Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684)

by Chomsky, Aviva

  36. California and Illinois prohibited states and localities from requiring employers to use the program. Illinois also tried to prohibit the use of E-Verify in the state, but that law was overturned in court. See National Conference of State Legislatures, “E-Verify,” http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/immig/e-verify-faq.aspx.

  37. Stana, “Employment Verification”; GAO, Immigration Enforcement: Weaknesses Hinder Employment Verification and Worksite Enforcement Efforts, GAO-05–813 (Washington, DC: August 31, 2005); GAO, Employment Verification: Challenges Exist in Implementing a Mandatory Electronic Employment Verification System, GAO-08–895T (Washington, DC: June 10, 2008).

  38. See Frank Sharry, “The Truth about E-Verify,” Huffington Post, May 25, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/frank-sharry/the-truth-about-everify_b_865649.html.

  39. John J. Haydu, Alan W. Hodges, and Charles R. Hall, “Economic Impacts of the Turfgrass and Lawncare Industry in the United States,” University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, FE 632 (2006), 5, http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/economic-impact-analysis/pdf/FE63200.pdf.

  40. Krissah Williams, “Lawn Care Entrepreneur Faces a Changing Racial Landscape,” Washington Post, February 5, 2007, http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/economic-impact-analysis/pdf/FE63200.pdf.

  41. California Landscape Contractors Association, Immigration Reform Center, updated July 2010, http://www.clca.us/immigration/view.html#pt8.

  42. In the case of Kimba Wood, the employment took place before the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act made it illegal to hire an undocumented person. See Robert Pear, “Judge’s Hiring of Illegal Alien in 1980s Did Not Violate Immigration Law,” New York Times, February 6, 1993.

  43. Maria Cramer and Maria Sacchetti, “More Immigrant Woes for Romney,” Boston Globe, December 5, 2007.

  44. Michael Falcone, “Housekeeper Nicky Diaz: Meg Whitman Treated Me Like a Piece of Garbage,” ABC News, September 29, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meg-whitmans-housekeeper-treated-piece-garbage/story?id=11758365#.UX65GKJ9uCg.

  45. Mike Allen and Jim VandeHei, “Homeland Security Nominee Kerik Pulls Out,” Washington Post, December 11, 2004.

  46. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 3.

  47. Ibid., 7.

  48. Ibid., 3.

  49. Ibid., 6.

  50. Ibid., 9.

  51. Ibid., 3–4.

  52. For a general discussion of the “new destinations” for Latino immigration, see Douglas Massey, ed., New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008). One new destination that stands out is North Carolina, where the Hispanic population rose by 111 percent between 2000 and 2010, reaching 8.4 percent of the state’s population. Sixty-one percent of these were Mexicans. North Carolina had the eleventh largest Latino population in the country. See North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, “The Hispanic or Latino Population, 2011,” http://www.ncdhhs.gov/aging/cprofile/Hispanic_Latino2010.pdf. Washington State’s Hispanic population also grew, by 71 percent, to 755,790. See Sharon R. Ennis, Merarys Ríos-Vargas, and Nora G. Albert, “The Hispanic Population: 2010,” 2010 Census Brief, May 2011, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf.

  53. Michael De Masi, “Nannies a Growth Industry in Slow Economy,” Business Review, July 15, 2011, http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/print-edition/2011/07/15/nannies-a-growth-industry-in-slow.html?page=all.

  54. “More Parents Opting for Nannies over Day Care,” Arizona Republic, September 10, 2007, http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/09/10/62548-more-parents-opting-for-nannies-over-day-care/.

  55. Barbara Presley Noble, “At Work: Solving the Zoe Baird Problem, New York Times, July 3, 1994.

  56. For the 81 percent figure, see Associated Press, “While You Were Sleeping, the Paper Boy Grew Up,” April 25, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12485231/#.UA7VVvXF-So.

  57. See John Moran, “Newspaper Carriers as Independent Contractors,” Connecticut Office of Legislative Research, April 13, 2006, http://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0288.htm.

  58. “S. D. California Certifies 23(b)(3) Class of Newspaper Home Delivery Carriers,” August 4, 2010, California Wage and Hour Law, Archive for the “Employee/Independent Contractor” Category, http://calwages.com/category/employeeindependent-contractor/.

  59. Flyer in author’s possession, from January 2011.

  60. See George J. Borjas, Jeffrey Grogger, and Gordon H. Hanson, “Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men,” Economica 77 (2010): 255–82, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/journal/Economica2010.pdf.

  61. See, for example, Julie L. Hotchkiss, Myriam Quispe-Agnoli, and Fernando Rios-Avila, “The Wage Impact of Undocumented Workers,” Federal Reserve Bank of Georgia, Working Paper 2012–4, March 2012; Giovanni Peri, “Immigrants, Skills, and Wages: Measuring the Economic Gains from Immigration,” Immigration Policy Center, March 2006; David Card, “Is the New Immigration Really So Bad?,” University of California, Berkeley, January 2005.

  62. Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda and Marshall Fitz, “A Rising Tide or a Shrinking Pie: The Economic Impact of Legalization Versus Deportation in Arizona,” Center for American Progress, March 24, 2011, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/03/rising_tide.html.

  63. Eric Clark, introduction, The Real Toy Story: The Ruthless Battle for Today’s Youngest Consumers (New York: Simon & Schuster/Free Press, 2007).

  CHAPTER 7: CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

  1. Pew Hispanic Center, “Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America,” December 2009, 7, http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/117.pdf.

  2. Cecilia Menjívar, “Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants’ Lives in the United States,” American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 4 (January 2006).

  3. John Santucci, Chris Good, and Shushannah Walshe, “Everything Romney Said to Explain Away Loss,” ABC News, November 15, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/obamas-gifts-small-campaign-bill-clintons-thoughtsromneys-parting/story?id=17727179#.ULPLkYZ62So.

  4. Human Rights Watch, “Slipping Through the Cracks: Unaccompanied Children Detained by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service” (Human Rights Watch Children’s Project, 1997), 2 and note 3, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/04/01/slipping-through-cracks.

  5. US Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, “Unaccompanied Juveniles in INS Custody,” September 28, 2001, chap. 1, http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/INS/e0109/chapter1.htm.

  6. Jacqueline Bhabha and Susan Schmidt, “Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and Separated Children and Refugee Protection in the US,” Harvard University Committee on Human Rights Studies, 2006, 6; Women’s Refugee Commission and Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP, “Halfway Home: Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Custody,” February 2009, 4, http://womensrefugeecommission.org/press-room/716-unaccompanied?q=halfway+home; Amy Thompson, “A Child Alone and Without Papers: A Report on the Return and Repatriation of Unaccompanied Undocumented Children by the United States,” Center for Public Policy Priorities, September 2008, 7, http://www.aecf.org/; Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General, “Division of Unaccompanied Children’s Services: Efforts to Serve Children,” March 2008, https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-07–06–00290.pdf.

  7. Olga Byrne and Elise Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children through the Immigration System,” Vera Institute of Justice, Center for Immigration and Justice, March 2012, 6, https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-07–06–00290.pdf.

  8. Women’s Refugee Commission et al., “Halfway Home,” 4.

  9. Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 14.

  10. Julia Preston, “Young and Alone, Facing Court and Deportation,” New York Times, August 25, 2012.

  11. Bhabha and Schmidt, “Seeking Asylum Alone,” 7.

&n
bsp; 12. Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 5.

  13. Betsy Cavendish and Maru Cortazar, “Children at the Border: The Screening, Protection, and Repatriation of Unaccompanied Mexican Minors,” Appleseed, 2001, 1, http://appleseednetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Children-At-The-Border1.pdf.

  14. Byrne and Miller, “The Flow of Unaccompanied Children,” 31.

  15. Preston, “Young and Alone.”

  16. Terry Greene Sterling, “Undocumented Kids Crossing the US Border Alone in Increasing Numbers,” Daily Beast, March 23, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/23/undocumented-kids-crossing-the-u-s-border-alone-in-increasing-numbers.html.

  17. Jessica Jones and Jennifer Podkul, “Forced from Home: The Lost Boys and Girls of Central America,” Women’s Refugee Commission, October 2012, 1–2, http://wrc.ms/WuG8lM.

  18. Ibid., 8.

  19. Ibid., 7.

  20. Ibid., 1.

  21. Ibid., 13.

  22. Seth Freed Wessler, “Shattered Families: The Perilous Intersection of Immigration Enforcement and the Child Welfare System,” Applied Research Center, November, 2011, 5, http://arc.org/shatteredfamilies; Seth Freed Wessler, “US Deports 46K Parents with Citizen Kids in Just Six Months,” Colorlines, November 3, 2011, http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/11/shocking_data_on_parents_deported_with_citizen_children.html.

  23. Nina Rabin, “Disappearing Parents: A Report on Immigration Enforcement and the Child Welfare System,” University of Arizona, Southwest Institute for Research on Women, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bacon Immigration Law and Policy Program, James E. Rogers College of Law, May 2011, 31, http://www.law.arizona.edu/depts/bacon_program/pdf/disappearing_parents_report_final.pdf.

  24. John Morton, “Memorandum,” June 17, 2011, http://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf.

  25. Helen O’Neill, “Parents Deported,” Associated Press, August 25, 2012. See also Rabin, “Disappearing Parents.”

  26. Helen O’Neill, “U.S.-Born Kids of Deported Parents Struggle as Family Life is ‘Destroyed,’” Huffington Post, August 25, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/25/us-born-kids-deported-parents_n_1830496.html?utm_hp_ref=immigrants.

  27. Women’s Refugee Commission et al., “Halfway Home,” 9.

  28. Rabin, “Disappearing Parents,” 10.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Ibid., 28.

  31. O’Neill, “US-Born Kids of Deported Parents.”

  32. Julia Preston and John H. Cushman Jr., “Obama Permits Young Migrants to Remain in US,” New York Times, June 15, 2012.

  33. Nidia Tapia, “A Take on the Internal US-Mexico Border by an Undocumented Student,” unpublished undergraduate seminar paper, Pomona College, May 2013.

  34. The Court’s decision and other relevant documents are available through the Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0457_0202_ZS.html.

  35. Jose Antonio Vargas, “My Life as an Undocumented Immigrant,” New York Times Magazine, June 22, 2011.

  36. Roberto G. Gonzalez, “Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood,” American Sociological Review 76, no. 4 (2011): 603.

  37. Ibid., 605.

  38. Tapia, “A Take on the Internal US-Mexico Border.”

  39. Carola Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco, and Irina Todorova, Learning a New Land: Immigrant Students in American Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 31. See also Angela Valenzuela, Subtractive Schooling: US-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). “The record of achievement among . . . immigrant youth is significantly higher than that of their US-born, second- and third+-generation counterparts,” 8.

  40. William Pérez, We Are Americans: Undocumented Students Pursuing the American Dream (Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, 2009), vii–viii.

  41. Michael A. Olivas, No Undocumented Child Left Behind: Plyler v. Doe and the Education of Undocumented Schoolchildren (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 66; National Conference of State Legislatures, “Undocumented Student Tuition: Federal Action,” May 2011, http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/undocumented-student-tuition-federal-action.aspx; William Pérez, Americans By Heart: Undocumented Latino Students and the Promise of Higher Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 2011), 6.

  42. National Immigration Law Center, “Basic Facts about In-State Tuition,” May 2013, http://www.nilc.org/basic-facts-instate.html.

  43. Pérez, We Are Americans, xxvi.

  44. Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation, “Revenues from Undocumented Immigrants Paying In-State Rates,” July 18, 2011, http://www.masstaxpayers.org/sites/masstaxpayers.org/files/In-state%20tuition.pdf.

  45. The various versions of the act are posted online at http://www.dreamactivist.org/text-of-dream-act-legislation/.

  46. See Vamos Unidos Youth, “Latino Youth Defines Dream Act as De Facto Military Draft,” WESPAC Foundation, http://wespac.org/2010/09/21/dream-act-as-military-draft/.

  47. Jean Batalova and Margie McHugh, “DREAM vs. Reality: An Analysis of Potential DREAM Act Beneficiaries,” Migration Policy Institute, July 2010, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/DREAM-Insight-July2010.pdf.

  48. Claudia Anguiano, “Undocumented, Unapologetic, and Unafraid: Discursive Strategies of the Immigrant Youth DREAM Social Movement,” PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 2011, xi.

  49. Julia Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act,” New York Times, November 30, 2012.

  50. Jose Antonio Vargas, “Not Legal, Not Leaving,” Time, June 25, 2012, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2117243–7,00.html.

  51. Daniel Altschuler, “DREAMing of Citizenship: An Interview with Gaby Pacheco,” Huffington Post, December 15, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-altschuler/dreaming-of-citizenship-a_b_797391.html.

  52. Julia Preston, “Advocates of Immigration Overhaul Alter Tactics in New Push,” New York Times, January 1, 2010.

  53. Vargas, “Not Legal, Not Leaving,” 2.

  54. Ibid., 9.

  55. Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act.”

  56. Alexander Bolton, “Republicans Seeking Out Hispanics,” Hill, March 27, 2012, http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/218307-republicans-seeking-out-hispanics.

  57. Preston, “Young Immigrants Say It’s Obama’s Time to Act.”

  58. Peter Wallsten, “Marco Rubio’s Dream Act Alternative a Challenge for Obama on Immigration,” Washington Post, April 25, 2012.

  59. “Full Transcript of Obama’s Speech on His New Immigration Policy,” Washington Post, June 15, 2012.

  60. Pew Hispanic Center, “Up to 1.4 Million Unauthorized Immigrants Could Benefit from New Deportation Policy,” June 15, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/06/15/up-to-1–4-million-unauthorized-immigrants-could-benefit-from-new-deportation-policy/.

  61. US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 16–September 13, 2012, http://www.uscis.gov.

  62. US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 16–October 10, 2012, http://www.uscis.gov.

  63. US Citizenship and Immigration Service, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Process,” August 15, 2012 to March 31, 2013, http://www.uscis.gov.

  64. Grace Meng, “Immigration Waivers Leave Migrant Children Behind,” USA Today, August 28, 2012.

  65. Robert Menendez Press Office, “Menendez, Durbin, Reid, 30 Others Introduce the DREAM Act,” May 11, 2011, http://www.menendez.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/?id=6e1282d4–4ec2–468b-8004–3370ba94a438.

  66. Julianne Hing, “Michelle Rhee Joins Parent Blame Game in DREAM Act Support,” Colorlines, July 7, 2011, http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/07/michelle_rhee_supports_the_dream_act.html.

  67. Tapia, “A Take
on the Internal US-Mexico Border.”

  68. Seth Freed Wessler, “Dust Off Those Old Immigration Reform Deals? Not So Fast,” Colorlines, November 13, 2012, http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/11/republicans_back_immigration_reform_but_advocates_keep_pressure_on_white_house.html.

  69. Julia Preston, “Young Leaders Cast a Wider Net for Immigration Reform,” New York Times, December 2, 2012.

  70. Kirk Semple, “Undocumented Life Is a Hurdle as Immigrants Seek a Reprieve,” New York Times, October 3, 2012.

  71. Susan Carroll, “Hope Turns to Despair for Many Trying To Stay in US,” Houston Chronicle, November 26, 2012.

  72. Robert Pear, “Limits Placed on Immigrants in Health Care,” New York Times, September 17, 2012.

  73. Serena Maria Daniels, “Michigan’s Immigrant Youths Put in Legal Limbo,” Detroit News, December 3, 2012, http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20121203/METRO/212030340#ixzz2E38J3Bv5.

  74. Jorge Rivas, “Did Obama’s Victory Speech Include Nod to Dreamers?” Colorlines, November 7, 2012, http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/11/did_obamas_victory_speech_ include_nod_to_dreamers.html.

  CHAPTER 8: SOLUTIONS

  1. Katherine Benton-Cohen, Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the Arizona Borderlands (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 7.

  2. Ibid., 8–9.

  3. Nicholas De Genova, Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 91–92.

  4. Ibid., 92, quoting Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S. (New York: Routledge, 1992), 180.

  5. De Genova, Working the Boundaries, 93.

  6. Ibid., 224.

  7. Marc Georges Pufong, “Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965,” in The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, vol. 1, ed. Paul Finkelman (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2006), 796–97.

  8. De Genova, Working the Boundaries, 230.

  9. Douglas S. Massey and Karen A. Pren, “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,” Population and Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 2012): 4, http://www.princeton.edu/coverstories/Massey_LatinAmericaImmigrationSurge/Unintended=Consequences.pdf.