Ottoni, Eduardo, 229
owls, 1, 3, 32, 77–78, 184–85, 188, 306–7
pandas, 21–22, 47, 55, 74–76
parakeets (budgies), 19, 55
parents and parenting, 273–310
active teaching by, 298–99
adoption and, 282–85
apprenticeship as teaching by, 297–98
baby learns to recognize, 60
disciplining young and, 296–97
egg tending and, 280–281
giving birth for first time, 285–86
imprinting and, 61–62
improving skills with age, 289–91
learning skills of, 273–74, 308–9
mate selection and, 274–76
modeling behavior and, 300–302
nest location and, 281–82
not letting others borrow baby, 287
nursing, 287–88
open vs. closed programs and, 3
protecting safety of young, 289–290
providing time and confidence to learn in safety and, 299–300
teach young to eat, 306
teach young to hunt, 160–61, 296, 299–303, 306
teach young to walk, crawl and fly, 294–96
teenagers learn, by helping with new brood, 292–93
types of teaching to young, 293–94
weaning by, 288–289
Parker, Sue Taylor, 218, 248, 314
parrots, 106–7. See also cockatoo; keas; macaws
dialects of, 101
fear of predators, 185–86
learn to eat pine nuts, 178
mimicry by, 106–7
mirror test and, 336
object permanence and, 320–21
preening and, 68–69
rehabilitation and, 144
teaching, to speak, 125–27
teach young, 303–4
vocal communication and, 92–94
vocal imitation, 18
“partner-hold” tactic, 276
partridges, rock, 185
Passion (chimpanzee), 36
password, 82–83 “paternal care” phenomenon, 258–59
Patterson, Gareth, 76–77
Patterson, Penny, 128, 338
Pavlovian conditioning, 6–8
peacocks, 72–73
pelicans, 234, 342
penguins, 48, 59, 93–94, 291
Pepperberg, Irene, 9, 125, 126–27, 303–4, 320
personality, 324, 349
pestle pounding, 225–26
Pfungst, Oskar, 123
Piaget, Jean, 320
pigeons, 29, 312–13, 331
pigs, 326–27
pike, 193–94, 202–3
pilotbirds, 108
pinnipeds, 92
Pitt, Frances, 204
play, 46–58
adult animals and, 57–58
benefits of, 47
defined, 46
dolls and, 56–57
games and, 55–56
learning about individuals through, 54
object, 48–51
as practicing, 12–13, 46–47
risks of, 47
social, 52–57
tiger cubs and, 347
toys and, 57, 234
trial-and-error learning in, 49–50
plovers, 205
pointing, 137–40
poisonous food, 162
polar bears, 47–48, 162–63, 199, 283
porpoise, 29
Poti, Patricia, 314
Povinelli, Daniel, 39, 40
Powell, David, 55, 76
practicing, 1, 12–13, 46–47
Prairie Night, 197n
Pratt, Ambrose, 108–9
predation skills
inborn, 165–67
learning, 158–77, 181–82, 300
learning to hunt, 141, 296, 299–303, 348
teaching owls, by rehabilitators, 306–7
teaching young, 296, 300–303
tiger cub learning, 348
predators
alarm calls to warn of, 116–117
distraction displays to, 203–5
innate fear of spots and, 186
innate fear of overhead bird and, 185–86
innate fear of snakes and, 186–89
innate vs. learned fear of, in jackdaws, 191–92
inspection of, 192–94
learning to avoid, and rehabilitation, 145
learning to fear, from mother, 197–98
learning to recognize, 183, 184–85
learning what to do in face of, 202–5
learning which are most dangerous, 190–92
mobbing of, 189–90, 192
protecting children from, 290
showing, it’s been spotted, 203
teaching animals to fear, in rehabilitation, 194–97
prey
learning what is good, 147
specialties, tiger cub and, 348
primates. See also specific types
as extractive foragers, and brains, 329
born with open eyes, 35
clinging by, 35–37
fear of leopard spots, 186
fear of snakes, 186–87
imitation and, 22–24
innovation by, 211–12
learning to grasp, 33–34
social intelligence of, and manipulation, 329–30
teaching young to crawl and walk, 34, 295
vocal communication and, 92, 119–20
Prince-Hughes, Dawn, 219
Prins, Herbert, 262–63
problem solving, 317
program-level imitation, 27
prosimians, 25–26
Pryor, Karen, 10, 11, 19, 29, 40, 114
Przewalski’s horses, 143
ptarmigans, 79, 185, 203–5, 291
puffin, 79
quokkas, 195
rabbits, 2, 60, 117, 196
raccoons, 9, 10, 324
Ramakrishnan, Uma, 186
Ran, Arum, 211
“random mating” strategy, 275
rats, 17
discipline young, 296
enriched environment and exploring by, 46
intelligence, 341
latent learning and mazes, 11
learned taste aversion in, 150
learn to eat pine nuts, 178–80
operant conditionings, 8
social play and, 54
traps and, 207
ravens, 2, 299
dialect and, 102
n food calls, 115
intelligence and, 315–16
king of the castle, 55
moose detects predators with, 198
pelt invaders with rocks, 237–38
recognize own chicks, 82
taste aversion and, 151–52
vocal communication and, 92, 107
where to find food and, 158
Reader, Simon, 212
reconciliation, 256–57
Redshaw, Margaret, 321–22
Reid, Les, 146
reindeer, 265–66
Reiss, Diana, 118, 307
reliability, 332–33
Riedman, Marianne, 155, 180
Riggio, Robert, 94
Ristau, Carolyn, 205
rosella, green, 108
robins
imprinting and, 60, 70–72
mating and, 277–78
mobbing predator, 189–90
robin-chats, 110, 111, 113
Robinson, Norman, 108
rock throwing, 237–39
Ron (tiger), 164, 165, 348
Rood, Jon, 192
Rowell, Thelma, 136
Rowley, Ian, 66–69
Rumbaugh, Duane, 249
Running with the Fox (Macdonald), 206
Rusch, Kathryn, 104
Russo, Stefani, 83
Russon, Anne, 23, 24, 39, 248, 270, 271, 342
safety of young, 289–90, 299–300
salmon, 61
Salmoni, Dave, 164, 165
salt desert cavy, 31, 47
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 30, 132–35, 138, 228, 249, 289, 330
Schaik, Carel van, 220
Schaller, George, 87, 168, 170, 193, 255
Schevill, Bill, 114
Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig, 104
Science, 311
Scientist in the Crib, The (Meltzoff, Gopnik, and Kuhl), 335
sea bass, 16
seal
killer whales catch, 301–2
learning to fear humans, rehabilitation and, 200
mimicry and, 111–12
playing by, 47
vocal communication and, 92, 93
sea lions, 92
search image, 154
seeing, 32–33
self-conception, 39–40, 328, 336
self-handicapping, 54
Seligman, Martin, 150
sensory input, 32
“sequential comparison” strategy, 275, 276
Sevcik, Rose, 249
sexual behavior
bonobos and, 138–39
chimpanzees and, 279–80
ferrets and, 278
social play and, 55
tigers and, 278–79
vocal communication and, 92
sexual imprinting, 65–66
cross-fostered birds and, 66–74
giant cats and, 76–77
giant pandas and, 74–75
goshawks and, 78–79
owls and, 77–78
zebra finches and, 79
Seyfarth, Robert, 116, 318, 332
Shah, Anup, 136
Shah, Manoj, 136
Shapiro, Gary, 130
sharks, 192, 305–6
shearwaters, 48, 79
sheep (lamb), 47, 52, 65
Sheldrick, Daphne, 189
Sherman, Paul, 83
Sherman (chimpanzee), 132, 138, 337
Shettleworth, Sara, 318
Shillito, Daniel, 336
shrike, 111
Shumaker, Robert, 24, 270, 323, 342
siblings, 60, 63–64, 93
signature sounds, 117–19
Singh, Arjan, 77, 142, 173, 176, 177
site tenacity, 143
size constancy, 320
Skinner, B. F., 8, 9
Slater, researcher, 118
smell, imprinting and, 63–64
Smithsonian, 270
Smits, Willie, 270
Smolker, Rachel, 118, 163, 201–2, 317
snakes, 116, 186–89, 231
Snowdon, Charles, 136
Snyder, Helen, 74, 281
Snyder, Noel, 74, 281
Snyder, Phil, 283
social-cognitive differences, 323–324
social conditioning, 2
social cues, 332
social facilitation, 15, 28
social learning, 14–27
birds and, 343
bonding, grooming, and language, 330
culture and, 255–56
defined, 14–15
emulation as, 27
horizontal, 14–15
manipulation and, 329–32, 334
mixed forms, 28
oblique, 15
other forms, 25–27
rank and, 333–34
recognize members of troop and, 60
theory of mind and, 334–35
vertical, 14
social play, 46
dolls and, 56–57
games and, 55–56
learning about individuals through, 54
learning social skills through, 52–54
learning submissive behavior through, 54
learning to take turns and self-handicapping, 54
morality, fair play and, 54
sexual behaviors and, 55
Soler, Manuel, 84
Sonerud, Geir, 204
songbirds, 92, 95–100
song templates, 95–96
sparrows
dialects, 100
learning by adult, 243–44
music appreciation of, 102–3
rehabilitation of, 143
social facilitation and, 15
song learning, 99–100
stimulus enhancement and, 17
subsong, 97
threat recognition experiment and, 184–85
training to do tricks, 308
spatial memory, 318
Species Survival Plan, 279
spider, hunting by, 319–20
Sprague, Dan, 265
Squier, Leslie, 327
squirrels, 22, 46, 192, 317
Sroges, Richard, 325
stalking, 167, 347
Stander, P. E., 170
starling, 41, 96, 107, 116–17
stickleback, three-spined, 202–3
sticks, as tools, 220–21, 223–24, 226, 230–33, 237
stimulus enhancement, 15–17, 23, 25–28
Stirling, Ian, 162–63
stoats, 190
stone handling, 252–54
stone tools, 227–29
storks, 285
Strier, Karen, 183
subitization, 322
submissive behavior, 54
subsong, 97, 98, 102
Summers-Smith, D., 103
Sunquist, Fiona, 169, 172, 181
Sunquist, Mel, 169, 172, 181
superstition, 314
Swallow, Alice, 112
Swallow, George, 112
swans, 290–91
swimming, 44–45
symmetric marker, 11
takahe, 190
tamarin, golden lion, 144, 145, 150–51
Tarou, Lori, 55
teaching, by animals
active by chimpanzees, 298–99
apprenticeship and, 297–98
debate over, 293–94
defined, 293
most effective methods, 349
young to hunt, 296, 299–303
young to walk, crawl, and fly, 294–96
Temerlin, Maurice, 53, 91, 148
Temple, Stanley, 282
Terkel, Joseph, 178
terns
“contact dipping” learning, 13
learning predation skills, 159
practicing hunting, 12–13
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 54