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Acknowledgements
I acknowledge with gratitude research grant HKU743911H from the Research Grants Council, Hong Kong, and research grant RG016-P-07 from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, Taiwan, which allowed me to carry out the research for this book. A number of people have read and commented on draft versions, in particular Gail Burrowes, May Holdsworth, Christopher Hutton, Françoise Koolen, Jonathan Mirsky, Veronica Pearson, Robert Peckham, Priscilla Roberts, Perry Svensson and Andrew Walder. Jean Hung, at the Universities Service Centre for China Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, was extraordinarily helpful. David Cheng Chang, Deborah Davis, Roderick MacFarquhar, Theresa Marie Moreau, Glen Peterson, Michael Sheng, Constantine Tung, Eddy U and Arthur Waldron were very kind with comments, suggestions and answers to queries. I owe a great deal to Christopher Hutton for ideas and insights on all aspects of the book. Mark Kramer helped me in gaining access to the archives in Moscow, and the custodians of the Society of the Divine Word in Rome generously allowed me to read through their archives. I used several interviews originally collected by Tammy Ho and Chan Yeeshan in 2006 as part of an earlier project on Mao’s Great Famine. I am grateful to Zhou Xun, who provided files from the Sichuan Provincial Archives. The School of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong, in particular the Department of History, has provided a wonderful research environment, and I am indebted to all my colleagues who supported the project, in particular Daniel Chua and Charles Schencking.
I also received help from friends and colleagues in mainland China, but I prefer not to name them for reasons that seem obvious enough. The endnotes, on the other hand, show how the best and most courageous research on the Mao era often comes from the People’s Republic. I am indebted to my publishers, namely Michael Fishwick in London and George Gibson in New York, and my copy-editor Peter James, as well as Anna Simpson, Oliver Holden-Rea, Paul Nash and all the team at Bloomsbury. I would like to convey my gratitude to my literary agent Andrew Wylie in New York and Sarah Chalfant in London. The first sentence in a book always matters a great deal, and so does the last one, in which I would like lovingly to thank my wife Gail Burrowes.
Hong Kong, February 2013
IMAGE SECTION
General Chiang Kai-shek (left) and Communist Party leader Mao Zedong, Chongqing, 27 September 1945.
Chinese nationalist troops retreat to the Yangzi River, 31 December 1948.
Soldiers of the People’s Liberation Army, Nanjing, April 1949.
Crowds of onlookers observe the first soldiers of the People’s Liberation Army, April 1949.
Lin Biao, the commander who oversaw the siege of Changchun and conquered Manchuria.
J. Leighton Stuart standing in front of a poster of General George C. Marshall.
Zhou Enlai in Moscow, heading a delegation of government and military leaders in 1952.
Victory parade, Shanghai, June 1949, shortly after the communists had taken the city.
Shanghai, June 1949, as the communists take control.
An evacuation ship transporting refugees.
Refugees of the civil war, April 1949.
Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.
Chinese communists carry placards bearing pictures of Joseph Stalin, as they celebrate the first anniversary of the new regime in China.
An alleged ‘landlord’ facing a People’s Tribunal minutes before being executed by a shot to the back in a village in Guangdong, July 1952.
A grief-stricken woman stands amid the ruins of a v
illage just north of Caolaoji, destroyed by fighting during the civil war.
Yue Songsheng, a representative of industry and commerce, presents a red envelope to Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong during the official celebration of the ‘Successful Socialist Transformation’, at Tian’anmen Square, 15 January 1956.
Queue outside a food shop, 1957.
Maintenance of a statue of Mao.
Mao Zedong in 1957.
A Note on the Author
Frank Dikötter is Chair Professor of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong. Before moving to Asia in 2006, he was Professor of the Modern History of China at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He has published nine books about the history of China, including Mao’s Great Famine, which won the BBC Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-fiction in 2011.
By the Same Author
The Discourse of Race in Modern China
Sex, Culture and Modernity in China
Imperfect Conceptions: Eugenics in China
Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China
Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China
Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China
The Age of Openness: China before Mao
Mao’s Great Famine
Copyright © 2013 by Frank Dikötter
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Also available by Frank Dikötter
Mao’s Great Famine
The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62
Winner of the BBC Samuel Johnson Prize 2010
‘A must-read’ Jung Chang
Between 1958 and 1962, 45 million Chinese people were worked, starved or beaten to death. Mao Zedong threw his country into a frenzy with the Great Leap Forward, an attempt to catch up with and overtake the Western world in less than fifteen years. It lead to one of the greatest catastrophes the world has ever known. Dikotter’s extraordinary research within Chinese archives brings together for the first time what happened in the corridors of power with the everyday experiences of ordinary people, giving voice to the dead and disenfranchised. This groundbreaking account definitively recasts the history of the People's Republic of China.
‘A masterly book that should be read not just by anybody interested in modern Chinese history but also by anybody concerned with the way in which a simple idea propagated by an autocratic national leader can lead a country to disaster, in this case to a degree that beggars the imagination’ Observer
‘Written with great narrative verve’ Simon Sebag Montefiore,
‘A brilliant work, backed by painstaking research … This book sheds light on many aspects of the famine but its great importance is to remind us of why we need to revise our understanding of twentieth-century history’ Jasper Becker, Spectator
‘It is hard to exaggerate the achievement of this book in proving that Mao caused the famine. ... Only thanks to brilliant scholarship such as this will the heirs of the vanished millions finally learn what happened to their ancestors’ Sunday Times
‘A masterpiece of historical investigation into one of the world’s greatest crimes’ New Statesman
Mao’s Great Famine
The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62
Winner of the BBC Samuel Johnson Prize 2010
‘A must-read’ Jung Chang
Between 1958 and 1962, 45 million Chinese people were worked, starved or beaten to death. Mao Zedong threw his country into a frenzy with the Great Leap Forward, an attempt to catch up with and overtake the Western world in less than fifteen years. It lead to one of the greatest catastrophes the world has ever known. Dikotter’s extraordinary research within Chinese archives brings together for the first time what happened in the corridors of power with the everyday experiences of ordinary people, giving voice to the dead and disenfranchised. This groundbreaking account definitively recasts the history of the People's Republic of China.
‘A masterly book that should be read not just by anybody interested in modern Chinese history but also by anybody concerned with the way in which a simple idea propagated by an autocratic national leader can lead a country to disaster, in this case to a degree that beggars the imagination’ Observer
‘Written with great narrative verve’ Simon Sebag Montefiore,
‘A brilliant work, backed by painstaking research … This book sheds light on many aspects of the famine but its great importance is to remind us of why we need to revise our understanding of twentieth-century history’ Jasper Becker, Spectator
‘It is hard to exaggerate the achievement of this book in proving that Mao caused the famine. ... Only thanks to brilliant scholarship such as this will the heirs of the vanished millions finally learn what happened to their ancestors’ Sunday Times
‘A masterpiece of historical investigation into one of the world’s greatest crimes’ New Statesman