sanctuary cities, 195
sanctuary movement, 189
S.B. 1070 (Arizona), 110–12
Secure Communities program, 97–98, 107, 202–3
Security Act (1950), 59
segregation of Mexican workers, 54–55, 183
Sen, Rinku, 198–99, 206
September 11, 2001, attacks, 95, 193, 199
service-sector jobs, 119–20
Sheridan, Lynnaire, 73–74
slavery, 9, 30, 31, 32, 183. See also Jim Crow system
small business, 140, 141, 142–43, 150
Snodgrass, Michael, 56
Social Security, 69, 93–94, 101, 136, 138–39, 163, 178
social service eligibility, 91–93, 163, 167, 178–79
Somers, Aryah, 140
South American immigrants, 77
Spain, 29–31, 64
Spanish-language media, 197
Sparks, Sam, 104
Special Agricultural Worker (SAW) status, 61, 64, 123, 190
Stansbury, Jeff, 191
states, immigration policies of, 42, 95–96, 141, 167–68, 179
Steinbeck, John, 124
Stevens, Jacqueline, 36, 187
Student Immigration Movement, 41. See also DREAM Act; undocumented youth
Students for Immigrant Rights, 171
student visas, 72
Suárez-Orozco, Carola, 166–67
Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo, 166–67
subsistence agriculture, 186–87
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 92
Suro, Robert, 62
Swift plant raids, 117, 135
“Take Our Jobs” campaign, 124–25
Tamayo, Bill, 191
taxes paid by undocumented immigrants, 91, 94
Taylor, Paul S., 52
Tea Party Movement, 198
temporary immigration statuses, 72–73, 74, 89–90, 96, 153, 196
Temporary Protected Status, 89–90, 96, 153
Texas, 82–83, 96–97, 131–33, 194
Todorova, Irina, 166–67
Torpey, John, 33
tourist visas, 71–72
traffic violations, 97, 107, 204
“transition to illegality,” 165–66
Truman administration, 120–21
tuition, in-state, 41, 167–68, 179, 194
287(g) program, 97–98
undocumented immigrants: anxiety felt by, 68, 90; confusion about immigration law, 68–69, 103, 112, 138–39; criminalization of, 15–18, 82, 98–100, 169; debts to labor recruiters, 75–76; documenting an undocumented life, 178; as exploitable labor, 39, 116, 131–32, 148–49; fiscal impact of, 92–93; inability to return to home countries, 89, 185, 195, 205; length of stay in US, 88; means of becoming “illegal,” 20–21; post-1965 increase of, 47–48, 184–85; upward mobility of, 126, 127; “wetbacks,” 47, 57–58. See also deportation; fraudulent documents; illegality
undocumented youth: advocacy of, 41, 168–73, 177; challenge to anti-immigrant culture, 206–7; under DACA, 174–79; in-state tuition advocacy, 167–68. See also children
unions. See labor unions
United Farm Workers, 12–13, 124–25, 188
United We Dream, 170–71, 172, 177
unlawful presence, 99–100, 107
upward mobility, 9, 127, 145
urban-to-rural shifts in industry, 118–19, 130, 134, 135
USA-PATRIOT Act (2001), 185, 193
US Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS), 175
US economy: African Americans as excluded from, 16; effects of undocumented workers on, 149–50; inequality in, 14, 38–39, 55, 145, 208; reliance on undocumented workers, 11, 19–20, 119–20, 125–26, 135
US-Mexico border: deaths at, 3, 79, 83–85; deportation testimonies taken at, 3–6; fluidity of, 19–20, 49–50, 56; violence at, 204–5. See also border enforcement policies
“US nationals” immigration category, 164
Utah “driver privilege cards,” 96
Vargas, Jose Antonio, 87–88, 163–65, 170, 171–72, 174
Villaraigosa, Antonio, 97
visas: and Americans’ freedom to travel, 40–41; fraudulent documents, 74; overstaying of, 71–73. See also fraudulent documents; quota system
Visa Waiver Program, 72
voluntary departure and removal, 99–100, 104. See also deportation
voting rights, 16, 34, 35
Wacquant, Loïc, 38
wages: agricultural system need for low wages, 121–22, 125–26; effects of undocumented immigrants upon, 149–50; of independent contractors, 147; “Mexican wages,” 54–55, 57, 183; minimum wage, 125, 132
Walker, Richard, 122
welfare reform, 167–193
Westen Strategies (consulting firm), 199, 207
Western Hemisphere immigration limits, 35–36, 44, 46, 122
“wetbacks,” 47, 57–58
Wilkinson, Daniel, 66
Williams, Rob, 118
William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection and Reauthorization Act (2008), 156
Wilson, Pete, 192, 193
Wilson, Woodrow, 28
Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program, 92
Woodrow, Karen, 191
Wooten, Larry, 13
work authorization: under DACA, 174; H-2 visas, 60, 73–75; and pending asylum cases, 96; recruitment of workers with, 136, 139; vs. legal entry to US, 72; under waiver of employer sanctions, 132. See also legal permanent residents
working conditions: in agriculture, 121, 125, 128; construction industry, 119, 131–32; immigrants’ inability to protest, 116, 119, 191; meatpacking industry, 118–19, 134, 136, 137; nannies, newspaper delivery and landscaping, 142, 146, 147–48
workplace raids, 116–17, 134–40, 150
work records, 178
youth activism. See undocumented youth
Zetas cartel, 81–82
Zolberg, Aristide, 54, 56
BEACON PRESS
Boston, Massachusetts
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2014 by Aviva Chomsky
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
17 16 15 14 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the uncoated paper ANSI/NISO specifications for permanence as revised in 1992.
Text design and composition by Kim Arney
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chomsky, Aviva.
Undocumented : how immigration became illegal / Aviva Chomsky.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8070-0167-7 (paperback)
ISBN 978-0-8070-0168-4 (ebook)
1. Illegal aliens—United States. 2. United States—Emigration and immigration. 3. United States—Emigration and immigration—Government policy. 4. United States—Emigration and immigration—Social aspects. 5. United States—Emigration and immigration—Economic aspects. 6. Mexico—Emigration and immigration. 7. Central America—Emigration and immigration. 8. Guatemala—Emigration and immigration. I. Title.
JV6465.C46 2014
364.1’370973—dc23
2013041931
Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) Page 28