Rebels at the Bar
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Murray, Judith Sargent, 2
Mussey, Ellen, 184, 198–99
starts a law school, xi, 128
National University Law School: permits Belva Lockwood and other women to matriculate, 80
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA): Belva Lockwood gives speech at, 90
first meeting, 10–11
founders of, 10
on Mormons, 99
Phoebe Couzins and Belva Lockwood meet at convention, 80
Nationalist Clubs, 122
Neal, John, 14
Nichols, Clarina, 59
Nichols, Mary Jane: client of Belva Lockwood, 95
Nineteenth Amendment, 209
Norcross, Pliny: promises but fails in sponsoring Lavinia for bar examination, 53–54
Nott, Charles: writes opinion denying Belva Lockwood admission to U.S. Court of Claims bar, 88
O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 207
Olin, Judge Abram B., recognizes Belva Lockwood as an attorney, 82
Packard, Elizabeth: committed involuntarily to hospital for the insane, 1–2
reformer on behalf of the rights of mental patients, 98
religion, 4
Packard, Reverend Theophilus, 98
commits wife to hospital for the insane, 1–2, 5
Paine, Thomas, 14
Pardee, W.: writes in opposition to the admission of Mary Hall to the bar, 140
Park, John D.: writes opinion admitting Mary Hall to the bar, 140–41
Parker, Alice: active in League of Women Voters, 181
becomes editor of the Women Lawyers’ Journal, 181
learns of Lelia Robinson’s death, 180
moves practice to New York, 181
presides at wedding dinner for Lelia Robinson, 179
shares law office with Lelia Robinson, 177, 179
writes “Law for My Sisters,” 177
Peckham Lilly, 54
People’s Party: political arm of Populism, 122
runs Clara Foltz as candidate for San Francisco city attorney, 117, 124
Phillips, Wendell: abolitionist and suffrage reformer, 8–9
“hour belongs to the Negro,” 10
Portia: Shakespearean character who impersonates a lawyer, xv
Portia Club of Boston: gives wedding dinner for Lelia Robinson, 179
Portia Club of California: founded by Clara Foltz, 128–30, 198
Protective Agency for Women and Children: use of lay lawyers, 201–2
Puritans, on legal precedent, 13
Quackenbos, Mrs. Mary G.: establishes New York People’s Law Firm, 202–3
Rankin, Jeannette: first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, 132, 183
Ray, Charlotte E.: first woman admitted to the District of Columbia bar, xvi, 83
Raymond, Jessie: client of Belva Lockwood, 97–98
Redington, James: co-counsel with Belva Lockwood, 95
Reno, Janet, 210
Ricker, Marilla, 119, 124
penal reformer, friend and professional colleague of Belva Lockwood, 88
represented by Lelia Robinson, 180
wins appointment as a notary from President Chester A. Arthur, 88
Riddle, A. G.: motions Belva Lockwood’s first (unsuccessful) petition to become a member of the U.S. Supreme Court bar, 90
successfully motions Belva Lockwood’s admission to the U.S. Supreme Court bar, 93
women’s rights advocate, xiv
Robinson, Frederick, 14
Robinson, Lelia: admitted to U.S. Supreme Court bar, 179
application to become member of Massachusetts bar denied, 137, 161–62
argues women lawyers must argue in court, 169
co-founds the Boston Portia Club, 176
death of, 180
difficulty finding law work, 159, 163
first marriage and divorce, 156–57
lawyer and writer, xi, xvi
learns stenography, 166
legal practice in Washington Territory, 164–170
lobbies legislation to open state bar to women, 162
marries Eli Sawtelle, 179–80
matriculates at Boston University School of Law, 136, 158
on charity clients, 174
on wearing a hat, 189
passes state bar examination and begins practice, 162
represents Marilla Ricker, winning Ricker’s Petition, 144, 180
returns to Boston, 170–72
sends congratulations to Mary Hall, 141
wins favorable newspaper attention, xiv
writes about Catharine Waugh McCulloch, 147
works as journalist, 156
works for woman suffrage, 169
works out of the law firm of Struve, Haines, & McMicken, 166
writes classic Green Bag article about women lawyers, 177–78
writes Law Made Easy, 128, 164, 170–71
writes Law of Husband and Wife, 177
Rockford Seminary, 145
Rosenberg, Beatrice: U.S. government attorney who argued more than thirty cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, 209
Royalton, New York, 74
Runnells, Betty: Louisiana attorney, 210
Ryan, Edward, 120, 204
appointed Wisconsin chief justice, 60–61
early life, 58
Lavinia Goodell petition, x
“Mrs. Jellyby” lecture, 60, 65
opinion in the Goodell case, 65–66, 114
rejects Lavinia Goodell’s petition to join the state bar, 64–66
traditional beliefs, xiv, 86, 109
Samson, George (Reverend), 78
refuses Belva Lockwood’s petition for admission to Columbian Law School, 80
San Diego Bee: newspaper briefly published by Clara Foltz, 121
Sargent, Aaron A.: supports Belva Lockwood’s anti-discrimination legislation, 90–92
supports woman suffrage, 108
Sawtelle, Eli: husband of Lelia Robinson, 178–80
Scarlet Letter, 13
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, 5–7, 134
Senter, John Henry, 199–200
Seward, William H., 25
Shapiro, Harriet Sturtevant: lawyer with the U.S. Office of the Solicitor General, 209–10
Shellabarger, Samuel, 92
Shortridge, Samuel: lawyer, brother of Clara Foltz, successful candidate for U.S. Senate, 117–18, 132
Shortridge, Talitha and Elias: father an attorney and itinerant preacher, 105
parents of Clara Foltz, 104
Slaughter-House Cases, 41–42
Sloan, I. C.: lawyer hired by Lavinia Goodell to argue her admission to the state bar, 62–63
renews argument for Goodell’s admission to the Wisconsin bar, 71
Smith, Gerrit, 56
Snell, Judge William B., 82
Society of Friends, 6
Sotomayor, Justice Sonia: 207
speaks about the differential treatment of female judicial candidates, 211–12
Spenser, Sara, 79
Springer, Judge Francis: admits Belle Mansfield to bar, 37, 38
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady: on Fifteenth Amendment, 39
on “new departure” strategy, 40
response to Phillips on woman suffrage, 10
at Seneca Falls, 5
speech at 1870 NWSA convention, 11
tours California, 108
urges a woman suffrage amendment, 39
Stewart, Mrs. E. D. (“Mother Stewart”): temperance activist permitted by judges to argue Adair law cases, 200, 202
Stewart, Maria, 3
Stone, Lucy: correspondence from Lavinia Goodell, 54, 68
speech, 8
Stoneman, Kate: opens New York State bar to women and fights for suffrage, xi, 196–97, 201
Story, Joseph: argues at Supreme Court, 20
his writings, 17
teaches at Harvard, 19
view of apprenticeship system, 18
Stow, Marietta, 1
28
California activist, 108
domestic law reformer and vice-presidential running mate of Belva Lockwood, 98–99, 101
newspaper publisher, 121
Strong, George Templeton: critic of apprenticeship system, 19
critical of western bar qualifications, 108, 130
founder of Columbia Law School, 19
junior law firm member, 20
“no woman shall degrade herself,” 35, 38
“sweeping revolution of social order,” x
Tator, Nellie: refused admission to California bar because of her sex, 108
Taylor, James: collaborates with Belva Lockwood on Eastern Cherokee case, 102
Thomas, Sarah: learns Lavinia Goodell has cancer, 69
learns Goodell has concerns about Kate Kane, 70
receives letter that Lavinia Goodell has passed local bar, 55
receives Goodell letter about Madison, Wisconsin, 71–72
receives letter evaluating Judge Conger’s decision in a divorce case, 62
receives letter from Lavinia Goodell about penal reform, 64
receives letter from Lavinia Goodell about Ryan decision, 64
willed money and jewelry by Lavinia Goodell, 72
Tilton, Theodore, 82
Timothy 2:11–12, 1
Tocqueville, Alexis de: observes changes in United States, 15
praises rule of law in United States, 14
Todd, Mrs. Marion: first of two women to attend Hastings College of the Law, 115
Greenback-Labor party candidate for district attorney, 124
Train, C. R.: argues Lelia Robinson’s petition for bar admission, 161
possible letter of recommendation, 165
supports legislation to open state bar to women, 162
University of Michigan: admits women, ix, 36
Union College of Law: admits Ada Kepley, 35
admits women, ix
Catharine Waugh McCulloch attends, 145–46
United States Civil Rights Act of 1866: role in Bradwell v. Illinois, 38, 40
Universal Franchise Association (D.C.), 79
Universal Peace Union, 100
University of Iowa law program: admits women, 197
VanBurkleo, Sandra, 164
Waite, Catharine: attends Union College of Law, 145–46
law graduate and newspaper publisher, xi
Waite, Chief Justice Morrison R.: admits Belva Lockwood to U.S. Supreme Court bar, 93
announces Supreme Court vote against Belva Lockwood, 90
Walker, Mary: physician, writer, and friend of Belva Lockwood, 79, 92
Walker, Timothy, 17, 19
Wallace, Louisa: client of Belva Lockwood, 95
Washington College of Law (D.C.): Ellen Mussey and Emma Gillett establish, 128, 184, 198–99
Washington Law Reporter: prints Belva Lockwood’s professional ads, 84
Washington University (St. Louis): admits women, ix, 35–36, 197
Webster, Daniel, 20
Wells, Kate Gannett, 160
Wells and Strong law firm, 21
Wilcox, Margaret: on wearing a hat, 189
temperance groups would benefit from women lawyers, 191
Willard, Frances, 120
Willebrandt, Mabel Walker: Justice Department lawyer known as “Prohibition Portia,” 209
Wilson, Jeremiah, 92
Winslow, Caroline, D.C.: reformer and physician, 79
Wirt, William, 17, 20
Woman’s Journal: article about Janesville as a conservative town, 50
Lelia Robinson advertisement, 172
prints Lavinia Goodell’s response to Justice Edward Ryan, 66
women’s rights paper, 160
Woman’s National Liberal Union: William Aldrich and Clara Foltz address, 122
Woodhull, Victoria: on “new departure” strategy, 40
Working Women’s Protective Union, 201
Workingmen’s Party of California: labor philosophy interests Clara Foltz, 107
Wright, Frances, 3
Wright, Jessie: as law student works for Alfred Hemenway, 173–74
establishes practice in Topeka, 173
graduates from Boston University School of Law, 172
About the Author
JILL NORGREN IS Professor Emerita of Political Science and Legal Studies, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York. She writes on U.S. politics and law, with a particular interest in the history of American women. She is the co-author (with Serena Nanda) of American Cultural Pluralism and Law and Partial Justice (with Petra T. Shattuck), and the author of The Cherokee Cases: Two Landmark Federal Decisions in the Fight for Sovereignty. In 2007 she wrote Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President, as well as a young adult biography about Lockwood, titled Belva Lockwood: Equal Rights Pioneer. Her books and articles have received awards from the American Society for Legal History, the United States Supreme Court Historical Society, and the American Library Association. With colleagues, she has created www.herhatwasinthering.org, a website featuring biographies of U.S. women who ran for political office before 1920. She is currently writing a book about trail-blazing women lawyers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.