56: Joe DiMaggio and the Last Magic Number in Sports
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Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1990
Davis, Kenneth S. FDR, Into the Storm, 1937–1940: A History. New York: Random House, 1993
_____. FDR, The War President, 1940–43: A History. New York: Random House, 2000
DiMaggio, Dom with Gilbert, Bill. Real Grass, Real Heroes. New York: Kensington Pub. Corp., 1990
DiMaggio, Joe. Baseball for Everyone. New York: Whittlesey House, 1948
_____. Lucky to Be a Yankee. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1957
_____, as told to Ross, John M. The Joe DiMaggio Story, A True Book-Length Feature
Dowson, Ernest. The Poems of Ernest Dowson, 1896. New York: John Lane Company, 1915
Eig, Jonathan. Luckiest Man: The Life and Death of Lou Gehrig. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005
Eliot, T.S. Collected Poems 1909–1962. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963
Feller, William. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. New York: Wiley, 1968
Hadley, Joyce M. Dorothy Arnold, Joe DiMaggio’s First Wife. Oak Park, Illinois: Chauncey Park Press, 1993
Hill, Art. Don’t Let Baseball Die. Au Train, Mich.: Avery Color Studios, 1979
Hemingway, Ernest, For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Scribner, 1940
_____. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Scribner, 1952
Henrich, Tommy and Gilbert, Bill. Five O’Clock Lightning. New York: Carol Publishing Corp. 1992
Honig, Donald. Baseball When the Grass Was Real. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975
_____. Baseball Between the Lines. Lincoln, Nebraska and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1976
Huhn, Rick. The Sizzler: George Sisler, Baseball’s Forgotten Great. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2004
Immerso, Michael. Newark’s Little Italy: The Vanished First Ward. New Brunswick, N.J., and Newark: Rutgers University Press and Newark Public Library, 1997
James, Bill and Neyer, Rob. The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004
James, Bill. The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. New York: Free Press, 2001
Johnson, Dick and Stout, Glenn. DiMaggio: An Illustrated Life. New York: Walker and Co., 1995
Johnson, Steven. The Invention of Air. New York: Riverhead Hardcover, 2008
Kyvig, David E. Daily Life in the United States, 1920–1940. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004
Lindberg, Richard C. Total White Sox. Chicago: Triumph Books, 2006
Lagumina, Salvatore J. Wop! A Documentary History of Anti-Italian Discrimination in the United States. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1973
Lee, Sandra S. Italian Americans of Newark, Belleville and Nutley. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008
Lukacs, John. Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat: the Dire Warning. New York: Basic Books, 2008
Madden, Bill. Pride of October: What It Was to Be Young and a Yankee. New York: Warner Books, 2003
Malta, Vince. A Complete Reference Guide: Louisville Slugger Professional Player Bats. Concord, Calif.: Black Diamond Publications, 2007
McElvaine, Robert S. Mario Cuomo: A Biography. New York: Scribner’s, 1988
_____. The Great Depression, America, 1929–1941. New York: Times Books, 1984
McKim, Vaughn R. and Turner, Stephen P. (editors). Causality in Crisis? Statistical Methods and the Search for Causal Knowledge in the Social Sciences. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997
Mlodinow, Leonard. The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008
Mondello, Salvatore. A Sicilian in East Harlem. Youngstown, New York: Cambria Press, 2005
Monroe, Marilyn with Hecht, Ben. My Story. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2007
Moore, Jack B. Joe DiMaggio, a Bio-Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986
Moreno, Barry. Italian Americans. Hauppauge, New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 2003
O’Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League, 1903–1988. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 1990
Ritter, Lawrence S. The Glory of Their Times. New York: Macmillan, 1966
Robinson, Ray. Iron Horse: Lou Gehrig in His Time. New York: W.W. Norton, 1990
Rose, Pete and Golenbock, Peter. Pete Rose on Hitting. New York: Perigee Books, 1985
Rose, Pete and Kahn, Roger. Pete Rose: My Story. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1989
Rozanov, Y.A. Probability Theory: A Concise Course. New York: Dover Publications, 1977
Schneider, Russell. Tales from the Tribe Dugout. Champaign, Ill.: Sports Publishing LLC, 2002
Schoor, Gene. Joe Di Maggio, The Yankee Clipper. New York: J. Messner, 1956
Shapiro, Milton J. The Phil Rizzuto Story. New York: Messner, 1959
Sickels, John. Bob Feller: Ace of the Greatest Generation. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc. 2004
Silverman, Al. Joe Di Maggio, The Golden Year. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969
Spalding-Reach: Official Baseball Guide. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1941
Talese, Gay. Unto the Sons. New York: Knopf, 1992
Turner, Jonathan H. On the Origins of Human Emotions. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000
Westcott, Rich. Philadelphia’s Old Ballparks. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996
Whittingham, Richard (compiler and editor). The Di Maggio Albums. New York: G.P. Putnam’s, 1989
AUDIO and VIDEO
1941 Major League All-Star Game. MBS radio. Red Barber and Bob Elson
1991 Major League All-Star Game. CBS television. Joe DiMaggio–Ted Williams interview
Bands That Played the Blackhawk. Compiled by: Karl Pearson
Baseball. PBS Home Video. Directed by: Ken Burns
Buck Privates. Universal Pictures. Directed by: Arthur Lubin. Starring: Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
Joe DiMaggio: A Hero’s Life. PBS American Experience. Producer: Mark Zwonitzer. Narrator: Richard Ben Cramer
The Phantom Creeps. Volumes 1 and 2. Alpha Video.
This Week in Baseball, 1978, Major League Baseball Productions.
Toots. His Town, His Saloon. Catalyst Films. By Kristi Jacobson
Tribute to Lou Gehrig. NBC radio
We Choose Human Freedom. Franklin D. Roosevelt radio address, May 27, 1941
Where Have You Gone, Joe DiMaggio? HBO Home Video. Executive Producer: Ross Greenburg
ARTICLES and PAPERS
Albert, Jim. “Streaky Hitting in Baseball,” Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports; Volume 4, Issue 1, 2008
Albright, S. Christian. “A Statistical Analysis of Hitting Streaks in Baseball,” Journal of the American Statistical Association; December, 1993
Arbesman, Samuel and Strogatz, Steven H. “A Monte Carlo Approach to Joe DiMaggio and Streaks in Baseball.”
_____. “A Journey to Baseball’s Alternate Universe,” The New York Times; March 30, 2008
Baumeister, Roy F. and Showers, Carolin J. “A Review of Paradoxical Performance Effects: Choking Under Pressure in Sports and Mental Tests.” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 16, Issue 4, 1986
Blahous, Charles. “The DiMaggio Streak: How Big a Deal Was It?” Baseball Research Journal; No. 23, 1994
Breaux, O.P. “An Algorithm for Objective Measurement of Hitting Streaks,” Personal correspondence to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum; April 3, 1996
Brown, Bob and Goodrich, Peter. “Calculating the Odds: DiMaggio’s 56-Game Hitting Streak,” Baseball Research Journal; Number 32, 2003
Chance, Don M. “What Are The Odds?” Chance; Vol. 22, Issue 2. June 2009
Fedo, Michael. “Joe DiMaggio Turns His Lonely Eyes Toward the Girl at 2833 West Third Street.” Whistling Shade: Spring 2003
Freiman, Michael. “56-Game Hitting Streaks Revisited,” Baseball Research Journal; No. 31, 2003
Gilovich, Thomas; Vallone, Robert; and Tversky, Amos. “The
Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences,” Cognitive Psychology; Vol. 17, 1985
Gould, Stephen Jay. “The Streak of Streaks,” The New York Review of Books; Aug. 18, 1988
Hopkins, James D. “The Jazz World in Armonk, 1935–1942.” The North Castle Historical Society, Vol. 3, 1985
Kavanagh, Jack. “Streaks and Feats.” Total Baseball 2nd edition
Lackritz, James R. “Two of Baseball’s Great Marks: Can They Ever Be Broken?” Chance; Vol. 9, No. 4, 1996
Lieberson, Stanley. “Modeling Social Processes: Some Lessons from Sports,” Sociological Forum; Vol. 12, No. 1, 1997
McCotter, Trent. “Hitting Streaks Don’t Obey Your Rules,” The Baseball Research Journal; 2008
Nitz, Jim and Jeff. “The Man Who Stopped DiMaggio: Milwaukee’s Own Ken Keltner,” Milwaukee History; Vol. 27, No. 3, 2004
Robbeson, David. “Was Joe DiMaggio’s Hitting Streak the Greatest Feat in All of Sports or Merely a Product of Its Time?” The Walrus, Oct. 2007
Rojstaczer, Stuart. “Joe DiMaggio’s Hitting Streak Revisited,” Forty Questions Blog; 2008
Tversky, Amos and Gilovich, Thomas. “The Cold Facts About the ‘Hot Hand’ in Basketball,” Chance; Vol. 2, No. 1, 1989
Yoseloff, Anthony A. “From Ethnic Hero to National Icon: The Americanization of Joe DiMaggio.” International Journal of the History of Sport; Vol. 16, Issue 3, 1999
NEWSPAPERS
The Atlanta Constitution; Boston Herald; The Brooklyn Eagle; The Cape Cod Times; Chicago Tribune; The Cincinnati Enquirer; (New York) Daily News; The Detroit News; The Duluth Herald; Duluth News Tribune; (Philadelphia) Evening Public Ledger; The Hartford Courant; Los Angeles Times; The Miami Herald; The Minneapolis Journal; New York Journal-American; New York Post; The New York Times; New York Tribune; The New York World-Telegram; Newark News; Newsday; Palm Beach (Fla.) Post; Philadelphia Evening Bulletin; The Philadelphia Inquirer; The Philadelphia Record; The (Cleveland) Plain Dealer; St. Louis Post-Dispatch; San Francisco Call-Bulletin; San Francisco Chronicle; The (New York) Sun; The Washington Post.
MAGAZINES AND PUBLICATIONS
Collier’s; Life Magazine; The Huffington Post; The National Pastime; The New Yorker; Popeater; The Saturday Evening Post; The Semaphores, Telegraph Hill Dwellers, Issue 187; The Sporting News; Sports Illustrated; Time Magazine.
Index
Aaron, Hank, 12, 315–16, 342
Abbott, Bud, 105
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 12
air raid wardens, 149
Albert, Jim, 340
Albright, S. Christian, 324–25
Allen, Frances, 169
Allen, Maury, 169–70, 224, 313, 316
Allen, Mel, 45, 238
Allen, Sheldon, 169
All-Star Game, 280, 281–89, 303
DiMaggio’s hitting streak and, 282–83
American League
All-Star Game, 280, 281–89, 303
championship club rule on trades, 33
statistics, 36
Anderson, Arnold (Red), 221–22
Anderson, Sparky, 254
anticommunists, 65
Appling, Luke, 121, 124, 127, 312
bad-hop ground ball and, 121–22, 131–33, 136
Aqua Velva commercials, 255
Arbesman, Sam, 333–35, 339
Archie, George, 219
Ardizoia, Rugger, 216
Armstrong, Neil, 314
Arnold, Dorothy, 156. See also DiMaggio, Dorothy
Associated Press, 181
athletic performance, statistical analysis of, 321–43
Atlanta Braves, 263
Atlantic Monthly, The, 43
Auker, Elden, 179–80, 182–83, 197, 289, 312
Avatar, 318
Averill, Earl, 38, 147
Babich, Francine, 205
Babich, Johnny, 205, 207–9, 286, 295
Baccari, Alessandro, Jr., 144–45, 217
Baccari, Edith, 145
Bagby, Jim, Jr., 305, 306, 308 318
Baker, Del, 31, 32–33, 41, 80, 285
Baltimore Orioles, 11, 226
Keeler, Wee Willie, 229–30
Band Box Revue, 156
Barber, Red, 64, 235, 283–85
Barmes, Clint, 86
Barrow, Edward G. (Ed), 18, 33, 34, 68, 80–82, 117–18, 151, 168, 175, 205
Barry, Gerald V., 81
Barsocchini, Reno, 317
basketball records, 12
bats, 221–22, 229, 232–33
“batter’s eye,” 189n
batting averages, 190, 312
difficulty of achieving, 215
Sisler, George, 215
walks and, 327–28
batting stances, 110–11
Baumeister, Roy, 90
Bayes, Thomas, 337n
Bayesian analysis, 337
Baylor, Don, 85–86, 90
Bear Mountain, 242–43
Bench, Johnny, 254, 261
Benny, Jack, 83
Benton, Al, 31
Berardino, Johnny, 135, 178, 182
Berg, Moe, 235
Bergman, Ingrid, 155
Bernoulli trials, 336–38
Bettes, 37–38, 107
Bickel, Fritz, 232–33
Bismarck, 61
blackouts, trial, 62
Block, Martin, 83
Blood, Sweat and Tears (Churchill), 289–90
Boggs, Wade, 326
Boiardo, Richie “the Boot,” 48–49, 50, 278
Boiardo, Tony, 49
Bonds, Barry, 316
Bonham, Tiny, 243
Bonney, Betty, 239
Borman, Frank, 314
Boston Herald, 277
Boston Red Sox, 17–18, 36, 72–73, 80, 99, 228, 231–32, 234–35, 240–43
DiMaggio, Dom, and, 51–53
DiMaggio walked by, 32
night games, 68
Yankees and, 51–53
Boudreau, Lou, 74, 124, 302, 304, 306
Bower, Gordon, 88–89, 90
Bradley, Alva, 116
brain, 87
Brancato, Al, 207, 208
Brett, George, 89, 90, 192
Briggs, Walter, 80
Briggs Stadium, Detroit, 70, 79, 98, 281
Broadbent, Punch, 12
Brooklyn Dodgers, 36, 196, 205, 235
Brown, Les, 238–39, 345
Brown, Les, and his Band of Renown, 238–39, 286, 299, 317
Bryan, Ed, 295
Buck, Frank, 174
Buck Privates, 105
Bull Durham, 193
bunting, 146, 181, 197, 257–58
Busch, Noel, 47
Bush, George W., 321
Cabrera, Miguel, 339n
California Angels, 11
Camel cigarettes, 105, 166–67
Camilli, Dolph, 50
Campbell, Soup, 307
Cannon, Jimmy, 133
Cantor, Eddie, 25
Cantu, Jorge, 190
Cape Cod Times, 318
Capone, Al, 45
Cardinal Field, Sacramento, 295
Carpenter, Polly Ann, 278
Case, George, 148
Cassata, Richie, 36, 37
Casterioto, Greg, 138
Castillo, Luis, 138, 192–95
Cavaney, Ike, 296
Ceres, Jimmy (“Peanuts”), 53, 127, 151, 170–71, 232, 298
stolen bat found by, 278
Chance, 321, 339
Chance, Don M., 339–440
Chandler, Spud, 38
Chapman, Sam, 206
Chase, Hal, 116n
Chesbro, Jack, 188
Chiaravallo, Larry, 170, 171
Chicago Colts (Cubs), 146n
Chicago Cubs, 66, 246, 256
Chicago Tribune, 291–92
Chicago White Sox, 19–21, 24, 26, 35, 50, 74, 99, 100–103, 109, 117, 122, 124, 137, 145–47, 289, 298–99
choking under pressure, 90–91
Churchill, Winston, 289–90
; Cincinnati Enquirer, The, 254
Cincinnati Reds, 33, 50, 159, 255, 256–67
Citizen Kane, 83
Cleveland Indians, 34, 74–76, 80, 83, 115, 116–17, 119, 147, 167, 195–96, 280, 300, 301–5, 318
Clift, Harlond, 29, 183
Cobb, Ty, 40, 146, 147, 167–68, 191, 207, 215, 233, 246, 249, 291, 340