The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science is Rewriting Their Story
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Binford, Lewis 97–99, 152
Binford, Sally 97, 98
bipedalism 183
birds 88, 166; bird species: eagle 154, 179; falcon 179; vulture 179; bird talons 120, 154
bladelets 162
blades 89–90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 156, 163, 174
Blombos Cave 104, 118, 119, 139
Bodo 49
Bordes, François 91, 95, 96–99, 152, 163
Bordes, Jean-Guillaume 164
Boucher de Perthes, Jacques 31
Boule, Marcellin 182, 195
Boxgrove 49, 50, 51, 52–55, 54, 59, 62, 94
brain 41, 57, 78, 83, 173; case 28; enlargement/size 13, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29, 45, 46, 57, 58, 62, 63, 73, 74, 76–77, 88, 100, 106, 109, 112, 131, 179
brow ridges 57, 62, 77, 79, 147–48, 181, 190
burial 13, 16, 105, 114, 130, 131, 178, 187; child 115–16; flower 130, 192; goods 115, 115; intentional 41, 105, 106, 108, 115–16, 116, 131, 137, 145; secondary 122; world’s first mass grave 55–59; see also mourning; rituals, burial
butchery 31, 51, 52, 80, 82, 83, 98, 122–23, 138, 152
Cagny-la-Garenne 75, 88, 89
calibration 113
cannibalism 37, 39–41, 46, 119, 122–23, 146, 147
carbon dating 8, 110–12, 113–14, 128, 133, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159–60, 171
Carmel, Mt 107, 108
Caucasus Mountains 145, 159, 165
Ceprano 25, 26, 44
Châtelperronian 161–65, 174
cheekbones 44, 62, 77, 79
chin 12, 77, 78, 79, 147
Clactonian 59, 64, 86
climate/climate change 22, 23, 33, 35, 48, 172–74
clothes/clothing 13, 44, 148, 151, 178
coastal environment 119, 120, 153–54, 157
cognition 83, 85, 91, 96, 100–2, 120, 145, 156, 161, 164
Combe Grenal 75, 91, 134, 152
conchoidal fracture 94
Conneler, Chantal 82
Coon, Carleton 194, 194–95
cores 15, 35, 173
cores, tool 42, 85–89, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 118, 162
cranial capacity, see brain: size
Crichton, Michael 185, 190
Cro-Magnon 68, 79; skull 164
Cueva Benzu 103, 104
cut marks 38, 39, 53, 55, 121–23
Dakaris, Sotirios 126
Danube, River 134, 135, 158, 174, 176
Dar Es-Soltan 117
Darnton, John 185, 189
Darwin, Charles 17
dating 55, 59, 161, 171; see also absolute dating; calibration; carbon dating; electron spin resonance dating; thermoluminescence dating; ultrafiltration; U-series dating; ‘vole clock’
Daynès, Elisabeth 4, 64, 198
Deak, Viktor 198
Dederiyeh Cave 135, 145
Denisova Cave 104, 128, 131; Denisovans 10, 18, 21, 107, 120, 131–32, 166, 171, 172, 178
denticulates 96, 97, 98
Devil’s Tower Gibraltar 2, 65
Dibble, Harold 99
Dick, Philip K. 185, 190
diet 12, 27–28, 147, 151–54; see also meat and plants
Divje Babe I 191, 192, 192
Dmanisi 25, 29, 30, 32
DNA 12, 15, 50, 107, 124, 128, 132, 136, 143, 146, 147, 149, 157, 158, 168–72, 177, 178, 180, 199; mitochondrial 168, 171; see also FOXP2 gene; genetics
Dolni Vestonice 175
Drachenloch 191, 193
Dubois, Eugène 28–29
Dunbar, Robin 74, 100–2, 194
dye 116, 119, 154
Ebro River 176
Eemian 10, 102, 103, 117, 118, 120, 121, 132, 133, 153, 173, 178
Ehringsdorf 75, 77
El Castillo 134, 139, 154
El Sidrón 134, 142, 143, 146, 147, 152, 168
electron spin resonance dating 112, 113, 114
Engis 18, 134, 168
English Channel 42, 79, 90
Evans, John 32
expensive tissue hypothesis 28
extinction, theories of 15, 136, 150–51, 161, 165, 166–67, 172–77
facial characteristics 62, 77–78, 79, 147–48
feathers 154, 179
Feldhofer Cave 17, 19, 134, 145
Fforde, Jasper 187, 190
figurines 61, 155; ‘Venus’ 175, 175
Fink, Bob 192
Finlayson, Clive 153–54, 155, 174, 179
fire 13, 39, 44, 61, 68, 81, 82, 151, 178, 182, 186–87
fish 119, 152
fishing 13, 119, 120, 154, 175
flakes 30, 38, 39, 42, 51, 59, 83, 85–94, 86, 96
flint 42, 43, 52, 83, 84, 88, 93–95, 112, 174
Flores 21, 166
flutes 155, 156, 191, 192, 192
food 154; debris 39, 136; processing 39; procurement 74; see also butchery; diet; hunting; scavenging
forward planning 73–74, 81, 83, 87–89, 95, 98, 99, 102, 104, 178
FOXP2 gene 170, 194
Frayer, David 122
‘Galilee Man’ 106–7, 132
Gamble, Clive 8, 14, 83, 98, 126, 152
Garrod, Dorothy 64, 106, 107–8
Geissenklösterle 134, 155, 156
genetics 9, 14, 47, 101, 111, 131, 157, 166, 171, 172
Gibraltar 18, 66–67, 103, 108, 120, 124, 128, 153, 154, 176
glaciation 27, 33–36, 47, 48, 63, 79, 84, 150; Anglian 55
Golding, William 185, 188
Gorham’s Cave 66–67, 103, 104, 128, 134, 153, 154, 174
Gorjanović-Kramberger, Dragutin 122
Gowlett, John 126
Gran Dolina 25, 37–39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 53; see also Atapuerca
Grant, James 17
grave goods 115, 116; see also burial
Gravettian 135, 165, 173, 174–77, 179
Great Interglacial 10, 63, 84
grooming 100, 101
Grotta del Cavallo 135, 158, 160
Grotte du Renne 162–65
group size 74, 99–101, 194
Gurche, John 198
hammer 30, 38, 93, 156, 163
hammerstone 92–94
handaxe 6, 20, 25, 30–32, 31, 42, 48, 50, 51–53, 56, 59, 64, 80, 83–87, 178; Excalibur 56, 68
handedness 55, 56–57, 82–83, 148
Happisburgh 25, 26, 32, 41–44, 45, 45, 86
Hardy, Karen 152
Harvati, Katerina 117
Haua Fteah 125
hearths 130, 136, 186
Heinrich event 167
Higgs, Eric 125 –27
Himalayas 32, 33
Hohle Fels 134, 155
Holocene 10, 23, 27, 36, 102, 130, 133, 173
Homo antecessor 10, 24, 40, 46–48, 50, 51, 86
Homo erectus 10, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 44–46, 50–51, 59, 62, 77, 83, 110, 111, 124, 148, 151
Homo ergaster 10, 30
Homo floresiensis 10, 18, 21, 120, 132, 166
Homo (genus) 27, 41, 73, 83, 100, 114, 136, 166
Homo georgicus 30
Homo habilis 27, 30, 46, 136
Homo heidelbergensis 10, 24, 49–51, 53–55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 90, 100–1, 103, 105, 107, 132, 136, 148, 169, 170, 178
Homo mauritanicus 47
Homo rhodesiensis 48, 74
Homo sapiens 8, 10, 11, 12, 21, 22, 24, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 57, 74–77, 84, 88, 90, 100, 103–5, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114–17, 119, 120, 121, 124, 129, 131–33, 134, 135, 136, 145, 148–54, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166, 169, 171, 174, 175, 177, 178
Homo trigliensis 61
Hooton, Earnest 124
Hublin, Jean-Jacques 117, 146
hunter-gatherers 63, 89, 101
hunting 13, 27, 31, 40, 48, 74, 81–82, 95, 105, 106, 152, 175, 178, 182; ambush 53, 62, 148, 174; pursuit 63, 174; see also animals, driving over cliff
hyoid bone 115, 193
Ice Age cycles 27, 33–36
Innes, Hammond 127
interbreeding 22, 46, 109, 132, 168–72, 177–78, 179
; isotopes 35, 110, 112, 114, 155, 165, 168, 173; and diet 151–52, 153
Jebel Irhoud 104, 117
jewelry 21, 106, 116, 118, 120, 122, 153, 163
Jones, Rhys 125–26
Kabwe 49
Kebara Cave 108, 108, 113, 115, 116, 128, 131, 137, 193
Kents Cavern 134, 158
Kiik-Koba 135, 145
King, William 16–18, 17, 32
Klasies River Mouth 104, 119
knapping 30, 38, 52, 56, 68, 85–89, 86, 92–95, 186
Kokkinopilos 7, 86, 87, 104, 125–27
Krapina 104, 120, 121–24, 196
Kuhn, Steven 89
Kurtén, Björn 187–88, 189, 190
La Chapelle-aux-Saints 79, 134, 145, 146, 168, 182, 195, 196;‘Olgd Man’ 182, 183
La Cotte de St Brelade 72, 75, 80–83, 89, 106
La Ferrassie 68, 134, 145;
Ferrassie group 96
Lagar Velho 134, 176, 177
La Gravette 134
Lakonis Cave 135, 159
language 13, 101, 120, 170, 178, 193–94
Lapedo child 176, 177, 178
La Quina 96–98, 134, 145
Last Glacial Maximum 150, 173
Last Interglacial 80, 102
Le Moustier 75, 90, 134, 145, 148, 196, 197
Leroi-Gourhan, André 162–63
Les Eyzies 90, 196–97
Levallois technique 83, 85–90, 86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 96, 102, 116, 118, 136, 178
Levallois-Perret 75, 85
Levinson, Paul 190, 191
Levkas 127
Lindenbaum, Shirley 40
Lyell, Charles 17, 23, 32
Maastricht-Belvédère 94, 95, 104, 116
McBurney, Charles 80, 83, 125
magnetic orientation/reversal 26, 44
Marett, Robert 80, 106
marrow, bone 38, 98
Marsh, O. C. 29
Mauer 49, 49; jaw 49, 53, 62
Mazower, Mark 7
meat 13, 27–28, 40, 53, 57, 130, 151–52, 153; processing 98
Mellars, Paul 126, 156, 163
Metsovo 125
Mettmann 197, 197
Meulmeester, Jan 80
Mezmaiskaya Cave 135, 145, 159, 168
microfauna 111, 112
Milancović, Milutin 33–34, 35
Milankovitch cycles 33–34
modern behaviour 105, 119, 153, 198
Monte Lessini 134, 168
Morfi 92, 95
Mortillet, Gabriel de 85
Moser, Stephanie 182
Moula-Guercy 104, 121, 123
mourning 105, 199
Mousterian 90, 91, 96–98, 118, 121, 126, 127, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 174; Charentian 96; Denticulate 96–97; of Acheulian Tradition 97, 98, 164; Typical 96–97
Mujina Pećina 135, 159, 160
multiregionalist theory of evolution 124
music 155, 156, 168, 191–93, 192
Neanderthal Museum 144, 197, 197
Neander Valley 17, 18, 19, 49, 134, 145, 168, 196, 197
Nea Triglia 61
neocortex 100
Neumann, Joachim 18, 85
Neuville, René 108
New Archaeology 97
Nikopolis 125
nose 12, 78, 79, 147, 181
notches 96, 98
Oase Cave 135, 158, 178
obsidian 92
occipital torus 78, 79
ochre 116, 117, 119, 120, 139, 154, 177, 178, 179; see also dye and paints
Okladnikov, Alexey 128
Okladnikov Cave 104, 128, 129, 131
Omo Kibish 104, 117
ornamentation 106, 116, 119, 120, 154, 156, 163, 179; see also jewelry
Out of Africa theory 14, 111, 124
Pääbo, Svante 15, 143, 168–69 170
paints 106, 119, 154
Pakefield 25, 26, 41–45, 86
Palaeolithic 36, 37, 58, 60, 77, 83–85, 91, 92, 95, 106, 125, 126, 160–66, 185, 190, 196, 198; Lower 10, 84, 85; Middle 7, 10, 82, 84, 85, 109, 123, 131, 156, 159, 160; Upper 10, 84, 93, 119, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 164, 165
Pearce, Eiluned 102
Pech de l’Azé 75, 91
Pedersen, Roger 53
pendants 155, 162
Petraglia, Michael 166
Petralona 49, 60–61
Pettitt, Paul 58, 115, 145
Phlegraean Fields 165, 166–67
Pinnacle Point 104, 119
Pithecanthropus erectus 29
plants 39, 43, 57, 74, 151, 152, 153; processing 68, 98
points 50, 85, 87, 91, 96, 98, 116, 118, 162, 174
polygamy/polygyny 57, 102
pollen 39, 44, 130, 192
Pontnewydd Cave 75, 78, 198
Pope, Matthew 82, 83
Poulianos, Aris 60–61
pressure flaking 93, 119
Prestwich, Joseph 32
Pyrenees 62, 154, 176
Qafzeh 104, 108, 112, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120
quartz 56, 68, 93, 112
Red Sea 157
refitting 94, 94
Reilingen 73, 75, 76–77
retouching 42, 89, 93, 161–63
reversed polarity 44
rituals 122, 187; burial 41, 56, 58, 130, 192; cave bear cult 187, 191–93
Roc de Marsal 134, 145
Rochers de Villeneuve 134, 169
Rosas, Antonio 57, 143
Rose, Jeffrey 118
Rosny-Aîné, J. H. 186, 189, 190
Runnels, Curtis 126
Russell, Mary 122
Saccopastore 104, 121
Sahara 117, 118
Saint-Acheul 32, 85, 88
Saint-Césaire 134, 141, 145, 163–64, 164
Saldanha 49
Santa Luca, Albert 146
Sarakatasani 61
Sawyer, Gary 198
Sawyer, Robert J. 189, 190
scavenging 27, 52, 53, 98, 152
Schmitz, Ralf 197
Schöningen 49, 51, 53, 54
Schwartz, Jeffrey 147
Scladina 134, 168
Scott, Beccy 82
Scott, Katherine 80–81
scrapers 97–99; side scrapers 92, 96–97, 99
seafood 13, 153, 154, 157
settlement, permanent 175
sexual dimorphism 57, 102
Shackleton, Sir Nicholas 172
Shackley, Myra 184–85
Shanidar 104, 116, 128–30, 129, 139, 149, 152, 191–92, 193; Shanidar I 128, 129–30; Shanidar IV 130
Shatner, William 185
Shaw, Andy 82
shell(s) 21, 93, 120, 177, 179; beads 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 153, 156, 179
shellfish 119, 154; molluscs 116, 120, 153; mussels 153
Shipman, Pat 39, 90
Shreeve, James 61
Siberia 18, 107, 128, 129, 132, 136, 169, 171, 172, 178
Silverberg, Robert 185, 188–90
Sima de los Huesos 37, 37, 49, 55–59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 82, 88, 105, 121, 149, 171; see also Atapuerca
Sima del Elefante 25, 37–39, 37, 44, 45; see also Atapuerca
Skhul 104, 108, 109, 110–17, 113, 118, 119, 120
skull(s) 13, 17, 17, 57, 66–67, 74, 76, 78, 100, 109, 111, 120, 146–47, 191, 198; Amud 131; animal 80, 82, 98; Arago 62; Bilzingsleben 64; Cro-Magnon 68, 79; Czech Republic 164; Dar Es-Soltan 117; Drachenloch 191, 193; Ehringsdorf 77; Engis 18; Ethiopia 48; ‘Galilee Man’ 106–7, 132; Gibraltar 18; Jebel Irhoud 117; La Chapelle-aux-Saints 79, 141, 146; La Ferrassie 68; Manot Cave 170; Oase Cave 158, 178; Omo Kibish 117; Petralona 60, 60–63; Qafzeh 112; Reilingen 73, 76–77; Saccopastore 121; Saint-Césaire 141, 164; Shanidar I 128; Skhul 111, 113; ‘Skull 5’ 58, 62, 69; South Africa 48; Steinheim 63; Swanscombe 63; Vértesszöllös 64; Zambia 48; see also Sima de los Huesos
social brain hypothesis 74, 99–101
social: life 99–102; networks 11, 100, 101, 120; see also group size
Solecki, Ralph 128, 191–92
spear
s 48, 51, 53, 54, 62, 116, 118
speech 101, 115, 170, 193–94
Spy 18, 134, 145, 152, 199
Steinheim 49, 62, 63
Stewart, Michael 189
stone tools, see tools: stone
storage, food 175
Stringer, Chris 8, 14, 55, 59, 61, 64, 111, 117, 124, 147, 148, 155, 172, 177
suprainiac fossa 63, 78, 79
Suzuki, Hisashi 109
Swanscombe 49, 50, 63
symbolic behaviour 12, 56, 106, 116, 119, 120, 124, 126, 128, 139, 153, 154, 164
Tabun 104, 108, 110–11, 114, 115, 128
Tattersall, Ian 64, 76, 147, 177
taurodontism 78
Taylor, Timothy 122
Tchernov, Eitan 111
teeth 45, 47, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 78, 79, 80, 106, 117, 119, 122, 124, 147, 148, 158, 160, 162, 163, 198; plaque 152
Temnata Cave 135, 158
Teshik-Tash 104, 128, 129, 130, 131
thermoregulation 151
thermoluminescence dating 112–14
Thissen, Jurgen 197
Titchmarsh, Alan 195
Toba 166–67
tools 44, 74, 84–86, 88, 91, 106, 155, 161, 162, 174, 182; Acheulian 85, 90, 163; antler 50, 92, 156; Aurignacian 160, 162, 163; bamboo 41; bone 50, 92, 156; Châtelperronian 162, 163, 164; Clactonian 86; flake 59, 64, 86; flint 42; Gravettian 162; ivory 156; Levallois 85–90, 95, 116, 118, 136, 178, 192; Mousterian 16, 90, 91, 96–98, 118, 121, 126, 127, 156, 159, 160, 160, 163, 191, 197; pebble-and-flake 51; projectile 98; Saint-Césaire 165; stone 7, 15, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 56, 59, 64, 73, 83, 85, 89, 90–95, 98, 99, 102, 105, 118, 119, 126–27, 136, 156, 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 170, 178, 186, 191, 197; Uluzzian 160–61; see also blades; cores; flakes; handaxe; spears
toothpicks 57
Toth, Nicholas 123
trade networks 156
Trinil 29
Trinkaus, Erik 39, 90, 122, 177
Turk, Ivan 192
Turkana, Lake 83
Turville-Petre, Francis 106–7, 107, 108
Ubeidiya 25, 30, 104
ultrafiltration 110, 129, 155, 158, 163, 176
Uluzzian 161, 171
U-series dating 112, 114, 155
Vértesszöllös 49, 63–64, 86
Vindija 135, 143, 146, 149, 168, 169
volcanoes 166–67
‘vole clock’ 43, 111
Wells, H. G. 185
Wheeler, Peter 28
White, Tim 123
Wolpoff, Milford 124
Zagros Mountains 196
Zaskalnaya 135, 145
Zhoukoudian 18, 25
Zilhão, João 154, 156, 176, 177, 179
Zuttiyeh 104, 107, 107, 109, 132
Originally published in the United Kingdom in 2013 as
The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science is Rewriting Their Story
ISBN 978-0-500-29204-4
ISBN 978-0-500-77311-6 (e-book)
by Thames & Hudson Ltd, 181a High Holborn, London WC1V 7QX