198. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 50.
199. Trafzer and Hyer, Exterminate Them!, 44.
200. Ibid., 45.
201. Ibid., 66-67.
202. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 68.
203. Trafzer and Hyer, 119-20.
204. Ibid., 123.
205. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 69.
206. Ibid., 124.
207. Quoted in Debo, A History of the Indians, 165.
208. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 382-83.
209. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, Exterminate Them!, 47-48.
210. Trafzer and Hyer, 130.
211. Ibid., 49.
212. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 76-77.
213. Ibid., 125.
214. Trafzer and Hyer, 126.
215. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 127.
216. Trafzer and Hyer, 28.
217. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 233.
218. Trafzer and Hyer, Exterminate Them!, 129.
219. Ibid., 70.
220. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 77.
221. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian, 32.
222. Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, Exterminate Them!, 29.
223. Trafzer and Hyer, 78.
224. Ibid., 78.
225. Ibid., 79.
226. Ibid., 29.
227. Ibid., 133.
228. Ibid., 132.
229. Ibid., 79.
230. Spicer, The American Indians, 142-43.
231. Waldman, Who Was Who, 313.
232. Brandon, Indians, 373.
233. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 208.
234. Ebersole, Captured by Texts, 229.
235. Waldman, Who Was Who, 136-37.
236. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 179.
237. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 12.
238. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 19-20.
239. Quoted in Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 73.
240. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 173.
241. Ibid., 173.
242. Quoted in Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 179-80.
243. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 278.
244. Quoted in Drimmer, 301.
245. Robinson, The Men Who Wear the Star, 46-47.
246. Quoted in Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 303.
247. Drimmer, 282-313.
248. World Book, vol. 20, 194fn.
Chapter 8: Atrocities in the Civil War and Post-Civil War Eras
1. Waldman, Atlas, 128.
2. Reported in Brinkley, American Heritage History of the United States, 213.
3. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 50-51.
4. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, ix.
5. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 184.
6. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 175-77.
7. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 238.
8. Waldman, Atlas, 140.
9. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 184.
10. Ibid., 184-85.
11. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 3.
12. Waldman, Who Was Who, 58-59.
13. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 187.
14. Quoted in Robinson, The Men Who Wear the Star, 47.
15. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 185.
16. Ibid., 190.
17. Ibid., 190.
18. Waldman, Who Was Who, 204.
19. Quoted in Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 190.
20. Ibid., 190.
21. Axelrod, 190-91.
22. Ibid., 190-91.
23. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 203.
24. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 193.
25. Andrist, Long Death, 39.
26. Quoted in Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 60.
27. Debo, A History of the Indians, 186.
28. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 60.
29. Andrist, Long Death, 46.
30. Ibid., 51.
31. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 315.
32. Andrist, Long Death, 51-52.
33. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 117; Mary Boueau had been captured in the Santee Sioux Massacre and told her story to Fanny Kelly.
34. Drimmer, Captured by the Indians, 314.
35. Brandon, Indians, 341. Debo, in A History of the Indians, p. 187, stated that 500 dead was a conservative estimate. Schultz, in Month of the Freezing Moon, p. 60, estimated close to 600. Utley and Washburn, in Indian Wars, p. 203, said, “Fully 800.”
36. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 194.
37. Waldman, Who Was Who, 203.
38. Andrist, Long Death, 64.
39. It should be added that this was an accepted practice in the medical community at the time.
40. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 27.
41. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 193-94.
42. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 104-5.
43. Ibid., 134-35.
44. Ibid., 144.
45. Ibid., 165.
46. Bret Harte in Commager, The West, 235.
47. Waldman, Atlas, 145; Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 189.
48. Quoted in Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country, 90.
49. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 18.
50. Ibid., 44.
51. Goodrich, 44-45.
52. Ibid., 113-14.
53. Quoted in Goodrich, 66.
54. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 48-53.
55. Debo, A History of the Indians, 217-18.
56. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 13-15.
57. Ibid., 13-16; Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 79-80. The series of incidents leading to 33 deaths is described in Chapter 3 as a classic example of escalation.
58. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 17-19.
59. Waldman, Who Was Who, 115.
60. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 61-63.
61. Ibid., 65-66.
62. Waldman, Who Was Who, 66-61.
63. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 74-75.
64. Waldman, Who Was Who, 29.
65. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 15-16.
66. Quoted in Schultz, 77.
67. Schultz, 77.
68. Quoted in Schultz, 79-80.
69. Schultz, 80-82.
70. Ibid., 85.
71. Ibid., 85-90.
72. West, The Contested Plains, 291.
73. Quoted in West, 291.
74. Ibid., 294.
75. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 98-104.
76. Quoted in Schultz, 104-7.
77. Schultz, 109-10.
78. Quoted in Schultz, 113.
79. Schultz, 113-14.
80. Quoted in Schultz, 115.
81. Schultz, 115-16.
82. Ibid., 149.
83. Ibid., 116-17.
84. Quoted in West, The Contested Plains, 299.
85. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 117-19.
86. Quoted in Schultz, 126.
87. Ibid., 126.
88. Schultz, 127-30.
89. Quoted in Schultz, 130-32.
90. Schultz, 132.
91. Waldman, Who Was Who, 29; Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 215.
92. Quoted in Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 133.
93. Schultz, 134.
94. Quoted in West, The Contested Plains, 304.
95. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 134-35.
96. Waldman, Who Was Who, 380.
97. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 135-37.
98. Ibid., 133-38.
99. Ibid., 137-39.
100. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 4.
101. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 139; Josephy, in Indian Heritage, p. 337, said that almost 300 Indians were massacred. Other estimates go down to 60 or 70 in the first congressional report.
102. Quoted in Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 39.
103. Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 274.
104. West, The Contested Plains, 305.
105. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 109.
106. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 139. Chivington claimed his troops killed Black Kettle there, but he survived for 4 more years. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 109.
107. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 110.
108. West, The Contested Plains, 305.
109. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 73-74 for Chivington and 62-63 for Evans.
110. Quoted in Schultz, 5.
111. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 197.
112. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 155.
113. Debo, A History of the Indians, 196; Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep, 275. West, in The Contested Plains, disagreed. West thought the dead totaled fewer than 50. West, 307.
114. Quoted in Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 148-50.
115. Ibid., 165.
116. Ibid., 157-66.
117. Schultz, 184.
118. Quoted in Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 103; Andrist, Long Death, 94; Commager, The West, 236; Debo, A History of the Indians, 198.
119. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 166.
120. Ibid., 174.
121. Ibid., 165.
122. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 121.
123. Quoted in Andrist, Long Death, 96.
124. Brandon, Indians, 377.
125. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 12.
126. Ibid., 13.
127. Ibid., 14.
128. Heard, White into Red, 100, 107.
129. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 20.
130. Waldman, Who Was Who, 58.
131. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 29-30.
132. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 20.
133. Ibid., 21; Prucha, Documents of United States Indian Policy, 110.
134. Robinson, 41.
135. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 62-64.
136. Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 119.
137. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier, 293-94.
138. Andrist, Long Death, 148.
139. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 44.
140. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 202; Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 69fn.
141. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 199-201.
142. Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 93.
143. Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon, 203-4.
144. Andrist, Long Death, 160.
145. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 147-48.
146. Ibid., 190.
147. Goodrich, 128.
148. Andrist, Long Death, 170.
149. Waldman, Who Was Who. 372.
150. Ibid., 372.
151. Wissler, Indians of the United States, 249-52.
152. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 221.
153. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 173-78.
154. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 33; Hays, A Race at Bay, 216.
155. West, The Contested Plains, 48.
156. Kelly, My Captivity Among the Sioux, 248. Although Kelly had not witnessed these things, Generals Sheridan and Custer gave substantially the same report. However, in Satanta: The Life and Death of a War Chief (1997), Charles M. Robinson III expressed doubts that these events occurred.
157. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier, 347.
158. Quoted in West, The Contested Plains, 373-74.
159. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 217.
160. Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 333.
161. Waldman, Atlas, 139-43.
162. Brandon, Indians, 299.
163. Debo, A History of the Indians, 208; Spicer, The American Indians, 69.
164. Hays, A Race at Bay, 217-18.
165. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 138-39.
166. Andrist, Long Death, 212-13, 235-36.
167. Waldman, Who Was Who, 54.
168. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 253-54.
169. Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 117, 122, 124, 186, 191.
170. Quoted in Hays, A Race at Bay, 160.
171. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 221.
172. Andrist, Long Death, 189.
173. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 231; Andrist, 189; Debo, A History of the Indians, 230.
174. Brady, Indian Eights and Fighters, 318.
175. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 300.
176. Coward, The Newspaper Indian, 172.
177. Quoted in Debo, A History of the Indians, 272-73.
178. Waldman, Atlas, 157.
179. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 197.
180. Ibid., 216.
181. Ibid., 216.
182. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 227.
183. Ibid., 229.
184. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 216.
185. Waldman, Who Was Who, 85-87.
186. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 149, 152.
187. Waldman, Atlas, 157.
188. Ibid., 157.
189. Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 260.
190. Waldman, Who Was Who, 91-92.
191. Quoted in Journal of the Indian Wars, (1999) (1), 7.
192. Ibid., 7.
193. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 172.
194. Ibid., 195.
195. Ibid., 197.
196. Quoted in Goodrich, Scalp Dance, 260.
197. Ibid., 260-61.
198. Ibid., 260.
199. Ibid., 261.
200. Ibid., 261.
201. Goodrich, 262.
202. Ibid., 262.
203. Quoted in Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, 170.
204. Quoted in Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 289.
205. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 227.
206. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 246.
207. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 155.
208. Ibid., 155.
209. Waldman, Who Was Who, 92.
210. Waldman, Who Was Who, 4.
211. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 253.
212. Quoted in Brady, Indian Fights and Fighters, 296.
213. Waldman, Who Was Who, 73-74.
214. Ibid., 157-58.
215. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 188.
216. Debo, A History of the Indians, 263.
217. Andrist, Long Death, 311. Their trek and Chief Joseph’s speech are described in the chapter on Indian characteristics.
218. Quoted in Brandon, Indians, 317.
219. Waldman, Who Was Who, 111.
220. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 244-45.
221. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 270-74.
222. Quoted in Hays, A Race at Bay, 276-77.
223. Waldman, Who Was Who, 392.
224. Quoted in Josephy, 500 Nations, 437.
225. Waldman, Who Was Who, 392-93.
226. Quoted in Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 416.
227. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 250.
228. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 435-36.
229. Hays, A Race at Bay, 323.
230. Quoted in Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 295.
231. Utley and Washburn, 297-98. There is irony in the fact that both Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were killed after an arrest and with the participation of Indians.
232. Waldman, Who Was Who, 24.
233. Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 298.
234. Waldman, Atlas, 158
235. Ibid., 158; Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 299.
236. Waldman, Who Was Who, 24.
237. Axelrod, Chronicles of the Indian Wars, 253.
238. Waldman, Atlas, 158.
239. Waldman, Who Was Who, 24.
240. Mooney, James, The Ghost Dance Religion and Wounded Knee (republished 1973), 867. Mooney was a well-known anthropologist who immediately after the battle investigated Wounded Knee. Similarly, Andrist, in Long Death, p. 348, quoted Whiteside as insisting “on nothing other than unconditional surrender, and the Sioux chief … was in no position to resist even if he had been of
a mind to.”
241. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 239-44.
242. Brandon, Indians, 349.
243. Andrist, Long Death, 348.
244. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 254.
245. Andrist, Long Death, 351.
246. Waldman, Atlas, 158. Colonel Forsyth was later charged with the killing of innocents, but he was exonerated. Waldman, Atlas, 159. Wilson, in The Earth Shall Weep, pp. 284-85, asserted that the night before Wounded Knee, “the soldiers cracked open barrels of whisky and some of the Indians heard them drunkenly boasting that they would avenge the Little Big Horn.” No confirmation of these statements can be found, and of course Wilson gives no source.
247. Andrist, Long Death, 350.
248. Quoted in Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 242-43.
249. Debo, A History of the Indians, 292.
250. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 243.
251. Andrist, Long Death, 350.
252. Debo, A History of the Indians, 293.
253. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 246.
254. Quoted in Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 346.
255. Brandon, Indians, 386.
256. Josephy, 500 Nations, 441.
257. Debo, A History of the Indians, 293.
258. Ibid., 292.
259. Estimates of Indian dead (in alphabetical order) are 200 (Andrist, Long Death, 351); 153 and “most likely 300” (Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 255); 153 (Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 444); 146 (Debo, A History of the Indians, 293); 170 plus (Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 246); 150 plus (Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 300); and 170 plus (Waldman, Atlas, 159).
260. Estimates of soldier deaths are from Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 255 (25); Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 444 (25); Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 246 (60); Utley and Washburn, Indian Wars, 300 (25); and Waldman, Atlas, 159 (25).
261. Waldman, Atlas, 159.
262. Andrist, Long Death, 352.
263. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 247.
264. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 255.
265. Waldman, Who Was Who, 392-93.
266. Robinson, A Good Year to Die, xxiii.
267. Waldman, Encyclopedia, 224-27.
268. Waldman, Atlas, 158.
269. Tebbel and Jennison, The American Indian Wars, 303-4.
270. Quoted in Robinson, A Good Year to Die, 346.
271. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 247.
272. Mooney, The Ghost Dance Religion, 869-70.
273. Marshall, Crimsoned Prairie, 243-44.
274. Utley, Robert M., The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (1973), 200-230, quoted in Washburn, The Indian in America, 222.
275. Waldman, Atlas, 159.
276. Axelrod, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 255. The 400-year period is the time from the landing of Columbus in 1492 to Wounded Knee in 1890, but the war did not begin until 1622, although there were skirmishes before then.
The Wild Frontier Page 44