Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI)
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 6.1, 7.1, 10.1
Birch’s work for
civil war and
Office of War Information (OWI)
Okamura, Yasuji, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1
Okinawa
One-Fifth of Mankind: China Fights for Freedom (Strong)
Opium War, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1
Orwell, George
Outer Mongolia, 8.1, 9.1, 13.1
Pan Sanxing
Pantsov, Alexander V., 9.1, 9.2
Patterson, Robert P., 14.1, 15.1, 15.2
Pavlovsky, Major General
PCC. See Political Consultative Congress
Pearl Harbor attack, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1
Pearson, Drew
Peck, DeWitt
Peck, Graham, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Peng Deguai
People’s Republic of China
anti-Americanism of
Cultural Revolution of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 11.1, epl.1, epl.2
famines of 1959–1962 in
Hundred Flowers Campaign of
propaganda of
ruthless totalitarianism of
People’s Republic of Mongolia, 8.1, 9.1, 13.1
Peterkin, Wilbur J.
Pingxingguan
pinyin system
place name transcriptions
Poland, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2
Political Consultative Congress (PCC), 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
Democratic League meetings during
disruptions of
goals of
opening of
resolutions of
Port Arthur, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1
Potsdam conference
Qiao Guanhua, 4.1, 4.2f, 4.3
Qingdao, 3.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Qing dynasty
Outer Mongolia and
overthrow of, 2.1, 3.1, 12.1, 13.1, 17.1
Taiping Rebellion and, 3.1, 3.2
Qinwangdao, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Quinlin, John P.
Reagan, Ronald
Rectification Campaign, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, epl.1
Red Army, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 9.1, 14.1
Red Guards
Red Star Over China (Snow), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1
Relations with China with Specific Reference to the Period 1944–1949
“Resolution on Certain Historical Questions,”
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
Rice, Edward, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1
Rickshaw Boy (Lao She)
Ringwalt, Arthur R., 6.1, 10.1, 10.2
Robertson, Walter S., 10.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
Rockey, Keller E.
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1.1, 3.1
CCP’s request for meeting with
Chiang Kai-shek and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1
China diplomacy of, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2
on China’s future, 2.1, 8.1
New Deal of
on Stalin
on WWII
Yalta Conference of, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1
See also Sino-American relations; World War II
Roosevelt, Theodore
Russia. See Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese War, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1
SACO (Sino-American Cooperative Organization), 6.1, 11.1
Sailor, Randolph
Sakhalin Peninsula, 3.1, 8.1
San Francisco Conference
Seeckt, Hans von
Service, John Stewart, 4.1, 4.2
Amerasia Affair and, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
dismissal from China of, 10.1, 11.1
Dixie Mission of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1
Gong Peng and
Hurley’s blame of, 15.1, epl.1
Kahn’s interview of, 10.1, 11.1
report to Washington of, 11.1
on U.S. China policies
Sevareid, Eric
Seventh National Representative Congress of the CCP, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1
Shandong, 14.1, 15.1
Shanghai
CCP attempt on, 13.1, 14.1
International Settlement in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 14.1, 16.1
Sino-Japanese War in, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1
Shaoxing, 12.1
Sheng, Michael M., 9.1, 17.1
Shepherd, Lemuel C.
Shi Likangcai
Shi Zhe, 5.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1
Short, Philip, 5.1, 5.2
Sims, Estele I.
Sin-Lin
Sino-American relations, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, epl.1
CCP and, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 17.1
Chiang and, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1, 10.1, epl.1
in Chinese airfields
Dixie Mission and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
Hurley’s negotiations and
intelligence operations and, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1
Korean War and, itr.1, 4.1
Lend-Lease program and, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1
Mao and, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Marshall’s negotiations and, 16.1, 17.1
People’s Republic of China and
Soviet occupation of Manchuria and
supply chains and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 10.1, 14.1
U.S. policy debates and, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
U.S. POWs and
U.S. training of Chinese troops and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 10.1
U.S. White Paper on China on
Yalta Conference and, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 17.1, epl.1
Sino-Japanese War, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 12.1, 17.1
battle for Henan of
battle for Xuzhou of
battle of Pingxingguan of
battle of Shijiang of, 10.1
battles for Changsha of, 3.1, 3.2
capture of Nanjing of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
casualty rates of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
CCP engagement in, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2
CCP expansion during, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2
chemical attacks in
Chiang’s “defense in depth” approach to, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1
Chinese military weakness in, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 14.1
collaborationists of
destructiveness of, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1, 12.1
forced prostitution and rape in, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1
foreign involvement in
human dislocation and suffering of, 3.1, 10.1
Ichigo campaign of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1
intelligence activity in
Japanese blockade in, 3.1, 3.2
Japan’s Kwantung Army of, 2.1, 3.1, x3.2
New Fourth Army Incident of
in North China, 3.1, 10.1
Okimura’s 1945 offensive of
origins of
United Front in, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1
See also World War II
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
Sixth Kuomintang Conference
Smedley, Agnes, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1
Smyth, Robert
Snow, Edgar, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1
Snow, Helen Foster (Nym Wales), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
The Solution in Asia (Lattimore)
Somoza, Anastazio
Soong, T. V., 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1
American education of
Hurley’s negotiations and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1
Stalin’s negotiations with, 13.1, 14.1
Soong Mei-ling, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Soong Qingling
South China Sea
Southern Manchurian Railway
Soviet Union
Anti-Comintern Pact against
collectivization of agriculture in
Comintern of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1
expansion into Manchuria by, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1, 17.1
e
xpansionist goals of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2
Gulags and purges in, 9.1, 11.1
Mao’s break with, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1, 13.2
Mao’s lean toward
Neutrality Pact with Japan of, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1
official policies toward KMT of, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
pacts with Nazi Germany of, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1
political goals of
Sino-Japanese War and
support of CCP by, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the KMT, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
U.S. relations with
withdrawal from Manchuria of
WWII in, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1
Yalta Conference and, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2
See also Cold War
Spaniel Mission, 11.1, 14.1
Sprouse, Philip
Stalin, Joseph, 1.1, 2.1
American view of
on the CCP, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1
on the Cold War
cult of personality of
Mao and, 2.1, 5.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, epl.1
negotiations with KMT of, 13.1, 14.1
postwar goals in China of, 13.1, 14.1
Potsdam conference of
ruthless totalitarianism of, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1
Yalta Conference of, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1
See also Soviet Union
Standley, William H.
Stein, Gunther
Stelle, Charles
Stettinius, Edward, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
Stevens, Barbara
Stevenson, William
Stilwell, Joseph W., 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 16.1
Burma campaigns of, 2.1, 10.1
CCP and, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1
in Changsha
escape from Burma by
in Hankou
recall from China of, 2.1, 6.1
relationship with Chiang Kai-shek of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, epl.1
training program of
Stimson, Henry L.
Stodter, John H.
Stokowski, Leopold
Strong, Anna Louise, 4.1, 13.1
Stuart, John Leighton
Sultan, Daniel I., 1.1, 1.2
Sun Fo
Sun Yat-sen, 2.1, 4.1, 13.1
supply chains
the Burma Road, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 10.1
the Hump, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1, 14.1
Taft, William Howard
Taierzhuang
Tai Li, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2
Taiping Rebellion, 3.1, 3.2
Taiwan, 3.1, 3.2, 12.1, 12.2
Ta Kung Pao newspaper
Tanaka Kakuei
Tang Tsou
Tawney, R. H.
Taylor, Jay, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 15.1, 17.1
Team Cardinal
the Teke
Third Amphibious Corp (IIIAC) of the Marines, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1, epl.2
Thirty-Six Stratagems for Waging War and Politics, 4.1, 9.1, 10.1
Three Alls policy, 3.1, 10.1
Thunder Out of China (White)
Tiananmen Square
Tianjin
Time magazine
on the CCP
on Chiang Kai-shek, 2.1, 2.2f, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 15.1
White’s work for, 2.1, 15.1
Togo Heihachiro
Trotsenko, Yefim
Truman, Harry
China policies of, 14.1, 16.1, epl.1
Hurley’s resignation and
on Marshall’s mission, 16.1, 16.2
Potsdam conference of
on Soviet expansion
on Soviet occupation of Manchuria
Tsou Lu
Tuchman, Barbara, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1
Tu Li-ming
Tung Chin-sheng
Twenty-One Demands of 1915
United Front (of WWII), 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1
United Nations
United Nations Relief and Recovery Administration (UNRRA)
United States
capitalist imperialism of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
China Lobby of
China policy debates in, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
Chinese students in
economic, political, and strategic interests of, 6.1, 6.2
McCarthyism investigations in
Sino-Japanese War and
White Paper on China of
See also Cold War; Sino-American relations
U.S. Marines, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, epl.1, epl.2
USS Cowpens
usure
Utley, Freda
vanguards, 9.1, 11.1
Varoff, George
Versailles peace treaty
Vietnam
assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem in
U.S. war in, itr.1, 5.1, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2
war against French in
Vincent, John Carter
in China policy debates, 10.1, 11.1, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1, epl.1
Hurley’s blame of, 11.1, 15.1, epl.1
Vladimirov, Pyotr, 5.1, 14.1
Votaw, Maurice
Wade-Giles system
Wakeman, Frederic, 3.1, 3.2
Wallace, Henry
Wanding victory
Wang Jingwei
Wang Ming, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 11.1
Wang Ruowang
Wang Shiwei
Wang Zhen
Warsaw Uprising
Wavell, Archibald
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, epl.1
Alpha program of, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
on bombing of Chungking
on Chiang, 10.1, 15.1
on Chinese military recruitment
on the civil war, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
on espionage activities, 6.1, 6.2
Hurley’s blame of, 7.1, 10.1
Hurley’s negotiations and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
Marshall and, 16.1, 16.1
Okamura’s offensive and
on the Spaniel Mission
in Washington, 10.1, 10.2
Wei Jingsheng
Wei Li-huang
Wells, Kenneth
Wen Hui Bao newspaper
Wen I-duo
Whampoa Military Academy, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 17.1
White, Theodore H., 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
on Chinese military recruitment
on Gong Peng
on Japanese surrender
on Soviet occupation of Manchuria, 13.1, 14.1
Time magazine and, 2.1, 15.1
on Zhou Enlai, 4.1, 4.2
White Paper on China
Whittlesley, Henry S.
“Wild Lilies” (Wang Shiwei)
Wills, Kenneth
Wilson, Woodrow
Winchell, Walter
Wood, William
World War II
Allied relations in
Alpha training program of, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
atomic bomb and, 8.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 14.1, 14.2
Burma campaigns of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 16.1
Chinese military weakness in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1, 14.1
in Europe, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 14.1
expulsion of colonial powers from Southeast Asia in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 8.1
German-Soviet alliance in
Himalayan route to China of, 1.1, 1.2
Japanese advances in China of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1
Japanese surrender in, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Lend-Lease program of, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1
Pearl Harbor attack of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1
Salween front in, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 16.1
Soviet Far East interests in, 7.1, 8.1
in the Soviet Union, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 14.1
Yalta Conference of, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1, epl.1
See also civil war; Sino-Japanese War
Worton, William A.
Wu Gengmei
Wu G
uangwei
Wu Han
X-Force, 1.1, 1.2
Xian
Xian Incident, 4.1, 9.1
Xia Yan
Xue Yue
Xu Zhucheng
Yalta Conference, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, epl.1
agreement on China of, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1
Sino-American relations and
Yang Kuisong
Yang Xingfo
Yanwo
Yao Wenyan
Yeaton, Ivan D.
Ye Jianying, 4.1f, 7.1, 14.1, 16.1
Yenan, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
CCP evacuation of
limited outside influence in
Mao’s Rectification Campaign in, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, epl.1
screening of new arrivals in
Western journalist in
See also Communist Party of China
Y-Force
Yu, Maochun
Yuan Shikai
Yui, David (Yu Qiwei)
Zeng Kelin
Zhang Deneng
Zhang Keqin
Zhang Luping
Zhang Xueliang
Zhang Zhizhong
Zhang Zuolin
Zhengzhou
Zhifeng, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1
Zhijiang
Zhou Enlai, 2.1, 10.1
Changsha fire and
civil war and
on Edgar Snow
on fighting the Japanese
Hundred Regiments Offensive of
Hurley’s mission and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 13.1
Marshall’s negotiations with, 16.1, 16.2f, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
People’s Consultative Congress and
personal traits of
public opinion campaign of, 4.1, 9.1
recruitment of students by
requests for American military cooperation by
on Soviet entry into the Far East war
trip to Moscow of, 9.1, 9.2
WWII relationship with the U.S. of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4f, 4.5
Zhu De, 4.1, 4.2f, 4.3, 4.4, 9.1
CCP’s move into Manchuria and
on fighting the Japanese, 11.1, 14.1
Hundred Regiments Offensive of
on Japanese surrender
Illustration Credits
1 Jack Wilkes/Time-Life Pictures/Getty Images
2 © 1945 Time Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted from TIME and published with permission of Time Inc. Reproduction in any manner, in any language, in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited.
3 Keystone/Getty Images
4 From John Paton Davies, Jr., China Hand: An Autobiography, University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted with permission of University of Pennsylvania Press.
5 Courtesy of the Fairbank Family
6 Courtesy of John Byron
7 U.S. Naval Institute
8 National Archives
9 © Sovfoto
10 National Archives
11 Look and Learn/Elgar Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library
12 National Archives
13 Keystone/Getty Images
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Richard Bernstein studied Chinese history with John K. Fairbank at Harvard University before becoming one of the first American journalists to be stationed in the People’s Republic of China, opening the Time bureau in Beijing in 1980. Since then, in a career as a foreign correspondent for both Time and The New York Times, he has reported from more than two dozen countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. His articles and commentaries on China have appeared in the Times, The New York Review of Books, and Foreign Affairs. Among his eight previous books are several about China, past and present, including From the Center of the Earth: The Search for the Truth About China, The Coming Conflict with China (with Ross H. Munro), and Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk Who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment. He lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his wife and son.
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