The Road to Monticello

by Hayes, Kevin J. ;

  5. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 12.

  6. Webster, “Notes,” 374.

  7. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 12.

  8. “Resolution of the House of Burgesses Designating a Day of Fasting and Prayer,” Papers, 1: 105–106, which includes in its notes the following quotation from Governor Dunmore.

  9. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 13.

  10. Mazzei, Memoirs, 205; T.J. to William Wirt, August 5, 1815, Gribbel, 22.

  11. T.J. to William Wirt, August 5, 1815, Gribbel, 22.

  12. T.J. to William Plumer, January 31, 1815, L&B, 14: 238.

  13. Michael Kammen, “The Meaning of Colonization in American Revolutionary Thought,” Journal of the History of Ideas 31 (1970): 349.

  14. “Monthly Catalogue,” Critical Review 38 (1774): 391; William L. Hedges, “Telling Off the King: Jefferson’s Summary View as American Fantasy,” Early American Literature 22 (1987): 170.

  15. A Summary View, Papers, 1: 121.

  16. Ibid., 1: 122–123.

  17. Captain John Smith, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631), ed. Philip L. Barbour, 3 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 2: 420.

  18. A Summary View, Papers, 1: 123.

  19. Ibid., 1: 125.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Ibid., 1: 121.

  22. Ibid., 1: 125.

  23. Ibid., 1: 126.

  24. “Association of Members of the Late House of Burgesses,” Papers, 1: 107–108.

  25. A Summary View, Papers, 1: 127–128.

  26. J. A. Leo Lemay, The American Dream of Captain John Smith (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991), 187.

  27. A Summary View, Papers, 1: 132.

  28. Ibid., 1: 135.

  29. Memorandum Books, 1: 376–377.

  30. “On the Instructions Given to the 1st Delegation of Virginia to Congress, in August, 1774,” Papers, 1: 670.

  31. Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia, ed. Arthur H. Shaffer (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), 205.

  32. “On the Instructions Given to the 1st Delegation of Virginia to Congress, in August, 1774,” Papers, 1: 671.

  33. Thomas Coombe, Jr., to Benjamin Franklin, September 24, 1774, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al., 37 vols. to date (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1959–), 21: 315.

  Chapter 12: The Pen and the Tomahawk

  1. Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia, ed. Arthur H. Shaffer (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), 213.

  2. “Report of Committee to Prepare a Plan for a Militia,” Papers, 1: 161.

  3. Ibid.

  4. William J. Van Schreeven and Robert L. Scribner, eds., Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, Vol. 2: The Committees and the Second Convention, 1773–1775: A Documentary Record (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975), 376, 385.

  5. T.J. to James Bowdoin, July 10, 1807, Ford, 10: 454; T.J. to Dupont de Nemours, July 14, 1807, Washington, 5: 127; T.J. to William Small, May 7, 1775, Papers, 1: 165.

  6. T.J. to William Wirt, August 5, 1815, Washington, 6: 487.

  7. “Virginia Resolutions on Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal,” Papers, 1: 171.

  8. Ibid., 1: 172–173.

  9. Quoted in Joseph Towne Wheeler, “Booksellers and Circulating Libraries in Colonial Maryland,” Maryland Historical Magazine 34 (1939): 117.

  10. T.J. to John Wyche, May 19, 1809, Washington, 5: 448–449.

  11. Wheeler, “Booksellers and Circulating Libraries,” 125–126.

  12. Memorandum Books, 1: 388.

  13. Samuel Ward to Henry Ward, June 22, 1775, LDC, 1: 535.

  14. “Comments on François Soulés’ Histoire,” Papers, 10: 371; John Adams to Timothy Pickering, August 22, 1822, Jefferson: Political Writings, ed. Joyce Appleby and Terence Ball (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 609–611.

  15. T.J. to S. A. Wells, May 12, 1819, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 4 vols. (Charlottesville, Va.: F. Carr, 1829), 1: 104; Randall, 1: 182.

  16. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield et al., 4 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961), 2: 218.

  17. Sowerby, no. 4838, lists no information regarding where or when Jefferson obtained this work, but Robert Aitken’s Waste-Book at the Library Company of Philadelphia indicates that he purchased it from Aitken’s Philadelphia shop on August 3, 1776.

  18. Marie Kimball, Jefferson: The Road to Glory, 1743 to 1776 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1943), 108–109, prints the two German poems with Jefferson’s verse translations but does not identify the poems or their authors.

  19. Richard Henry Lee to Robert Carter, LDC, 1: 569.

  20. Bernard, Retrospections, 232–233.

  21. Ibid., 232; Autobiography, Ford, 1: 19.

  22. “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms: Jefferson’s Fair Copy for the Committee,” Papers, 1: 201.

  23. “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms: The Declaration as Adopted by Congress,” Papers, 1: 217–218.

  24. Quoted in Elisa P. Douglass, “German Intellectuals and the American Revolution,” 3WMQ 17 (1960): 200–218.

  25. John Adams to Timothy Pickering, August 22, 1822, Jefferson: Political Writings, 609–611.

  26. “Resolutions of Congress on Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal,” Papers, 1: 232.

  27. T.J. to John Randolph, August 25, 1775, Papers, 1: 240–243.

  Chapter 13: The Declaration of Independence

  1. T.J. to John Randolph, November 29, 1775, Papers, 1: 268; Richard Henry Lee to George Washington, October 22, 1775, LDC, 2: 229–230.

  2. Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, October 21, 1775, and Richard Henry Lee to George Washington, October 22, 1775, LDC, 2: 227–230.

  3. T.J. to John Randolph, November 29, 1775, Papers, 1: 269.

  4. See Allen Jayne, Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy and Theology (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998).

  5. Quoted in Marie Kimball, Jefferson: The Road to Glory, 1743–1776 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1943), 282.

  6. NSV, 122.

  7. T.J. to Thomas Nelson, May 16, 1776, Papers, 1: 292.

  8. T.J. to John Page, May 17, 1776, Papers, 1: 293; J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. Albert E. Stone (New York: Penguin, 1987), 70.

  9. T.J. to Thomas Nelson, May 16, 1776, Papers, 1: 292.

  10. T.J. to Ellen Randolph Coolidge, November 14, 1825, Family Letters, 461–462.

  11. “Resolution of Independence Moved by R. H. Lee for the Virginia Delegation,” Papers, 1: 298.

  12. T.J. to Henry Lee, May 8, 1825, Washington, 7: 407.

  13. T.J. to James Madison, August 30, 1823, The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826, ed. James Morton Smith, 3 vols. (New York: Norton, 1995), 3: 1876.

  14. Declaration of Independence, Papers, 1: 429–432. Subsequent references to the Declaration of Independence come from this edition and are not cited separately.

  15. James MacClurg, Experiments upon the Human Bile: and Reflections on the Bilary Secretion (London: for T. Cadell, 1772), vii.

  16. “Jefferson’s Original Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence,” Papers, 1: 423.

  17. T.J. to Benjamin Rush, September 23, 1800, EG, 320.

  18. Papers, 1: 427–428, suggests that there is no conclusive evidence to attribute this change to Franklin, but Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 311–312, asserts that Franklin made the change.

  19. “Marginalia in An Inquiry,” The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree et al., 37 vols. to date (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1959–), 17: 317–348.

  20. George Lyttelton, Dialogues of the Dead, 4th ed
. (London: for W. Sandby, 1765), 404.

  21. Samuel Adams to John Pitts, ca. July 9, 1776, LDC, 4: 417.

  22. Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, February 12, 1745, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 3: 13–14.

  23. LCB, 184–186.

  24. “Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draft’ of the Declaration of Independence,” Papers, 1: 427.

  25. John Penn to Samuel Johnston, June 28, 1776, LDC, 4: 333; John Adams to Archibald Bulloch, July 1, 1776, LDC, 4: 345.

  26. Memorandum Books, 1: 432.

  27. Josiah Bartlett to John Langdon, July 1, 1776, LDC, 4: 351.

  28. Paul M. Zall, Jefferson on Jefferson (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), 32–33.

  29. T.J. to Richard Henry Lee, July 8, 1776, Papers, 1: 455–456.

  30. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 34.

  31. Robert B. Sullivan, “Rush, Benjamin,” ANB, 19: 72–75.

  32. Benjamin Rush to John Adams, July 20, 1811, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: for the American Philosophical Society by Princeton University Press, 1951), 2: 1090.

  33. John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of Independence: Its History (1906; reprint, New York: Da Capo, 1970), 240–243.

  Chapter 14: The Book Culture of Philadelphia and Williamsburg, Contrasted

  1. Memorandum Books, 1: 421–423; Robert Aitken, Waste-Book, Library Company of Philadelphia.

  2. James N. Green, “English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin,” A History of the Book in America, Vol. 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World, ed. Hugh Amory and David D. Hall (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 283–291.

  3. “William McCulloch’s Additions to Thomas’s History of Printing,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 31 (1921): 232.

  4. Robert Bell, Bell’s Address to Every Free-Man; but Especially to the Free Citizens of Pennsylvania, Concerning a Tyrannical Embargo, Now Laid upon the Free-Sale of Books by Auction (Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1784), 5.

  5. Robert Bell, Memorandum (Philadelphia: Bell, 1774).

  6. T.J. to Francis Hopkinson, July 6, 1788, Papers, 13: 309.

  7. Vincent Freimarck, “Aitken, Robert,” ANB, 1: 199–200; Willman Spawn and Carol Spawn, “The Aitken Shop: Identification and an Eighteenth-Century Bindery,” Publications of the Bibliographical Society of America 57 (1963): 422–437; “William McCulloch’s Additions,” 105; Robert Aitken, Waste-Book, Library Company of Philadelphia.

  8. Dwight L. Teeter, Jr., “Dunlap, John,” ANB, 7: 88.

  9. J. A. W. Gunn, Beyond Liberty and Property: The Process of Self-Recognition in Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1983), 244–245.

  10. Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall (New York: Norton, 1986), 57.

  11. T.J. to Francis Eppes, October 10, 1775, Papers, 1: 246.

  12. T.J. to Francis Eppes, October 24, 1775, Papers, 1: 249.

  13. T.J. to Edmund Pendleton, August 26, 1776, Papers, 1: 505.

  14. T.J. to Francis Eppes, July 15, 1776, Papers, 1: 458–459.

  15. T.J. to Francis Eppes, July 23, 1776, Papers, 1: 473.

  16. T.J. to Richard Henry Lee, July 29, 1776, Papers, 1: 477.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Richard Henry Lee to Patrick Henry, August 20, 1776, in William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches, 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891), 2: 8.

  19. Sowerby, nos. 127, 1434, 2930, and 4638. Sowerby no. 309 is a duplicate copy of Pétis’s Histoire du Grand Genghizcan; Lord Dunmore’s inscribed copy, also containing T.J.’s characteristic marks of identification, survives at the University of Virginia. For the significance of this work to Mongol historiography, see David Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 27–28.

  20. Fraser Neiman, The Henley-Horrocks Inventory (Williamsburg, Va.: Botetourt Bibliographical Society and the Earl Gregg Swem Library, 1968).

  21. T.J. to Samuel Henley, June 9, 1778, Papers, 2: 198.

  22. Ibid., 2: 199.

  23. Jonathan Gross, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Scrapbooks: Poems of Nation, Family, and Romantic Love Collected by America’s Third President (Hanover, N.H.: Steerforth Press, 2006), 363.

  24. T.J. to Samuel Henley, March 3, 1785, Papers, 8: 11–14; Barbara Brandon Schnorrenberg, “Montagu, Elizabeth,” ODNB, 38: 720–725.

  25. Randall, 3: 404.

  26. T.J. to Samuel Henley, March 3, 1785, Papers, 8: 11–14; NSV, 42.

  27. Samuel Henley to T.J., September 15, 1785, Papers, 8: 523.

  28. Memorandum Books, 1: 457, 461.

  29. T.J. to Hugh P. Taylor, October 4, 1823, Washington, 7: 313.

  30. T.J. to George Wythe, January 16, 1796, Papers, 28: 583.

  31. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 62.

  32. Sowerby, no. 624; Kevin J. Hayes, “Blackamore, Arthur,” Dictionary of Virginia Biography, ed. John T. Kneebone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway, 3 vols. to date (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1998–), 1: 516–517.

  33. D. R. Woolf, “William Fulbecke,” Sixteenth-Century Nondramatic Writers, Fourth Series, ed. David A. Richardson (Detroit: Gale, 1996), 93–95.

  34. Papers, 1: 555.

  35. T.J. to James Madison, December 16, 1786, Papers, 10: 603–604.

  Chapter 15: Of Law and Learning

  1. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 67.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid., 1: 68.

  4. Ibid., 1: 70.

  5. T.J. to George Wythe, November 1, 1778, Papers, 2: 230.

  6. T.J. to Benjamin Franklin, August 13, 1777, Papers, 2: 26.

  7. T.J. to Silas Deane, August 13, 1777, Papers, 2: 25.

  8. T.J. to John Adams, May 16, 1777, Papers, 2: 18–19.

  9. Philip Mazzei to Giovanni Fabbroni, December 25, 1773, Philip Mazzei: Selected Writings and Correspondence, ed. Margherita Marchine et al., 3 vols. (Prato, Italy: Edizioni del Palazzo, 1983), 1: 50.

  10. T.J. to Giovanni Fabbroni, June 8, 1778, Papers, 2: 195–196.

  11. Rev. James Madison to T.J., July 26, 1778, Papers, 2: 205.

  12. NSV, 64.

  13. T.J. to David Rittenhouse, July 19, 1778, Papers, 2: 202.

  14. Edmund Pendleton to T.J., May 11, 1779, Papers, 2: 266.

  15. “Revisal of the Laws,” Papers, 2: 534n.

  16. T.J. to George Wythe, August 13, 1786, Papers, 10: 244.

  17. “Revisal of the Laws,” Papers, 2: 577.

  18. NSV, 147.

  19. “Revisal of the Laws,” Papers, 2: 528.

  20. Samuel Stanhope Smith to T.J., March? 1779, Papers, 2: 246.

  21. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 75–76.

  22. “Revisal of the Laws,” Papers, 2: 538–539.

  23. Ibid., 2: 540.

  24. NSV, 101.

  25. “Revisal of the Laws,” Papers, 2: 544.

  Chapter 16: Lines of Communication

  1. “A Bill for Establishing Cross Posts,” Papers, 2: 388.

  2. T.J. to William Phillips, April? 1779, Papers, 2: 261.

  3. Johann Ludwig de Unger to T.J., November 13, 1780, Papers, 4: 118.

  4. T.J. to John Adams, August 15, 1820, AJL, 568.

  5. T.J. to John Minor, August 30, 1814, Ford, 11: 421.

  6. T.J. to Philip Mazzei, April 4, 1780, Papers, 3: 342.

  7. John Page to T.J., June 2, 1779, Papers, 2: 278.

  8. T.J. to John Page, June 3, 1779, Papers, 2: 279.

  9. T.J. to Richard Henry Lee, June 17, 1779, Papers, 2: 298; T.J. to Riedesel, July 4, 1779, Papers, 3: 24.

  10. George Washington to T.J., May 15, 1780, Papers, 3: 376.

  11. “Instructions to Express Riders between Richmond and Cape Henry,” Papers, 3: 404.

  12. T.J. to George Washington, June 11, 1780, Papers, 3: 432.

  13. T.J. to James Wood, June 9, 1780, Papers, 3: 428–429.

  14. T.J. to Col. William Duane, October 1, 1812, L&B, 13: 188.

  15.
T.J. to George Washington, June 11, 1780, Papers, 3: 433.

  16. T.J. to d’Anmours, September 9, 1780, Papers, 3: 619.

  17. T.J. to Horatio Gates, October 15, 1780, Papers, 4: 40; Thomas Nelson, Jr., to T.J., October 21, 1780, Papers, 4: 54.

  18. T.J. to Jacob Wray, January 15, 1781, Papers, 4: 377; Thomas Nelson to T.J., January 4, 1781, Papers, 4: 307.

  19. “Notes and Documents Relating to the British Invasions in 1781,” Papers, 4: 260.

  20. Louis Hue Girardin, The History of Virginia (Petersburg: M. W. Dunnavant, 1816), 499.

  21. Jefferson at Monticello, 8; “Diary of Arnold’s Invasion and Notes on Subsequent Events in 1781: The 1796? Version,” Papers, 4: 265.

  Chapter 17: Notes on the State of Virginia

  1. NSV, 2; T.J. to Giovanni Fabbroni, May 23, 1785, Papers, 27: 745.

  2. Autobiography, Ford, 1: 94.

  3. T.J. to d’Anmours, November 30, 1780, Papers, 4: 168.

  4. T.J. to James Monroe, May 20, 1782, Papers, 6: 185.

  5. Marbois to T.J., April 22, 1782, Papers, 6: 177–178.

  6. T.J. to G. K. van Hogendorp, October 13, 1785, Papers, 8: 632.

  7. Douglas L. Wilson, “The Evolution of Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia,” VMHB 112 (2004): 109.

  8. T.J. to Chastellux, January 16, 1784, Papers, 6: 467.

  9. NSV, 2.

  10. “Marbois’ Queries Concerning Virginia,” Papers, 4: 166.

  11. NSV, 5–16.

  12. William Byrd, William Byrd’s Histories of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina, ed. William K. Boyd (New York: Dover, 1967), 7.

  13. Richard Price to T.J., July 2, 1785, Papers, 8: 258.

  14. NSV, 17.

  15. Robert A. Ferguson, “ ‘Mysterious Obligation’: Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia,” American Literature 52 (1980): 393.

  16. Charles Thomson to T.J., March 6, 1785, Papers, 8: 16.

  17. Wilson, “The Evolution of Jefferson’s Notes,” 108.

  18. T.J. to Charles Thomson, June 21, 1785, Papers, 8: 245.

  19. Louis Guillaume Otto to T.J., May 28, 1785, Papers, 8: 169–170.

  20. Francis Hopkinson to T.J., November 18, 1784, Papers, 7: 535.