Rebels at the Bar

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Rebels at the Bar Page 32

by Jill Norgren


  Murray, Judith Sargent, 2

  Mussey, Ellen, 184, 198–99

  starts a law school, xi, 128

  National University Law School: permits Belva Lockwood and other women to matriculate, 80

  National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA): Belva Lockwood gives speech at, 90

  first meeting, 10–11

  founders of, 10

  on Mormons, 99

  Phoebe Couzins and Belva Lockwood meet at convention, 80

  Nationalist Clubs, 122

  Neal, John, 14

  Nichols, Clarina, 59

  Nichols, Mary Jane: client of Belva Lockwood, 95

  Nineteenth Amendment, 209

  Norcross, Pliny: promises but fails in sponsoring Lavinia for bar examination, 53–54

  Nott, Charles: writes opinion denying Belva Lockwood admission to U.S. Court of Claims bar, 88

  O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 207

  Olin, Judge Abram B., recognizes Belva Lockwood as an attorney, 82

  Packard, Elizabeth: committed involuntarily to hospital for the insane, 1–2

  reformer on behalf of the rights of mental patients, 98

  religion, 4

  Packard, Reverend Theophilus, 98

  commits wife to hospital for the insane, 1–2, 5

  Paine, Thomas, 14

  Pardee, W.: writes in opposition to the admission of Mary Hall to the bar, 140

  Park, John D.: writes opinion admitting Mary Hall to the bar, 140–41

  Parker, Alice: active in League of Women Voters, 181

  becomes editor of the Women Lawyers’ Journal, 181

  learns of Lelia Robinson’s death, 180

  moves practice to New York, 181

  presides at wedding dinner for Lelia Robinson, 179

  shares law office with Lelia Robinson, 177, 179

  writes “Law for My Sisters,” 177

  Peckham Lilly, 54

  People’s Party: political arm of Populism, 122

  runs Clara Foltz as candidate for San Francisco city attorney, 117, 124

  Phillips, Wendell: abolitionist and suffrage reformer, 8–9

  “hour belongs to the Negro,” 10

  Portia: Shakespearean character who impersonates a lawyer, xv

  Portia Club of Boston: gives wedding dinner for Lelia Robinson, 179

  Portia Club of California: founded by Clara Foltz, 128–30, 198

  Protective Agency for Women and Children: use of lay lawyers, 201–2

  Puritans, on legal precedent, 13

  Quackenbos, Mrs. Mary G.: establishes New York People’s Law Firm, 202–3

  Rankin, Jeannette: first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, 132, 183

  Ray, Charlotte E.: first woman admitted to the District of Columbia bar, xvi, 83

  Raymond, Jessie: client of Belva Lockwood, 97–98

  Redington, James: co-counsel with Belva Lockwood, 95

  Reno, Janet, 210

  Ricker, Marilla, 119, 124

  penal reformer, friend and professional colleague of Belva Lockwood, 88

  represented by Lelia Robinson, 180

  wins appointment as a notary from President Chester A. Arthur, 88

  Riddle, A. G.: motions Belva Lockwood’s first (unsuccessful) petition to become a member of the U.S. Supreme Court bar, 90

  successfully motions Belva Lockwood’s admission to the U.S. Supreme Court bar, 93

  women’s rights advocate, xiv

  Robinson, Frederick, 14

  Robinson, Lelia: admitted to U.S. Supreme Court bar, 179

  application to become member of Massachusetts bar denied, 137, 161–62

  argues women lawyers must argue in court, 169

  co-founds the Boston Portia Club, 176

  death of, 180

  difficulty finding law work, 159, 163

  first marriage and divorce, 156–57

  lawyer and writer, xi, xvi

  learns stenography, 166

  legal practice in Washington Territory, 164–170

  lobbies legislation to open state bar to women, 162

  marries Eli Sawtelle, 179–80

  matriculates at Boston University School of Law, 136, 158

  on charity clients, 174

  on wearing a hat, 189

  passes state bar examination and begins practice, 162

  represents Marilla Ricker, winning Ricker’s Petition, 144, 180

  returns to Boston, 170–72

  sends congratulations to Mary Hall, 141

  wins favorable newspaper attention, xiv

  writes about Catharine Waugh McCulloch, 147

  works as journalist, 156

  works for woman suffrage, 169

  works out of the law firm of Struve, Haines, & McMicken, 166

  writes classic Green Bag article about women lawyers, 177–78

  writes Law Made Easy, 128, 164, 170–71

  writes Law of Husband and Wife, 177

  Rockford Seminary, 145

  Rosenberg, Beatrice: U.S. government attorney who argued more than thirty cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, 209

  Royalton, New York, 74

  Runnells, Betty: Louisiana attorney, 210

  Ryan, Edward, 120, 204

  appointed Wisconsin chief justice, 60–61

  early life, 58

  Lavinia Goodell petition, x

  “Mrs. Jellyby” lecture, 60, 65

  opinion in the Goodell case, 65–66, 114

  rejects Lavinia Goodell’s petition to join the state bar, 64–66

  traditional beliefs, xiv, 86, 109

  Samson, George (Reverend), 78

  refuses Belva Lockwood’s petition for admission to Columbian Law School, 80

  San Diego Bee: newspaper briefly published by Clara Foltz, 121

  Sargent, Aaron A.: supports Belva Lockwood’s anti-discrimination legislation, 90–92

  supports woman suffrage, 108

  Sawtelle, Eli: husband of Lelia Robinson, 178–80

  Scarlet Letter, 13

  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, 5–7, 134

  Senter, John Henry, 199–200

  Seward, William H., 25

  Shapiro, Harriet Sturtevant: lawyer with the U.S. Office of the Solicitor General, 209–10

  Shellabarger, Samuel, 92

  Shortridge, Samuel: lawyer, brother of Clara Foltz, successful candidate for U.S. Senate, 117–18, 132

  Shortridge, Talitha and Elias: father an attorney and itinerant preacher, 105

  parents of Clara Foltz, 104

  Slaughter-House Cases, 41–42

  Sloan, I. C.: lawyer hired by Lavinia Goodell to argue her admission to the state bar, 62–63

  renews argument for Goodell’s admission to the Wisconsin bar, 71

  Smith, Gerrit, 56

  Snell, Judge William B., 82

  Society of Friends, 6

  Sotomayor, Justice Sonia: 207

  speaks about the differential treatment of female judicial candidates, 211–12

  Spenser, Sara, 79

  Springer, Judge Francis: admits Belle Mansfield to bar, 37, 38

  Stanton, Elizabeth Cady: on Fifteenth Amendment, 39

  on “new departure” strategy, 40

  response to Phillips on woman suffrage, 10

  at Seneca Falls, 5

  speech at 1870 NWSA convention, 11

  tours California, 108

  urges a woman suffrage amendment, 39

  Stewart, Mrs. E. D. (“Mother Stewart”): temperance activist permitted by judges to argue Adair law cases, 200, 202

  Stewart, Maria, 3

  Stone, Lucy: correspondence from Lavinia Goodell, 54, 68

  speech, 8

  Stoneman, Kate: opens New York State bar to women and fights for suffrage, xi, 196–97, 201

  Story, Joseph: argues at Supreme Court, 20

  his writings, 17

  teaches at Harvard, 19

  view of apprenticeship system, 18

  Stow, Marietta, 1
28

  California activist, 108

  domestic law reformer and vice-presidential running mate of Belva Lockwood, 98–99, 101

  newspaper publisher, 121

  Strong, George Templeton: critic of apprenticeship system, 19

  critical of western bar qualifications, 108, 130

  founder of Columbia Law School, 19

  junior law firm member, 20

  “no woman shall degrade herself,” 35, 38

  “sweeping revolution of social order,” x

  Tator, Nellie: refused admission to California bar because of her sex, 108

  Taylor, James: collaborates with Belva Lockwood on Eastern Cherokee case, 102

  Thomas, Sarah: learns Lavinia Goodell has cancer, 69

  learns Goodell has concerns about Kate Kane, 70

  receives letter that Lavinia Goodell has passed local bar, 55

  receives Goodell letter about Madison, Wisconsin, 71–72

  receives letter evaluating Judge Conger’s decision in a divorce case, 62

  receives letter from Lavinia Goodell about penal reform, 64

  receives letter from Lavinia Goodell about Ryan decision, 64

  willed money and jewelry by Lavinia Goodell, 72

  Tilton, Theodore, 82

  Timothy 2:11–12, 1

  Tocqueville, Alexis de: observes changes in United States, 15

  praises rule of law in United States, 14

  Todd, Mrs. Marion: first of two women to attend Hastings College of the Law, 115

  Greenback-Labor party candidate for district attorney, 124

  Train, C. R.: argues Lelia Robinson’s petition for bar admission, 161

  possible letter of recommendation, 165

  supports legislation to open state bar to women, 162

  University of Michigan: admits women, ix, 36

  Union College of Law: admits Ada Kepley, 35

  admits women, ix

  Catharine Waugh McCulloch attends, 145–46

  United States Civil Rights Act of 1866: role in Bradwell v. Illinois, 38, 40

  Universal Franchise Association (D.C.), 79

  Universal Peace Union, 100

  University of Iowa law program: admits women, 197

  VanBurkleo, Sandra, 164

  Waite, Catharine: attends Union College of Law, 145–46

  law graduate and newspaper publisher, xi

  Waite, Chief Justice Morrison R.: admits Belva Lockwood to U.S. Supreme Court bar, 93

  announces Supreme Court vote against Belva Lockwood, 90

  Walker, Mary: physician, writer, and friend of Belva Lockwood, 79, 92

  Walker, Timothy, 17, 19

  Wallace, Louisa: client of Belva Lockwood, 95

  Washington College of Law (D.C.): Ellen Mussey and Emma Gillett establish, 128, 184, 198–99

  Washington Law Reporter: prints Belva Lockwood’s professional ads, 84

  Washington University (St. Louis): admits women, ix, 35–36, 197

  Webster, Daniel, 20

  Wells, Kate Gannett, 160

  Wells and Strong law firm, 21

  Wilcox, Margaret: on wearing a hat, 189

  temperance groups would benefit from women lawyers, 191

  Willard, Frances, 120

  Willebrandt, Mabel Walker: Justice Department lawyer known as “Prohibition Portia,” 209

  Wilson, Jeremiah, 92

  Winslow, Caroline, D.C.: reformer and physician, 79

  Wirt, William, 17, 20

  Woman’s Journal: article about Janesville as a conservative town, 50

  Lelia Robinson advertisement, 172

  prints Lavinia Goodell’s response to Justice Edward Ryan, 66

  women’s rights paper, 160

  Woman’s National Liberal Union: William Aldrich and Clara Foltz address, 122

  Woodhull, Victoria: on “new departure” strategy, 40

  Working Women’s Protective Union, 201

  Workingmen’s Party of California: labor philosophy interests Clara Foltz, 107

  Wright, Frances, 3

  Wright, Jessie: as law student works for Alfred Hemenway, 173–74

  establishes practice in Topeka, 173

  graduates from Boston University School of Law, 172

  About the Author

  JILL NORGREN IS Professor Emerita of Political Science and Legal Studies, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York. She writes on U.S. politics and law, with a particular interest in the history of American women. She is the co-author (with Serena Nanda) of American Cultural Pluralism and Law and Partial Justice (with Petra T. Shattuck), and the author of The Cherokee Cases: Two Landmark Federal Decisions in the Fight for Sovereignty. In 2007 she wrote Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President, as well as a young adult biography about Lockwood, titled Belva Lockwood: Equal Rights Pioneer. Her books and articles have received awards from the American Society for Legal History, the United States Supreme Court Historical Society, and the American Library Association. With colleagues, she has created www.herhatwasinthering.org, a website featuring biographies of U.S. women who ran for political office before 1920. She is currently writing a book about trail-blazing women lawyers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

 

 

 


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