4 Some wonderful pages on this sense of idealism appear in Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 67–72.
5 Kinmond, No Dogs in China, pp. 27 and 171; see also the chapter on China in the excellent book by Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society, Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, pp. 278–346.
6 Loh, Escape from Red China, pp. 161–2.
7 Some of the best pages on the tourist circuit are in Chu, The Inside Story of Communist China, pp. 256–61; see also Hollander, Political Pilgrims.
8 Peter Schmid, The New Face of China, London: Harrap, 1958, p. 52; Wu, Remaking Beijing, p. 105; on Beijing, see also Wang Jun, Beijing Record: A Physical and Political History of Planning Modern Beijing, London: World Scientific, 2011; Hung, Mao’s New World, pp. 25–50.
9 J. M. Addis and Douglas Hurd, ‘A Visit to South-West China’ and ‘A Visit to North-West China’, 25 Oct. to 21 Nov. 1955, FO371-115169, pp. 4, 16 and 29; Kinmond, No Dogs in China, p. 113.
10 Sun Jingwen, Report at the First National Conference on City Building, 14 June 1954, Shandong, A107-2-307, pp. 49–67; Report by Gao Gang on capital construction at the Second National Conference on Financial and Economic Work, 29 June 1953, Shandong, A1-2-144, pp. 53–9.
11 Kinmond, No Dogs in China, p. 26.
12 Sun Jingwen, Report at the First National Conference on City Building, 14 June 1954, Shandong, A107-2-309, pp. 49–67, quotation on p. 55; see also the report on urban planning by the Soviet expert Balakin, 15 June 1954, Shandong, A107-2-309, pp. 68–89; besides these official reports, complaints about housing figure prominently in letters from the public written to the People’s Congress, for instance in Beijing, 27 Dec. 1956, 2-8-247, pp. 125–6 and 181; Instructions by Liu Shaoqi to the Ministry of Textile Industry, 22 Feb. 1956, Shandong, A1-2-387, p. 72; the Dongjiao Railway Station is mentioned in Beijing, 10 Nov. 1956, 2-8-247, p. 52.
13 Li Fuchun, Report at the First National Design Conference, 24 Sept. 1957, Shandong, A107-1-67, pp. 138–47.
14 Report from Anshan Party Committee, 22 March 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393, pp. 42–3.
15 Report from the Workers’ Union, 25 June 1956, Nanjing, 4003-1-107, pp. 370–6.
16 Report on labour conditions circulated by the Centre, 22 March 1956, Nanjing, 4003-1-107, pp. 364–5.
17 Hubei, May 13 Aug. 1956, SZ29-1-13, pp. 2–3; Hubei, May 1956, SZ29-1-144, pp. 14–35; Report from the Federation of Trade Unions to the Centre, 29 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393, pp. 54–8; also in Nanjing, 4003-1-108, pp. 54–60.
18 Report from the Federation of Trade Unions to the Centre, 29 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393, pp. 54–8; also in Nanjing, 4003-1-108, pp. 54–60.
19 Report from the Workers’ Union, 25 June 1956, Nanjing, 4003-1-107, pp. 370–6; Nanjing, 4 Feb. 1956, 4003-1-107, p. 48; Nanjing, 20 Feb. 1957, 4003-1-122, p. 25; Survey of Health Conditions in Factories, 1954, Nanjing, 5065-2-142, pp. 52–3.
20 Hubei, 28 March 1958, SZ44-2-158, pp. 16–59.
21 Report by the Youth League, 5 Aug. 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393,pp. 103–5.
22 Kawai Fan and Honkei Lai, ‘Mao Zedong’s Fight against Schistosomiasis’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 51, no. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 176–87.
23 The medical debates are reported by David M. Lampton, The Politics of Medicine in China: The Policy Process, 1949–1977, Folkestone, Kent: Dawson, 1977, pp. 48 and 64–5; see also Miriam D. Gross, ‘Chasing Snails: Anti-Schistosomiasis Campaigns in the People’s Republic of China’, doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2010.
24 Report on Eradication Work in the Last Half of 1957, 11 Sept. 1957, Hubei, SZ1-2-405, pp. 25–36.
25 Report on Leprosy in Xikang Province, 22 Aug. 1951, Sichuan, JK32-158, pp. 1–2; Report on Leprosy in Xikang Province, 1955, Sichuan, JK32-36, p. 8; Neibu cankao, 18 Dec. 1952, pp. 256–7; see also JK16-83, 1953, p. 3; Inspection Report on the Leper Colony at Yanbian, 1954, Sichuan, JK16-241, pp. 6–8.
26 Neibu cankao, 13 May 1953, pp. 168–70.
27 Inspection Report on the Leper Colony at Yanbian, 1954, Sichuan, JK16-241, pp. 6–8; on Guangdong, see Neibu cankao, 14 April 1953, pp. 282–3.
28 Neibu cankao, 3 April 1953, pp. 59–61.
14: Poisonous Weeds
1 Taubman, Khrushchev, pp. 271–2.
2 Pang and Jin (eds), Mao Zedong zhuan, 1949–1976, p. 534; Li, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, pp. 182–4.
3 Taubman, Khrushchev, p. 272; Wu Lengxi, Yi Mao zhuxi: Wo qinshen jingli de ruogan zhongda lishi shijian pianduan (Remembering Chairman Mao: Fragments of my personal experience of certain important historical events), Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1995, p. 57.
4 Loh, Escape from Red China, pp. 229–30.
5 Nanjing, 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, p. 103; Report from the Federation of Labour Unions, 22 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 83–7; the figure of over 10,000 students appears in Report from the Centre, 25 March 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 78–82.
6 Report from the Ministry of Industry, 19 Feb. 1957, Guangdong, 219-2-112, pp. 99–100; Report from the Federation of Labour Unions, 22 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 83–7; Jilin, 20 May 1957, 1-1(13)-50,p. 4; Neibu cankao, 24 Sept. 1956, pp. 615–16; 15–16 Nov. 1956,pp. 367–8 and 401–2; 17 Dec. 1956, pp. 342–3.
7 Yang Xinpei, Report on Xianju County, 13 Aug. 1957, Shandong, A1-1-318, pp. 93–8; Report from the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, 20 May 1957, Shandong, A1-1-318, p. 87.
8 Guangdong, 23 May 1957, 217-1-30, pp. 10–12; Report from the Shunde County Party Committee, 24 April 1957, Guangdong, 217-1-371, pp. 21–4; Report from the Xinyi County Party Committee, 6 March 1957, Guangdong, 217-1-408, pp. 16–18.
9 Guangdong, 15 Sept. 1957, 217-1-30, pp. 90–3.
10 Sichuan, 28 May to 15 July 1957, JC1-1155, p. 24.
11 Report from the Ministry of Domestic Affairs, 27 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 66–7; Shandong, 9 March 1957, A1-1-318, p. 108; on the miserable world of veterans, see Neil J. Diamant, Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
12 Loh, Escape from Red China, p. 231.
13 On the Ten Great Relationships, 25 April 1956, circulated on 16 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-387, pp. 2–17.
14 Li, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, p. 163; Chang and Halliday, Mao,p. 401.
15 Closing Speech at the Second Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 15 Nov. 1956, Gansu, 91-18-480, pp. 74–6.
16 Interjections by Mao at the Second Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 10-15 Nov. 1956, Gansu, 91-18-480, p. 60; Speech by Luo Ruiqing, 27 Nov. 1956, Hebei, 886-1-18, pp. 45–55.
17 Speech by Mao Zedong, 18 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 57–63; Interjection by Mao, 19 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, p. 77; Interjection by Mao, 23 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, p. 84; Speech by Mao, 27 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 71–2.
18 Speech to Enlarged Session of China’s Supreme State Conference, 27 Feb. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 1–41; a translation of a virtually identical version appears in Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu (eds), The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989, pp. 131–89; see also Loh, Escape from Red China, pp. 289–2.
19 Loh, Escape from Red China, p. 293; on other enthusiastic reactions to the speech, see Eddy U, ‘Dangerous Privilege: The United Front and the Rectification Campaign of the Early Mao Years’, China Journal, no. 68 (July 2012), pp. 50–1.
20 On Peng Zhen and the People’s Daily, see Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 1: Contradictions among the People, 1956–1957, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, especially p. 193.
21 A good example is his meeting with democrats and representatives of trade and industry, 7 Dec. 1956, Shandon
g, A1-2-387, p. 71; the quotation about intellectuals is from Mao’s speech in Nanjing, 20 March 1957, Shandong, A1-1-312, pp. 2–17.
22 The colours of the posters are mentioned in Yue Daiyun, To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 7; Wu, A Single Tear, p. 54.
23 Dai Qing, Liang Shuming, Wang Shiwei, Chu Anping, Nanjing: Jiangsu wenyi chubanshe, 1989, pp. 236–8; see also Zhang Yihe, Wangshi bingbu ruyan (Do not let bygones be bygones), Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2004; Luo’s remark was so hurtful that Mao even commented on it at the summing-up of the Third Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 9 Oct. 1957, Shandong, A1-1-315, p. 15.
24 Dai Huang, ‘Righting the Wronged’, in Zhang Lijia and Calum MacLeod (eds), China Remembers, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 66; James P. McGough, Fei Hsiao-t’ung: The Dilemma of a Chinese Intellectual, White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1979, pp. 61–2.
25 Loh, Escape from Red China, pp. 304–5.
26 Ibid., p. 301.
27 Ibid., p. 298; on Wuhan, see Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.), The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals, New York: Octagon Books, 1974, pp. 143–53.
28 Elizabeth J. Perry, ‘Shanghai’s Strike Wave of 1957’, China Quarterly, no. 137 (March 1994), pp. 1–27.
29 Ibid., p. 13; Loh, Escape from Red China, p. 300.
30 Yue, To the Storm, p. 7.
31 Li, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, p. 200.
32 ‘Things are Beginning to Change’, Selected Works of Mao Zedong, vol. 5, pp. 441–2.
33 The official number is 552,877 rightists (Henry Yuhuai He, Dictionary of the Political Thought of the People’s Republic of China, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001, p. 115), but experts on the campaign believe that this does not take into account unofficial persecutions, which would bring the total to over 650,000; see, for instance, Hua Min, Zhongguo da nizhuan: ‘Fanyou’ yundong shi (China’s great reversal: A history of the anti-rightist campaign), Flushing, NY: Mingjing, 1996, p. 148; on the role of Deng Xiaoping, see Chung Yen-lin, ‘The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat’s Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign’, China Quarterly, no. 206 (June 2011), pp. 391–411; there is a wealth of evidence in Song Yongyi (ed.), Chinese Anti-Rightist Campaign Database, Hong Kong: Universities Service Center for China Studies, 2010.
34 Report by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, 7 July 1957, Gansu, 91-1-19, pp. 145–8; on the presumed alliance, see Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993, pp. 235–40; see also Zhu Zheng, Fan youpai douzheng shimo (The history of the anti-rightist campaign), Hong Kong: Mingbao chubanshe youxian gongsi, 2004, pp. 275–313.
35 MacFarquhar, The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals, p. 264.
36 Zhu, Fan youpai douzheng shimo, pp. 275–313; Zhang, Wangshi bingbu ruyan; Dai, ‘Righting the Wronged’, p. 66; McGough, Fei Hsiao-t’ung, pp. 79–82.
37 Wu, A Single Tear, p. 64.
38 Yue, To the Storm, pp. 7 and 32.
39 Report by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, 7 July 1957, Gansu, 91-1-19, pp. 145–8; on the presumed alliance, see Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China, pp. 235–40.
40 Wang Ning, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness: Political Exiles in the People’s Republic of China’, University of British Columbia, doctoral dissertation, 2005, p. 33; Qian Xinbo, ‘Jiaoxin cheng “youpai” ’ (Becoming a rightist by opening one’s heart), in Niu Han and Deng Jiuping (eds), Jingji lu: Jiyi zhong de fanyoupai yundong (The thorny path: The anti-rightist campaign in memory), Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 1998,pp. 401–4; Dai, ‘Righting the Wronged’, p. 67.
41 He Ying interviewed by Wang, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness’, p. 48, with a few stylistic changes.
42 Cong Weixi, Zouxiang hundun: Cong Weixi huiyilu (Towards chaos: Reminiscences of Cong Weixi), Guangzhou: Huacheng chubanshe, 2007, pp. 5–6, quoted in Wang, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness’, p. 137; Shen, ‘The Death of Hu Shi’s Younger Son, Sidu’.
43 Ding Ling, ‘Dao Beidahuang qu’ (To the Great Northern Wilderness), in Niu Han and Deng Jiuping (eds), Yuan shang cao: Jiyi zhong de fanyoupai yundong (Grass on the land: The anti-rightist campaign in memory), Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 1998, p. 318.
Select Bibliography
Archives
Non-Chinese Archives
AG SVD – Archivum Generale of the Societas Verbi Divini, Rome
Guoshiguan – National Archives, Hsin-tien, Taiwan
ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva
National Archives at College Park – National Archives, Washington
PCE – Archives of the Presbyterian Church of England, SOAS, London
PRO – The National Archives, London
RGASPI – Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii, Moscow
Central Archives
Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Waijiaobu Dang’anguan, Beijing
Provincial Archives
Gansu – Gansu sheng dang’anguan, Lanzhou
91 Zhonggong Gansu shengwei (Gansu Provincial Party Committee)
96 Zhonggong Gansu shengwei nongcun gongzuobu (Gansu Provincial Party Committee Department for Rural Work)
Guangdong – Guangdong sheng dang’anguan, Guangzhou
204 Huanan xingzheng weiyuanhui (Administrative Committee for South China)
217 Guangdong sheng nongcunbu (Guangdong Provincial Bureau for Rural Affairs)
Hebei – Hebei sheng dang’anguan, Shijiazhuang
572 Zhongguo gongchandang zhongyang weiyuanhui (Central Committee of the CCP)
684 Zhonggong Rehe shengwei (Rehe Provincial Party Committee)
855 Zhonggong Hebei shengwei (Hebei Provincial Party Committee)
856 Zhonggong Hebei shengjiwei (Hebei Provincial Committee for Inspecting Discipline)
879 Zhonggong Hebei shengwei nongcun gongzuobu (Hebei Provincial Party Committee Department for Rural Work)
886 Hebei shengwei wuren xiaozu bangongshi (Office of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee Five-Man Team)
888 Hebei shengwei jieyue jiancha bangongshi (Thrift Investigation Office of the Provincial Party Committee)
942 Hebei sheng tongjiju (Hebei Province Office for Statistics)
979 Hebei sheng nongyeting (Hebei Province Agricultural Bureau)
Hubei – Hubei sheng dang’anguan, Wuhan
SZ1 Zhonggong Hubei sheng weiyuanhui (Hubei Provincial Party Committee)
SZ18 Zhonggong Hubei sheng weiyuanhui nongcun zhengzhibu (Hubei Provincial Party Committee Department for Rural Politics)
SZ29 Hubei sheng zonggonghui (Hubei Province Federation of Trade Unions)
SZ34 Hubei sheng renmin weiyuanhui (Hubei Provincial People’s Congress)
SZ37 Hubei sheng renmin zhengfu tudi gaige weiyuanhui (Hubei Committee for Land Reform)
SZ44 Hubei sheng tongjiju (Hubei Province Office for Statistics)
SZ107 Hubei sheng nongyeting (Hubei Province Agricultural Bureau)
Jilin – Jilin sheng dang’anguan, Changchun
1 Zhonggong Jilin shengwei (Jilin Provincial Party Committee)
2 Jilin sheng renmin zhengfu (Jilin Provincial People’s Government)
55 Jilin sheng nongyeting (Jilin Province Agricultural Bureau)
Shaanxi – Shaanxi sheng dang’anguan, Xi’an
123 Zhonggong Shaanxi shengwei (Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee)
Shandong – Shandong sheng dang’anguan, Jinan
G26 Zhonggong Bohaiqu wei (Bohai Region Party Committee)
G52 Jinluyu bianqu wenjian huiji (Documents from the Jinluyu Base Area)
A1 Zhonggong Shandong shengwei (Shandong Provincial Party Committee)
A14 Shandong sheng renmin zhengfu zongjiao shiwuhu (Office for Religious Affairs of the Shandong Municipal People’s Government)
A29 Shangdong sheng jiaoyuting (Shandong Pr
ovince Education Bureau)
A51 Shandong sheng gaoji renmin fayuan (Shandong Higher People’s Court)
A68 Zhongguo renmin yinhang Shandong fenhang (Shangdong Branch of the People’s Bank of China)
A101 Shandong sheng renmin zhengfu (Shandong Municipal People’s Government)
Sichuan – Sichuan sheng dang’anguan, Chengdu
JC1 Zhonggong Sichuan shengwei (Sichuan Provincial Party Committee)
JX1 Zhonggong Jianxi xingshu weiyuanhui (Party Committee of the West Sichuan Region)
JK1 Zhonggong Xikang shengwei (Xikang Provincial Party Committee)
JK16 Xikang sheng minzhengting (Xikang Province Bureau for Civil Affairs)
JK32 Xikang sheng weishengting (Xikang Province Bureau for Health and Hygiene)
Zhejiang – Zhejiang sheng dang’anguan, Hangzhou
J007 Zhejiang shengwei nongcun gongzuobu (Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee’s Department for Rural Work)
J103 Zhenjiang shengwei minzhengting (Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee’s Bureau for Civil Affairs)
Municipal Archives
Beijing – Beijing shi dang’anguan, Beijing
1 Beijing shi weiyuanhui (Beijing Municipal Party Committee)
2 Beijing shi renmin weiyuanhui (Beijing Municipal People’s Congress)
14 Beijing shi renmin zhengfu zhengfa weiyuanhui (Committee for Law and Politics of the Beijing Municipal People’s Congress)
Nanjing – Nanjing shi dang’anguan, Nanjing, Jiangsu
4003 Nanjing shiwei (Nanjing Municipal Party Committee)
5012 Nanjing shi minzhengju (Nanjing Municipal Bureau for Civil Affairs)
5034 Nanjing shi gongyeju (Nanjing Municipal Bureau for Industry)
5065 Nanjing shi weishengju (Nanjing Municipal Bureau for Health and Hygiene)
Shanghai – Shanghai shi dang’anguan, Shanghai
A2 Shanghai shiwei bangongting (Office of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee)
A36 Shanghai shiwei gongye zhengzhibu (Shanghai Municipal Party Committee’s Bureau for Industry and Politics)
The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 Page 42