China 1945

  Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI)

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 6.1, 7.1, 10.1

  Birch’s work for

  civil war and

  Office of War Information (OWI)

  Okamura, Yasuji, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1

  Okinawa

  One-Fifth of Mankind: China Fights for Freedom (Strong)

  Opium War, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1

  Orwell, George

  Outer Mongolia, 8.1, 9.1, 13.1

  Pan Sanxing

  Pantsov, Alexander V., 9.1, 9.2

  Patterson, Robert P., 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

  Pavlovsky, Major General

  PCC. See Political Consultative Congress

  Pearl Harbor attack, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1

  Pearson, Drew

  Peck, DeWitt

  Peck, Graham, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Peng Deguai

  People’s Republic of China

  anti-Americanism of

  Cultural Revolution of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 11.1, epl.1, epl.2

  famines of 1959–1962 in

  Hundred Flowers Campaign of

  propaganda of

  ruthless totalitarianism of

  People’s Republic of Mongolia, 8.1, 9.1, 13.1

  Peterkin, Wilbur J.

  Pingxingguan

  pinyin system

  place name transcriptions

  Poland, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2

  Political Consultative Congress (PCC), 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1

  Democratic League meetings during

  disruptions of

  goals of

  opening of

  resolutions of

  Port Arthur, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1

  Potsdam conference

  Qiao Guanhua, 4.1, 4.2f, 4.3

  Qingdao, 3.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1

  Qing dynasty

  Outer Mongolia and

  overthrow of, 2.1, 3.1, 12.1, 13.1, 17.1

  Taiping Rebellion and, 3.1, 3.2

  Qinwangdao, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1

  Quinlin, John P.

  Reagan, Ronald

  Rectification Campaign, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, epl.1

  Red Army, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 9.1, 14.1

  Red Guards

  Red Star Over China (Snow), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1

  Relations with China with Specific Reference to the Period 1944–1949

  “Resolution on Certain Historical Questions,”

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von

  Rice, Edward, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Rickshaw Boy (Lao She)

  Ringwalt, Arthur R., 6.1, 10.1, 10.2

  Robertson, Walter S., 10.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2

  Rockey, Keller E.

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1.1, 3.1

  CCP’s request for meeting with

  Chiang Kai-shek and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1

  China diplomacy of, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2

  on China’s future, 2.1, 8.1

  New Deal of

  on Stalin

  on WWII

  Yalta Conference of, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1

  See also Sino-American relations; World War II

  Roosevelt, Theodore

  Russia. See Soviet Union

  Russo-Japanese War, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1

  SACO (Sino-American Cooperative Organization), 6.1, 11.1

  Sailor, Randolph

  Sakhalin Peninsula, 3.1, 8.1

  San Francisco Conference

  Seeckt, Hans von

  Service, John Stewart, 4.1, 4.2

  Amerasia Affair and, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

  dismissal from China of, 10.1, 11.1

  Dixie Mission of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1

  Gong Peng and

  Hurley’s blame of, 15.1, epl.1

  Kahn’s interview of, 10.1, 11.1

  report to Washington of, 11.1

  on U.S. China policies

  Sevareid, Eric

  Seventh National Representative Congress of the CCP, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1

  Shandong, 14.1, 15.1

  Shanghai

  CCP attempt on, 13.1, 14.1

  International Settlement in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 14.1, 16.1

  Sino-Japanese War in, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1

  Shaoxing, 12.1

  Sheng, Michael M., 9.1, 17.1

  Shepherd, Lemuel C.

  Shi Likangcai

  Shi Zhe, 5.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1

  Short, Philip, 5.1, 5.2

  Sims, Estele I.

  Sin-Lin

  Sino-American relations, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, epl.1

  CCP and, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 17.1

  Chiang and, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1, 10.1, epl.1

  in Chinese airfields

  Dixie Mission and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

  Hurley’s negotiations and

  intelligence operations and, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1

  Korean War and, itr.1, 4.1

  Lend-Lease program and, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1

  Mao and, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Marshall’s negotiations and, 16.1, 17.1

  People’s Republic of China and

  Soviet occupation of Manchuria and

  supply chains and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 10.1, 14.1

  U.S. policy debates and, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1

  U.S. POWs and

  U.S. training of Chinese troops and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 10.1

  U.S. White Paper on China on

  Yalta Conference and, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 17.1, epl.1

  Sino-Japanese War, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 12.1, 17.1

  battle for Henan of

  battle for Xuzhou of

  battle of Pingxingguan of

  battle of Shijiang of, 10.1

  battles for Changsha of, 3.1, 3.2

  capture of Nanjing of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  casualty rates of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6

  CCP engagement in, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2

  CCP expansion during, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2

  chemical attacks in

  Chiang’s “defense in depth” approach to, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  Chinese military weakness in, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 14.1

  collaborationists of

  destructiveness of, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1, 12.1

  forced prostitution and rape in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1

  foreign involvement in

  human dislocation and suffering of, 3.1, 10.1

  Ichigo campaign of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1

  intelligence activity in

  Japanese blockade in, 3.1, 3.2

  Japan’s Kwantung Army of, 2.1, 3.1, x3.2

  New Fourth Army Incident of

  in North China, 3.1, 10.1

  Okimura’s 1945 offensive of

  origins of

  United Front in, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1

  See also World War II

  Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4

  Sixth Kuomintang Conference

  Smedley, Agnes, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1

  Smyth, Robert

  Snow, Edgar, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1

  Snow, Helen Foster (Nym Wales), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  The Solution in Asia (Lattimore)

  Somoza, Anastazio

  Soong, T. V., 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1

  American education of

  Hurley’s negotiations and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1

  Stalin’s negotiations with, 13.1, 14.1

  Soong Mei-ling, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  Soong Qingling

  South China Sea

  Southern Manchurian Railway

  Soviet Union

  Anti-Comintern Pact against

  collectivization of agriculture in

  Comintern of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1

  expansion into Manchuria by, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1, 17.1

  e
xpansionist goals of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2

  Gulags and purges in, 9.1, 11.1

  Mao’s break with, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1, 13.2

  Mao’s lean toward

  Neutrality Pact with Japan of, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1

  official policies toward KMT of, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1

  pacts with Nazi Germany of, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1

  political goals of

  Sino-Japanese War and

  support of CCP by, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1

  Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the KMT, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4

  U.S. relations with

  withdrawal from Manchuria of

  WWII in, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1

  Yalta Conference and, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2

  See also Cold War

  Spaniel Mission, 11.1, 14.1

  Sprouse, Philip

  Stalin, Joseph, 1.1, 2.1

  American view of

  on the CCP, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1

  on the Cold War

  cult of personality of

  Mao and, 2.1, 5.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, epl.1

  negotiations with KMT of, 13.1, 14.1

  postwar goals in China of, 13.1, 14.1

  Potsdam conference of

  ruthless totalitarianism of, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1

  Yalta Conference of, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1

  See also Soviet Union

  Standley, William H.

  Stein, Gunther

  Stelle, Charles

  Stettinius, Edward, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2

  Stevens, Barbara

  Stevenson, William

  Stilwell, Joseph W., 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 16.1

  Burma campaigns of, 2.1, 10.1

  CCP and, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1

  in Changsha

  escape from Burma by

  in Hankou

  recall from China of, 2.1, 6.1

  relationship with Chiang Kai-shek of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, epl.1

  training program of

  Stimson, Henry L.

  Stodter, John H.

  Stokowski, Leopold

  Strong, Anna Louise, 4.1, 13.1

  Stuart, John Leighton

  Sultan, Daniel I., 1.1, 1.2

  Sun Fo

  Sun Yat-sen, 2.1, 4.1, 13.1

  supply chains

  the Burma Road, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 10.1

  the Hump, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1, 14.1

  Taft, William Howard

  Taierzhuang

  Tai Li, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2

  Taiping Rebellion, 3.1, 3.2

  Taiwan, 3.1, 3.2, 12.1, 12.2

  Ta Kung Pao newspaper

  Tanaka Kakuei

  Tang Tsou

  Tawney, R. H.

  Taylor, Jay, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 15.1, 17.1

  Team Cardinal

  the Teke

  Third Amphibious Corp (IIIAC) of the Marines, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1, epl.2

  Thirty-Six Stratagems for Waging War and Politics, 4.1, 9.1, 10.1

  Three Alls policy, 3.1, 10.1

  Thunder Out of China (White)

  Tiananmen Square

  Tianjin

  Time magazine

  on the CCP

  on Chiang Kai-shek, 2.1, 2.2f, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 15.1

  White’s work for, 2.1, 15.1

  Togo Heihachiro

  Trotsenko, Yefim

  Truman, Harry

  China policies of, 14.1, 16.1, epl.1

  Hurley’s resignation and

  on Marshall’s mission, 16.1, 16.2

  Potsdam conference of

  on Soviet expansion

  on Soviet occupation of Manchuria

  Tsou Lu

  Tuchman, Barbara, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  Tu Li-ming

  Tung Chin-sheng

  Twenty-One Demands of 1915

  United Front (of WWII), 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1

  United Nations

  United Nations Relief and Recovery Administration (UNRRA)

  United States

  capitalist imperialism of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  China Lobby of

  China policy debates in, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1

  Chinese students in

  economic, political, and strategic interests of, 6.1, 6.2

  McCarthyism investigations in

  Sino-Japanese War and

  White Paper on China of

  See also Cold War; Sino-American relations

  U.S. Marines, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1, epl.2

  USS Cowpens

  usure

  Utley, Freda

  vanguards, 9.1, 11.1

  Varoff, George

  Versailles peace treaty

  Vietnam

  assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem in

  U.S. war in, itr.1, 5.1, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2

  war against French in

  Vincent, John Carter

  in China policy debates, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, epl.1

  Hurley’s blame of, 11.1, 15.1, epl.1

  Vladimirov, Pyotr, 5.1, 14.1

  Votaw, Maurice

  Wade-Giles system

  Wakeman, Frederic, 3.1, 3.2

  Wallace, Henry

  Wanding victory

  Wang Jingwei

  Wang Ming, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 11.1

  Wang Ruowang

  Wang Shiwei

  Wang Zhen

  Warsaw Uprising

  Wavell, Archibald

  Wedemeyer, Albert C., 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, epl.1

  Alpha program of, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1

  on bombing of Chungking

  on Chiang, 10.1, 15.1

  on Chinese military recruitment

  on the civil war, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1

  on espionage activities, 6.1, 6.2

  Hurley’s blame of, 7.1, 10.1

  Hurley’s negotiations and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1

  Marshall and, 16.1, 16.1

  Okamura’s offensive and

  on the Spaniel Mission

  in Washington, 10.1, 10.2

  Wei Jingsheng

  Wei Li-huang

  Wells, Kenneth

  Wen Hui Bao newspaper

  Wen I-duo

  Whampoa Military Academy, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 17.1

  White, Theodore H., 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1

  on Chinese military recruitment

  on Gong Peng

  on Japanese surrender

  on Soviet occupation of Manchuria, 13.1, 14.1

  Time magazine and, 2.1, 15.1

  on Zhou Enlai, 4.1, 4.2

  White Paper on China

  Whittlesley, Henry S.

  “Wild Lilies” (Wang Shiwei)

  Wills, Kenneth

  Wilson, Woodrow

  Winchell, Walter

  Wood, William

  World War II

  Allied relations in

  Alpha training program of, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1

  atomic bomb and, 8.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 14.2

  Burma campaigns of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 16.1

  Chinese military weakness in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 14.1

  in Europe, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 14.1

  expulsion of colonial powers from Southeast Asia in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 8.1

  German-Soviet alliance in

  Himalayan route to China of, 1.1, 1.2

  Japanese advances in China of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1

  Japanese surrender in, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3

  Lend-Lease program of, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1

  Pearl Harbor attack of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1

  Salween front in, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 16.1

  Soviet Far East interests in, 7.1, 8.1

  in the Soviet Union, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 14.1

  Yalta Conference of, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1

  See also civil war; Sino-Japanese War

  Worton, William A.

  Wu Gengmei

  Wu G
uangwei

  Wu Han

  X-Force, 1.1, 1.2

  Xian

  Xian Incident, 4.1, 9.1

  Xia Yan

  Xue Yue

  Xu Zhucheng

  Yalta Conference, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, epl.1

  agreement on China of, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1

  Sino-American relations and

  Yang Kuisong

  Yang Xingfo

  Yanwo

  Yao Wenyan

  Yeaton, Ivan D.

  Ye Jianying, 4.1f, 7.1, 14.1, 16.1

  Yenan, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  CCP evacuation of

  limited outside influence in

  Mao’s Rectification Campaign in, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, epl.1

  screening of new arrivals in

  Western journalist in

  See also Communist Party of China

  Y-Force

  Yu, Maochun

  Yuan Shikai

  Yui, David (Yu Qiwei)

  Zeng Kelin

  Zhang Deneng

  Zhang Keqin

  Zhang Luping

  Zhang Xueliang

  Zhang Zhizhong

  Zhang Zuolin

  Zhengzhou

  Zhifeng, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1

  Zhijiang

  Zhou Enlai, 2.1, 10.1

  Changsha fire and

  civil war and

  on Edgar Snow

  on fighting the Japanese

  Hundred Regiments Offensive of

  Hurley’s mission and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 13.1

  Marshall’s negotiations with, 16.1, 16.2f, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

  People’s Consultative Congress and

  personal traits of

  public opinion campaign of, 4.1, 9.1

  recruitment of students by

  requests for American military cooperation by

  on Soviet entry into the Far East war

  trip to Moscow of, 9.1, 9.2

  WWII relationship with the U.S. of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4f, 4.5

  Zhu De, 4.1, 4.2f, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1

  CCP’s move into Manchuria and

  on fighting the Japanese, 11.1, 14.1

  Hundred Regiments Offensive of

  on Japanese surrender

  Illustration Credits

  1 Jack Wilkes/Time-Life Pictures/Getty Images

  2 © 1945 Time Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted from TIME and published with permission of Time Inc. Reproduction in any manner, in any language, in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited.

  3 Keystone/Getty Images

  4 From John Paton Davies, Jr., China Hand: An Autobiography, University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted with permission of University of Pennsylvania Press.

  5 Courtesy of the Fairbank Family

  6 Courtesy of John Byron

  7 U.S. Naval Institute

  8 National Archives

  9 © Sovfoto

  10 National Archives

  11 Look and Learn/Elgar Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

  12 National Archives

  13 Keystone/Getty Images

  A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Richard Bernstein studied Chinese history with John K. Fairbank at Harvard University before becoming one of the first American journalists to be stationed in the People’s Republic of China, opening the Time bureau in Beijing in 1980. Since then, in a career as a foreign correspondent for both Time and The New York Times, he has reported from more than two dozen countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. His articles and commentaries on China have appeared in the Times, The New York Review of Books, and Foreign Affairs. Among his eight previous books are several about China, past and present, including From the Center of the Earth: The Search for the Truth About China, The Coming Conflict with China (with Ross H. Munro), and Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk Who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment. He lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his wife and son.