The Wild Frontier
Page 42
78. Quoted in Waldman, Encyclopedia, 215.
79. Quoted in Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 108.
80. Ibid., 108.
81. Quoted in Pearce, The Savages of America, 21.
82. Ibid.
83. Pearce, 23.
84. Quoted in Hays, A Race at Bay, 181.
85. Debo, A History of the Indians, 349.
86. Quoted in Kraus, The United States to 1865, 430.
87. Kraus, 431.
88. Waldman, Atlas, 88.
89. Hays, A Race at Bay, 78.
90. Quoted in Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 271.
91. Driver, Indians of North America, 63.
92. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 289.
93. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 113-15.
94. Waldman, Atlas, 119.
95. Ibid., 120.
96. Ibid., 138-39.
97. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 198.
98. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 114-15.
99. Debo, A History of the Indians, 223.
100. Ibid., 223. Axelrod, in Chronicle of the Indian Wars, p. 210, said Custer seized 2 and sent the third back with the surrender terms.
101. Waldman, Atlas, 103.
102. Caesar, The Gallic War, l.xxi.
103. Sallerst, Jugurtha, L-VIII 102; Caesar, The Gallic War, l.xxi.
104. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 24; Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 79-80.
105. West, The Contested Plains, 173-74.
106. Ibid., 258.
107. Ibid., 210.
108. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 43-44.
109. Ibid., 148.
110. Ibid., 149-50.
111. Ibid., 181.
112. Ibid., 192.
113. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 43.
114. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 90.
115. Brogan, The American Character, 10.
116. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 50.
117. Driver, Indians of North America, 310.
118. Ibid., 310.
119. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 118.
120. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 27.
121. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 188.
122. Ibid., 286.
123. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 181.
124. Andrist, Long Death, 188-89.
125. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 181.
Chapter 4: Pre-Colonial Atrocities
1. World Book, vol. 7, 3.
2. Wallbank, T. Walter, and Alastair M. Taylor, Civilization—Past and Present, vol. 1 (1942), 345.
3. Ibid., 208-9; Bernard Grun, The Timetables of History (1979), 84.
4. World Book, vol. 10, 215.
5. Wallbank and Taylor, Civilization—Past and Present, vol. 1, 345.
6. Ibid., 421.
7. World Book, vol. 10, 215.
8. Ibid., vol. 11, 107.
9. Waldman, Atlas, 13.
10. Newsweek, Fall/Winter 1991, 26.
11. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 236.
12. Brandon, Indians, 71.
13. Waldman, Atlas, 13.
14. World Book, vol. 1, 311.
15. Kraus, The United States to 1865, 165.
16. World Book, vol. 21, 311.
17. Ibid., vol. 5, 3.
18. Wallbank and Taylor, Civilization—Past and Present, vol. 1, 511.
19. Newsweek, December 21, 1992, 75.
20. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 1-2.
21. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 11-12.
22. Ibid., 12.
23. Debo, A History of the Indians, 21.
24. Ibid., 21.
25. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 192.
26. Brandon, Indians, 98. The engraving is also found in Washburn, The Indian in America, on p. 106, fig. 3.
27. Waldman, Atlas, 98.
28. Debo, A History of the Indians, 37.
29. Waldman, Atlas, 98.
30. Debo, A History of the Indians, 43.
31. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 35.
32. Heard, White into Red, 1.
33. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 2.
34. Ibid., 5.
35. Ibid., 89.
36. Ibid., 89.
37. VanDerBeets, Richard, Held Captive by Indians: Selected Narratives, 1642-1836(1972), xi.
38. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 275. The words white Indians were widely used to refer to whites who had abandoned white civilization.
39. Quoted in Heard, White into Red, 6.
40. Heard, 7.
41. Quoted in Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 11.
42. VanDerBeets, Held Captive by Indians, xii.
43. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 11.
44. Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 151, 178.
45. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, vi-vii.
46. Ibid., 251.
47. VanDerBeets, Held Captive by Indians, xvi.
48. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 150.
49. Ibid., 159.
50. Ibid., 185.
51. Ibid., 169.
52. Ibid., 160.
53. Ibid., 184.
54. Ibid., 74.
55. Ibid., 165.
56. Ibid., 121.
57. Ibid., 169.
58. Ibid., 189.
59. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, v.
60. VanDerBeets, Held Captive by Indians, xxiv.
61. Ibid., xxiii.
62. Ibid., i.
63. Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 4.
64. Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian, 7.
65. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 264.
66. Ibid., 28.
67. Ibid., 28.
68. Quoted in Berkhofer, The White Man’s Indian, 8-9.
69. Berkhofer, 10.
70. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
71. Driver, Indians of North America, 329.
72. Ibid.
73. “Cannibals of the Canyon,” The New Yorker, November 30, 1998, 77.
74. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 106.
75. Heard, White into Red, 111-12.
76. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
77. Brinkley, American Heritage History of the United States, 30.
78. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 77.
79. Heard, White into Red, 67.
80. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 223.
81. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
82. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 97.
83. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
84. Washburn, The Indian in America, 59.
85. Debo, A History of the Indians, 6.
86. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 197-98.
87. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 71.
88. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 33.
89. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 84.
90. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 192-93.
91. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
92. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 165-66.
93. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 77.
94. Debo, A History of the Indians, 177.
95. Andrist, Long Death, 184.
96. Quoted in Robinson, Charles M., III, The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers (2000), 49.
97. Ibid., 49.
98. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 200-201.
99. Quoted in Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 119.
100. Robinson, The Men Who Wear the Star, 46.
101. Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 88.
102. Ibid., 88.
103. Ibid., 89-90.
104. Ibid., 90.
105. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 14.
106. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 278.
Chapter 5: Colonial Atrocities
1. Brinkley, American Heritage History of the U
nited States, 28.
2. Ibid., 29-30.
3. Waldman, Who Was Who, 332.
4. Brinkley, American Heritage History of the United States, 30-31.
5. Ibid., 34.
6. Waldman, Who Was Who, 256.
7. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 15.
8. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 60.
9. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 16.
10. Steele, Ian K., Warpaths: Invasions of North America (1994), 46.
11. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 16.
12. Quoted in Utley and Washburn, 17.
13. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 11.
14. Ibid., 11.
15. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 17.
16. Waldman, Who Was Who, 256. Wilson, in The Earth Shall Weep, p. 67, argued that “the Powhatans were not really savage.” The 847 settlers killed in these 2 attacks might have disagreed.
17. Waldman, 257.
18. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 57. Jogues later tried to establish a mission to the Mohawk, but was killed while trying to do so. Waldman, Who Was Who, 169.
19. Axelrod, 38.
20. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 36.
21. Quoted in Utley and Washburn, 39; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 18.
22. Axelrod, 19.
23. Brandon, Indians, 173; Waldman, Atlas, 90-91.
24. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 22.
25. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 99-101.
26. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 41-42.
27. Waldman, Atlas, 214.
28. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 39.
29. Quoted in Axelrod, 39-40.
30. Waldman, Who Was Who, 184.
31. Brandon, Indians, 168.
32. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 46.
33. Ibid., 43.
34. Ibid., 43-44; Waldman, Who Was Who, 42.
35. Axelrod, 40; Waldman, Atlas, 96.
36. Axelrod, 40; Waldman, 96.
37. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 246.
38. Debo, A History of the Indians, 49.
39. Quoted in Debo, 49.
40. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 35-36.
41. Brandon, Indians, 176.
42. Waldman, Atlas, 93; Waldman, Who Was Who, 270-72.
43. Waldman, Who Was Who, 272.
44. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 197. However, “captive women were seldom in danger of rape. Among most Indian groups, forcible rape was seen as deviant and unacceptable behavior, and in any case, Indian men often professed a disdain for white women, whom they claimed to find unattractive.” Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 57.
45. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 39.
46. Ibid., 43.
47. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 27.
48. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 144.
49. Ibid., 186.
50. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 15-16, 375.
51. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 37.
52. Ibid., 37.
53. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 91fn.
54. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 174.
55. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 82.
56. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 174.
57. Josephy, Indian Heritage, 179.
58. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 27.
59. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 186.
60. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 95-96.
61. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 17.
62. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 54.
63. Debo, A History of the Indians, 67.
64. Ibid., 48.
65. Ibid., 73; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 67.
66. Brandon, Indians, 201.
67. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 76.
68. Brandon, Indians, 201-2.
69. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 373. Sergeant Moses Van Campen claimed bounties for scalps he took before the bounty was in effect. He scalped the Indians who captured him and retrieved the scalps of his father and brother that they had taken. He and 2 fellow prisoners, Pike and Pence, killed 9 of the 10 Indians who had captured them. When the action was at its most desperate and it appeared he would be killed by the Indians, Van Campen looked and saw that Pike was trying to pray and doing nothing else and that Pence was swearing at Pike for not helping. It is not known whether Van Campen got any money for his scalps.
70. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 1151.
71. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 71. Brandon, in Indians, p. 201, said they were adopted by most of the colonies.
72. Esarey, A History of Indiana, 47-48.
73. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 162.
74. This happened in 1847 when Mexico offered bounties for Apache scalps. Mexicans, Americans, runaway slaves, and Indians brought in scalps from other Indians, then even Mexican scalps. Special examination committees were set up to authenticate Apache scalps, to no avail. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 161-62.
75. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 232.
76. Ibid., 232.
77. Trafzer and Hyer, Exterminate Them! 28-29.
78. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 160.
79. Quoted in Schultz, 160.
80. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 28.
81. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 32.
82. Ibid., 32.
83. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 31.
84. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 6.
85. “The first American ‘best seller’ was published in Boston in 1682 [and was] The Sovereignty & Goodness of God … A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. ” Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 30.
86. Waldman, Who Was Who, 307.
87. Ibid., 307.
88. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 65.
89. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 46-50.
90. Ibid., 35.
91. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 63; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 53.
92. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 205.
93. Waldman, Who Was Who, 125.
94. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 63-64.
95. Brandon, Indians, 257.
96. Waldman, Who Was Who, 125-26.
97. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 3.
98. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 54.
99. Ibid., 54.
100. Waldman, Who Was Who, 108.
101. Ibid., 161.
102. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 152-53.
103. Debo, A History of the Indians, 74.
104. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 152-54.
105. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 69; Waldman, Who Was Who, 108.
106. Utley and Washburn, 71-72.
107. Brandon, Indians, 217; Waldman, Atlas, 104; Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 72; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 59; Nash, Red, White, and Black, 136.
108. Nash, 137; Waldman, Atlas, 104.
109. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 216-19.
110. Nash, Red, White, and Black, 111.
111. Quoted in Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 33.
112. Goodwin, Grenville, Western Apache Raiding and Warfare (1971), 284-86.
113. Loudon, Archibald, A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives, vol. 1 (1808), 81-82.
114. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 29-30.
115. Brandon, Indians, 203.
116. Waldman, Atlas, 215.
117. Loudon, Narratives, vol. 2, 179.
118. Ibid., 17-46.
119. Ibid., 181-84.
120. Waldman, Who Was Who, 133; Boyd, Thomas Alexander, Simon Girty: The White Savage (1928), 33-34.
121. Waldman, Who Was Who, 133.
122. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 83-84.
123. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 79.
&n
bsp; 124. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 83-84.
125. Quoted in Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 62-72.
126. Loudon, Narratives, vol. 1, 113.
127. Ibid., 111-18.
128. Ibid., vol. 2, 47-64.
129. Ibid., 195-98.
130. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 85-86.
131. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 199.
132. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 93.
133. Waldman, Who Was Who, 279-80.
134. Ibid., 279-80.
135. Waldman, Atlas, 106-8; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 99.
136. Waldman, Who Was Who, 279-80.
137. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 89.
138. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 57-60.
139. Ibid., 210-12.
140. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 90-91.
141. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 85-86.
142. Ibid., 84.
143. Ibid., 74.
144. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 92; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 97.
145. Tebbel and Jennison, 92.
146. Waldman, Atlas, 108; Tebbel and Jennison, 92.
147. Hagan, American Indians, 25.
148. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 98; Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 99.
149. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 96.
150. Waldman, Atlas, 108-9; Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 99-100.
151. Loudon, Narratives, vol. 2, 172-77.
152. Quoted in Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 96.
153. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 203.
154. Waldman, Who Was Who, 280.
155. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 102.
Chapter 6: Atrocities During the Eras of the British Wars
1. Brinkley, American Heritage History of the United States, 53.
2. Ibid., 51.
3. Ibid., 53.
4. Ibid., 53.
5. Ibid., 54-56.
6. Ibid., 61-63.
7. Ibid., 63.
8. Ibid., 66-67.
9. Ibid., 67.
10. Waldman, Who Was Who, 213.
11. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 906.
12. Hagan, American Indians, 36.
13. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 906.
14. Ibid., 906; Hagan, American Indians, 36; Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 107; Waldman, Who Was Who, 213.
15. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 58-59.
16. Quoted in Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 1155.
17. Smith, 719-21.
18. Quoted in Smith, 1155.
19. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 278.
20. Quoted in Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 267-68.
21. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 1235.