social play and, 53
trapping, 207
trial-and-error in play and, 49–50
kestrel, 282
Kilham, Benjamin, 37, 148
killdeer, 203n
killer whales, 1
dialects of, 101
fads and, 254
imitation and, 21
mirror test and, 336
nursing calves and, 288
synchronization of movements by, 21
teaching beaching, 301–2
King, researcher, 98
kingbird, 191
kingfishers, 215
King Solomon’s Ring (Lorenz), 62
Kipling, Rudyard, 234
Kipps, Clare, 15, 102–3, 143, 243–44, 308
Kleiman, Devra, 47
Knoxville, Tennessee, zoo, 21
Koko (gorilla), 128–29, 271, 304, 312, 338
Krüger, Kobie, 16, 140, 173–75, 188–89, 193
Krüger, Kobus, 173
Kruuk, Hans, 149
kudu, 193
Kuhl, Patricia, 335
Kummer, Hans, 5, 56, 137, 211–12, 248, 261–62
Laidler, Keith, 33, 36, 124–25
Laland, Kevin, 212
landscape, 262–66
language
bonobos and, 134, 249
chimpanzees and enculturation, 271–72
evolution of tool use and, 218
grooming theory of, 330
learning methods, 349
teaching parenting skills to gorilla through, 274
latent learning, 11
Laurance, William, 63, 206–7
Leakey, Louis, 222, 223
learning. See also learning methods; and specific skills
as adaptation of tremendous power, xi
baby tigers and, 347–49
basics, 31–58
to climb, 37–40
to communicate, 91–140
to crawl, 33–34
conclusions about, 349–50
culture and, 245–72
defined, ix–x
to distinguish between enemies, friends, and noncombatants, 184, 199
to explore, 46
to fly, 41–44
hand and body control, 31–32
how not to be eaten, 183–208
how to eat and find food, 141–82
“how to learn,” 12
innate behavior modified by, 4–6
intelligence and, 311–46
invention and tools and, 209–44
maturation vs., 13–14
to parent, 273–310
playing and, 46–58
preparation for, 2–3
reasons for, 2–3
selective advantage of, 4
social, 14–27
to swim, 44–45
to walk and run, 34–36
who parent is, and imprinting, 5
wildlife rehabilitation and, x–xi
your species, 59–89
learning methods, 1–30
being told, 29–30
emulation, 27
imitation, 17–24
mixture of, 22
observational, stimulus and local enhancement, 15–17
operant conditioning, 8–10
Pavlovian conditioning, 6–8
practice, 12–13
social, 25
social enhancement, 25–27
social facilitation, 15
social, horizontal vs. vertical, 14–15
trial and error and, 12
lemurs, 25–27, 325, 333
Leo (lion), 140, 173–75, 193
leopard
fear of, in young animals, 186
learning jungle, 142
man-eating, 210
predation skills and, 166, 173
sexual imprinting and, 76, 77
vervet alarm call for, 116
Lewin, Aroger, 135
Leyhausen, Paul, 115, 166
Limongelli, Luca, 230, 231
lions
adopt oryx calf, 85–86
culture and, 260–61
fads and, 255
inspection of, by prey, 193
learn to recognize humans as foes, 199–200
man-eating, 210, 211
predation skills and, 164, 166, 169–71, 173–75
sexual imprinting and, 76–77
wildebeest fetus and, 86–87
llamas, 77, 93
lobtail, 217
local enhancement, 16, 17
locality imprinting, 143
Locke, Lt. Colonel, 7, 348
Lockley, R. M., 79
Lopez, Diana, 302
Lopez, Juan Carlos, 302
Lord, Jeanne, 200
Lorenz, Konrad, 43, 44, 62, 72–73, 191, 333
Lore of the Lyrebird, The (Pratt), 108
Losey, George, 198
lovebirds, 5–6, 278
Lucy (chimpanzee), 23, 36, 38–39, 53, 91, 145, 148, 222
lyrebirds, 108–9
macaques
fear of leopard spots in, 186
grasping and hand coordination, 33
individual personality and, 324
innovations by, 212, 213–15
mirror test and, 336–37
“paternal” caring for young and, 258–59
play-faces in, 35
reconciliation and, 256–57
respect and expertise and, 221
social manipulation and, 334
social rank, 333
stone-handling culture and, 252–54
teach baby to crawl, 295
teach young independence, 295
tube-and-stick problem and, 232
macaws
learn to fly, 42–43
mimicry and duets, 114
McCarthy, Sarah, 34, 285
McCowan, Brenda, 118
Macdonald, David, 146, 149, 181, 199, 199, 206, 300–301
McGowan, Kevin, 191
McGrew, W. C., 247
Machiavellian Intelligence (Byrne and Whiten), 329, 330
McKeever, Kay, 78, 306–7
Maestripieri, Dario, 295
“Mafia hypothesis,” 84–85
magnificent frigate birds, 56
magpies, 84–85, 191
manipulation, 330–32, 334
Mann, Janet, 45
Mannu, Massimo, 229
Maoris, 154
Marcström, V., 204
Marino, Lori, 340
Marler, Peter, 342
marmots, 107
Marzluff, John, 281–282
Matata (bonobo), 132–33, 287, 289, 330, 337–38
Mateo, Jill, 64
mates and mating. See also nesting behavior; sexual
behavior
baboons and marriage, 261–62
baboons and social intelligence and, 331
barnacle geese and, 274–76
black robins and, 277–78
bowerbirds and, 250–52
California condors and, 281
chimpanzees and older, 291–92
cockatiels and marriage, 277
cross-fostered cockatoos and, 69
discerning real from dummy mate and, 276–77
geese and, 275–76
imprinting and, 60, 74–75
imprinting and incest taboos, 63–64
inspection of predators and, 194
learning to recognize, 3
lovebirds and, 278
mimicry and calling home, 110
parenting skills and choice of, 274–76
sexual imprinting and, 65–66
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 134–35, 225
maturation, 13–14
Mayr, Ernst, 3, 4
medicinal plants, 152–54
Meinertzhagen, Col. Richard, 302–3, 303n
Meltzoff, Andrew, 334–35
memory, 317, 318, 327–28
mice, 61, 63–64
midwifery, 286–87
migration, 264–66, 325
Miles, H. Lyn, 129,
130, 221–22, 271
Miles, Hugh, 45
Miller, Olive Thorne, 41–42
Millham, Cheryl, 283
Milton, Katharine, 255, 329
mimicry, 102–3, 106–13. See also imitation mind, theory of, 334–35
Mind of the Raven (Heinrich), 107
minnows, 193–94, 243
mirror test, 335–41 “Misbehavior of Organisms, The” (Breland and Breland), 9
moas, 154, 155
mobbing, of predator, 189–92
modeling behavior, 300–301
model-rival method, 126, 130, 133, 303
modular abilities, 318
mongoose, 192, 282
monkeys, 17. See also macaques
alarm calls and, 12, 116–17, 294, 318
babbling and, 97
coaching and, 294
curiosity and, 325
fear of snakes and, 187
foraging of, and intelligence, 329
hand-eye coordination and, 34
imitation and, 19
innovations by, 212, 213
learn foraging skills, 161–62
learn to be social, 255–56
learn to climb, 37–38
learn to react to alarm calls, 12
learn to recognize predators, 183
learn what to eat, 147
millipedes used to repel mosquitoes by, 153
Muppets on television and, 57
nest-building by, 239
reaching for what they see, 321
reliability and, 332–33
social play and, 53, 54
teaching children to lead, while foraging, 295
tools and, 228–32
vocal learning and, 119–20
Montgomery, Sy, 211
Moore, Bruce, 18
moose, 197–98
Morgan, Kathleen, 258
Morton, Alexandra, 1, 21, 288
mosquito repellents, 153
muskox, 55
Myberg, Arthur, Jr., 94
mynah, 92, 200–201
Myowa, Masako, 335
Nature, 65
neighborhood, learning, 142–46
neighbors, learning to recognize, 94–95
nesting behavior
adoption of eggs, 282–83
building nest, 239–43
changing, 282
experience improves, 292
parasitism and, 80–85
in peach-faced vs. Fischer’s lovebirds, 5–6
selecting location for, 281–82
New Scientist, 217
New Yorker, 111
Nice, Margaret, 184–85
Nicolai, Jürgen, 4
Niff (red fox), 181–82, 199, 199
Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee), 131–32
Nishida, Toshisada, 224, 288–89
Noad, Michael, 254
nonvocal communication, 136–39
baboons and, 136–137
dogs understand human, 139–40
gestures and, 138–39
pointing, 137–38, 139
sound signals, primates and, 120–21
Nottebohm, Fernando, 100, 101
Nottebohm, Marta, 101
numerical skills, 317, 322–24, 341–42
nursing baby, 287–88, 309
nut cracking
capuchin monkeys and, 228–29
chimpanzees and, 225, 266–67, 272, 298–99
crows and, 235–36
Oatley, Terry, 111
object permanence, 320–21
object play, 48–51
oblique learning methods, 15
octopuses, 51, 324, 343
onespot fringehead, 156
“one-step-decision” strategy, 275, 276
open program, 3, 4
operant conditioning, 6, 8–10
opossums, 3
opportunity teaching, 293, 349
orangutans
attempt to teach to speak, 124–25
culture and rehabilitation and, 269–71
imitation and, 23–24, 272
intelligence of, 342
learning hand control, 33
learning sign language, 129–30
learning to sit and crawl, 36–37
learning to swing in “pole trees,” 39–40
learning what to eat, 148–49
learning where to find food, 157–58
mirror test and, 336, 338
nest-building by, 239
nursing young, 287–88
play with dolls, 57
pointing and, 137–38
raised by humans, don’t recognize own species, 60
rehabilitation of, 143, 148–49
social and cognitive intelligence of, and reaching for food, 323–24
social distance learned by, 259, 267
social play and, 52
tools and, 220–22
vocal communication and, 120
wean young, 288
orcas, 51
ordination, 322
oriole, 107
oryx calf, adopted by lioness, 85
osprey, 302–3, 303n
Osten, Wilhelm von, 122–23
otters
discipline young, 297
distraction displays and, 204
favorite foods and, 155
hide-and-seek and, 55–56
learn to find octopuses in cans, 155–56
learn to swim, 44–45
learn to forage, 180
learn to spot enemies, 60
operant conditioning and, 10
see first snow, 32
tools used by, 233
Becoming a Tiger: The Education of an Animal Child Page 53