.
“an expansionist force”: Ibid., pp. 116–18.
“The position of the Communists”: Ibid., pp. 41–42.
they would temporize on that demand: Sheng, pp. 121–22.
The government would be allowed: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, pp. 73–104.
“hastening to take over”: Ibid., p. 104.
“we can’t agree to this one”: Ibid.
“It would be a tragedy”: Ibid.
“generously agreed to the issuance”: Ibid., p. 105.
“I’ve tried to tell”: Ibid., p. 40.
“It marks the beginning”: Liberation Daily, monitored by FBIS, Jan. 12, 1946.
“the democracy to be initiated”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, pp. 151–52.
convey an anecdote: Ibid., p. 152.
“The distances are great”: Ibid., p. 351.
“We literally had a team”: Byroade, oral history.
“impossible situation”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, p. 347.
“It is obvious”: Ibid., pp. 362–63.
“greatly exaggerating”: Ibid., p. 373.
“weathered mud huts”: New York Times, Jan. 21, 1946.
“The fighting did stop”: Byroade, oral history.
“no longer any doubt”: New York Times, Feb. 2, 1946.
“Affairs are progressing”: A full set of carbon copies of Marshall’s letters to Truman are in NARA, Joint Chiefs of Staff, records of Admiral Leahy, RG38, Entry 117, Box 2.
“Thousands stormed the field”: Radio Yenan, monitored by FBIS, Mar. 6, 1945.
“I was frank to an extreme”: NARA, Leahy records, RG38, Entry 117, Box 2.
“an amazing task”: Ibid.
“We want unification”: Sheng, p. 126.
“I shudder”: Gillin and Myers, p. 231.
“undeniably outstanding”: Sheng, p. 126.
“terminating the hostilities”: New York Times, Mar. 17, 1946.
“It was very remarkable”: Ibid.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: From Hope to Antagonism
“The outlook is not promising”: NARA, Leahy records, RG38, entry 117, box 2.
“dangerous military position”: Ibid.
“open antagonism”: NARA, Leahy records, RG 218, entry 117, box 2.
“utter chaos”: Ibid.
t
he CC clique: Taylor, p. 25.
“the most striking change”: Fairbank, p. 131.
“Every night”: Melby, p. 83.
“Now that China has paid”: New York Times, Feb. 15, 1946.
“sharp criticism of Russian policy”: New York Times, Feb. 20, 1946.
carried slogans: New York Times, Feb. 21, 1946.
New China Daily denied: Ibid.
“littered with crates”: Gillin and Myers, p. 195.
When the train reached the station: Ibid., p. 223.
“the question of economic cooperation”: Ibid., p. 222.
use the word “fascist”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, pp. 513–16.
“Our party’s policy”: Sheng, pp. 133–34.
“the U.S. Forces Headquarters”: Ibid., p. 136.
“All that has happened”: Sheng, p. 127.
“spirit of cooperation”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, p. 157.
vituperative attack on him: Ibid., p. 167.
persuasive, even impassioned rejoinder: Ibid., pp. 173–75.
irreconcilables were motivated: Ibid., pp. 160–61.
reported to Washington: Ibid., pp. 1380, 1400.
“a complete contrast”: FRUS, 1946, vol. 10, p. 77.
“a decisive victory”: New York Times, Mar. 21, 1946.
twenty thousand Communist troops attacked: New York Times, Apr. 30, 1946.
“shameful”: New York Times, Apr. 20, 1946.
proposal for a new ceasefire: FRUS, 1946, vol. 9, pp. 791–93.
“excessive demands”: Ibid.
“tantamount to supporting”: Ibid.
report from Weixian: Radio Yenan, monitored by FBIS, February 10, 1946.
“American planes and officers”: Ibid., Apr. 2, 1946.
“bring disaster”: Ibid., Apr. 21, 1946.
“an undeniable fact”: Ibid., May 20, 1946.
“Never in the past”: Ibid, June 7, 1946.
“the aggravation”: Pogue, p. 125.
“vicious Communist propaganda”: Ibid., p. 127.
Communist forces ambushed: Van Slyke, Marshall’s Mission, vol. 1, pp. 444–50.
EPILOGUE: The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution
When the police came: Mei Zhi, F: Hu Feng’s Prison Years, ed. and trans. Gregor Benton (London: Verso, 2013), p. 18.
“counterrevolutionaries are trash”: Ibid., back cover.
the “leniency” of the party: Ibid., pp. 56–60.