by Will Podmore
41. Cited p. 507, Ronald Suny, editor, The structure of Soviet history: essays and documents, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013.
42. E. H. Carr, Foundations of a planned economy, 1926-1929, Volume 2, Macmillan, 1969, p. 448.
43. E. H. Carr, Socialism in one country, 1924-1926, Volume 1, Macmillan, 1969, p. 185.
44. Cited p. 1206, Girsh Khanin, The 1950s – the triumph of the Soviet economy, Europe-Asia Studies, 2003, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 1187-212.
45. Cited p. 117, Anna Louise Strong, The Stalin era, New York: Mainstream Publishers, 1957.
46. Girsh Khanin, p. 1205, The 1950s – the triumph of the Soviet economy, Europe-Asia Studies, 2003, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 1187-212.
47. Nikolai Dronin and Edward Bellinger, Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 1900-1990: the interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems, Central European University Press, 2006, pp. 337, 192 and 266.
48. See J. V. Stalin, Economic problems of socialism in the USSR, 1952, Peking: FLP, 1972, p. 95.
49. Philip Hanson, The rise and fall of the Soviet economy: an economic history of the USSR from 1945, Pearson Education Limited, 2003, p. 6.
50. Joseph Ball, The need for planning: the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the decline of the Soviet economy, Cultural Logic, 2010, pp. 1-2.
51. See Grover Furr, Khrushchev lied: the evidence that every ‘revelation’ of Stalin’s (and Beria’s) ‘crimes’ in Nikita Khrushchev’s infamous ‘secret speech’ to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 25, 1956, is provably false, Erythrós Press & Media, corrected edition, July 2011, pp. 4 and 199. On Khrushchev’s record of repression, see his pp. 201-5, 213 and 250-7.
52. Mike Davidow, Perestroika: its rise and fall, International Publishers, 1993, p. 56.
53. Grover Furr, Khrushchev lied: the evidence that every ‘revelation’ of Stalin’s (and Beria’s) ‘crimes’ in Nikita Khrushchev’s infamous ‘secret speech’ to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 25, 1956, is provably false, Erythrós Press & Media, corrected edition, July 2011, p. 213.
54. John Lewis Gaddis, p. 10, Grand strategies in the Cold War, Chapter 1, pp. 1-21, in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, editors, The Cambridge history of the Cold War, Volume II Crises and détente, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
55. See Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: the inside story of an American adversary, W.W. Norton & Company, 2006, pp. 256-61 and 280-90.
56. Nikolai Dronin and Edward Bellinger, Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 1900-1990: the interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems, Central European University Press, 2006, p. 223.
57. See David M. Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from above: the demise of the Soviet system, Routledge, 1997, pp. 75-7.
58. See Stephen Handelman, Comrade criminal: Russia’s new Mafiya, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 311.
59. See Michael Smith, New cloak, old dagger: how Britain’s spies came in from the cold, Gollancz, 1996, p. 236.
60. Cited p. 5, Michel Chossudovsky, The globalization of poverty and the new world order, 2nd edition, Montreal: Global Research, 2003.
Chapter 7 Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1989
1. V. M. Molotov, Problems of foreign policy: speeches and statements, April 1945 – November 1948, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1949, pp. 213-4.
2. See Andrzej Paczkowski, The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, p. 190.
3. Ronald Suny, The Soviet experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the successor states, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 356-7.
4. Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain, Eastern Europe since 1945, Macmillan, 1993, p. 61.
5. See Victor Sebestyen, Twelve days - revolution 1956: how the Hungarians tried to topple their Soviet masters, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, pp. 56-7.
6. See Filip Slaveski, The Soviet occupation of Germany: hunger, mass violence, and the struggle for peace, 1945-1947, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 88-102.
7. Filip Slaveski, The Soviet occupation of Germany: hunger, mass violence, and the struggle for peace, 1945-1947, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 150.
8. Anne Applebaum, Iron curtain: the crushing of Eastern Europe, Penguin, 2012, pp. 90-1.
9. Cited p. 207, William Blum, America’s deadliest export: democracy - the truth about US foreign policy and everything else, Zed Books, 2013.
10. See Keith Jeffery, MI6: the history of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909-1949, Bloomsbury, 2010, pp. 705-16; on Operation Valuable, see his pp. 712-6. For more detail, see Stephen Dorril, MI6: fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, 2000, ‘The Musketeers of Albania’, Chapter 19, pp. 355-403.
11. Cited p. 77, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
12. Cited p. 331, David Carlton, Eden, Allen Lane, 1981.
13. Newsweek, December 1951.
14. Jan Gross, Fear: anti-semitism in Poland after Auschwitz: an essay in historical interpretation, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 246.
15. See Andrzej Paczkowski, The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, p. 180.
16. Cited p. 106, Anne Applebaum, Iron curtain: the crushing of Eastern Europe, Penguin, 2012. For more on their activities, see her pp. 106-11.
17. Alexander Statiev, The Soviet counterinsurgency in the Western borderlands, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 312.
18. See Prit Buttar, Between giants: the battle for the Baltics in World War Two, Osprey Publishing, 2013, pp. 324-6.
19. See Prit Buttar, Between giants: the battle for the Baltics in World War Two, Osprey Publishing, 2013, pp. 326-7.
20. See Prit Buttar, Between giants: the battle for the Baltics in World War Two, Osprey Publishing, 2013, pp. 323-4.
21. Arvydas Anušauskas, editor, The Anti-Soviet resistance in the Baltic States, Vilnius: Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania, 1999, p. 214.
22. Keith Lowe, Savage continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II, Penguin Books, 2012, p. 352.
23. Andrzej Paczkowski, The spring will be ours: Poland and the Poles from occupation to freedom, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, p. 243.
24. Arvydas Anušauskas, editor, The Anti-Soviet resistance in the Baltic States, Vilnius: Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania, 1999, p. 214.
25. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, 4th edition, University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 489.
26. See Michael Ellman, Socialist planning, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 59.
27. The Times, leader, 21 October 1947.
28. See Adi Schnytzer, Stalinist economic strategy in practice: the case of Albania, Oxford University Press, 1982, Table 1.1, on p. 1.
29. See Adi Schnytzer, Stalinist economic strategy in practice: the case of Albania, Oxford University Press, 1982, Table 5.5, on p. 110.
30. See Adi Schnytzer, Stalinist economic strategy in practice: the case of Albania, Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 88.
31. Adi Schnytzer, Stalinist economic strategy in practice: the case of Albania, Oxford University Press, 1982, pp. 18-9. For more on Albania’s successful building of socialism, see William Ash, Pickaxe and rifle: the story of the Albanian people, Howard Baker Press, 1974.
32. Economic survey of Europe in 1956, United Nations, 1957, p. 2.
33. See Kalipada Deb, Soviet Union to Commonwealth: transformation and challenge, MD Publications PVT Ltd, Delhi, 1996, Table 8.6 on p. 203.
34. Pavel Kolář, p. 210, Communism in Eastern Europe, Chapter 11, pp. 203-19, in S. A. Smith, ed
itor, The Oxford handbook of the history of communism, Oxford University Press, 2014.
35. Hugh Seton-Watson, The East European revolution, 2nd edition, Methuen, 1952, p. 254.
36. The UN Organization, Economic development in selected countries, cited p. 160, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
37. Cited p. 162, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
38. See Leonid Gibianski, p. 30, The 1948 Soviet-Yugoslav conflict and the formation of the ‘socialist camp’ model, Chapter 2, pp. 22-46, in Odd Arne Westad, Sven Holtsmark and Iver B. Neumann, editors, The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945-89, St Martin’s Press, 1994.
39. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 25.
40. See Leonid Gibianski, pp. 34-43, The 1948 Soviet-Yugoslav conflict and the formation of the ‘socialist camp’ model, Chapter 2, pp. 22-46, in Odd Arne Westad, Sven Holtsmark and Iver B. Neumann, editors, The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945-89, St Martin’s Press, 1994.
41. Cited p. 98, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
42. Cited p. 85, Charles Gati, Failed illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian revolt, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2006.
43. Cited p. 175, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
44. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, 1995, p. 25.
45. See Geoff Swain, Tito: a biography, I. B. Tauris, 2010, p. 102.
46. The Economist, 1 September 1951, cited p. 150, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
47. Daily Mail, 31 August 1951, cited p. 150, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
48. The Economist, 18 February 1950; see James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951, p. 133. On these phoney collectives, see his pp. 131-4.
49. Reported in The Times, 25 October 1949, cited p. 115, James Klugmann, From Trotsky to Tito, Lawrence & Wishart, 1951.
50. Daily Mail, 25 October 1956.
51. Michael Smith, New cloak, old dagger: how Britain’s spies came in from the cold, Gollancz, 1996, p. 122.
52. See M. C. Kaser, editor, The economic history of Eastern Europe 1919-1975, Volume 3, Institutional changes within a planned economy, Clarendon Press, 1986, p. 9.
53. See Richard Crampton, Bulgaria, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 357.
54. Wilfried Loth, p. 514, The Cold War and social and economic history of the twentieth century, Chapter 24, pp. 503-23, in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, editors, The Cambridge history of the Cold War, Volume II Crises and détente, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
55. See Olav Njølstad, p. 151, The collapse of superpower détente, 1975-1980, Chapter 7, pp. 135-55, in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, editors, The Cambridge history of the Cold War, Volume III Endings, Cambridge University Press, 2010. See also Grover Furr, The AFT, the CIA, and Solidarnosc, Comment [Montclair State College, NJ], 1982, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 31-4.
56. See Charles Gati, editor, Zbig: the strategy and statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013, p. xviii.
Chapter 8 China
1. Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese revolution, 1915-1949, Stanford University Press, 1971, p. 87.
2. Cited p. 370, Felix Greene, The wall has two sides: a portrait of China today, Jonathan Cape, 1964.
3. Albert Feuerwerker detailed the foreign presence in Republican China in the 1920s and 1930s in John K. Fairbank, editor, The Cambridge history of China, Volume 12, Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1983, Chapter 3, pp. 128-207.
4. Cited p. 32, Tom Buchanan, East wind: China and the British left, 1925-1976, Oxford University Press, 2012.
5. Cited p. 46, George Alexander Lensen, The damned inheritance: the Soviet Union and the Manchurian crises 1924-35, The Diplomatic Press, 1974.
6. See George Alexander Lensen, The damned inheritance: the Soviet Union and the Manchurian crises 1924-35, The Diplomatic Press, 1974, pp. 58-9 and 199-200.
7. For details of this campaign, see George Alexander Lensen, The damned inheritance: the Soviet Union and the Manchurian crises 1924-35, The Diplomatic Press, 1974, pp. 60-82.
8. See Angus Maddison, Chinese economic performance in the long run, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998, p. 15.
9. Andrew Roberts, The storm of war: a new history of the Second World War, Allen Lane, 2009, pp. 267-8.
10. See Odd Arne Westad, Decisive encounter: the Chinese civil war, 1946-1950, Stanford University Press, 2003, pp. 75-7 and 142-3; for the women workers’ actions, see his pp. 90-1; for the students’ actions, see his pp. 99-103 and 139-42.
11. Cited p. 274, Michael Schaller, The U.S. crusade in China, 1938-1945, Columbia University Press, 1979.
12. Michael Schaller, The U.S. crusade in China, 1938-1945, Columbia University Press, 1979, p. 212.
13. On the huge scale of the US intervention, see Michael Schaller, The U.S. crusade in China, 1938-1945, Columbia University Press, 1979, especially Chapter 11, SACO: the counter-revolution in action, pp. 231-50, and pp. 264-74.
14. Jack Belden, China shakes the world, (1949) Penguin Books, 1973, p. 602-3. On the crossing of the Yangtze, see his pp. 596-606.
15. Angus Maddison, Chinese economic performance in the long run, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998, p. 15.
16. Cited p. 97, Kenneth Neill Cameron, Stalin: man of contradiction, Toronto: NC Press, 1987.
17. Cited p. 258, Felix Greene, The wall has two sides: a portrait of China today, Jonathan Cape, 1964.
18. See Chris Bramall, The industrialization of rural China, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 139.
19. Melvyn P. Leffler, The specter of communism: the United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953, Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 107.
20. Jack Gray, Rebellions and revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s, Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 292.
21. Chun Lin, China and global capitalism: reflections on Marxism, history, and contemporary politics, Palgrave, 2013, pp. 49-50.
22. See Jack Belden, China shakes the world, (1949) Penguin Books, 1973, p. 664.
23. See Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, editors, The Cambridge history of China, Volume 15, The People’s Republic, Part 2: revolutions within the Chinese revolution 1966-1982, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 677.
24. See Chun Lin, The transformation of Chinese socialism, Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 114-5.
25. See Chun Lin, The transformation of Chinese socialism, Duke University Press, 2006, p. 101.
26. Xizhe Peng, p. 644, in Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China’s Provinces, Population and Development Review, 1987, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 639-70.
27. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, China, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1957, p. 630.
28. Cited p. 133, Jeremy Brown and Paul Pickowicz, editors, Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People’s Republic of China, Harvard University Press, 2007.
29. 2 September 1949, cited p. 133, Jeremy Brown and Paul Pickowicz, editors, Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People’s Republic of China, Harvard University Press, 2007.
30. Cited p. 157, Jeremy Brown and Paul Pickowicz, editors, Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People’s Republic of China, Harvard University Press, 2007.
31. George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 692.
32. See Chun Lin, The transformation of Chinese socialism, Duke University Press, 2006, p. 103.
33. See Barry Sautman,
p. 281, Tibet – myths and realities, Current History, September 2001, pp. 278-83.
34. Cited p. 467, George Alexander Lensen, The damned inheritance: the Soviet Union and the Manchurian crises 1924-35, The Diplomatic Press, 1974.
35. L. C. Reardon, The reluctant dragon, University of Washington Press, 2002, p. 55.
36. In Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, editors, The Cambridge history of China, Volume 14, The People’s Republic, Part 1: the emergence of revolutionary China 1949-1965, Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 178.
37. See Richard Aldrich, GCHQ: the uncensored story of Britain’s most secret intelligence agency, Harper, 2010, p. 129.
38. Cited p. 512, Shu Guang Zhang, Constructing ‘peaceful coexistence’: China’s diplomacy toward the Geneva and Bandung Conferences, 1954-55, Cold War History, 2007, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 509-28.
39. See Neville Maxwell, Renewed tension on the India-China border: who’s to blame? http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/09/03, accessed 7 May 2013.
40. See Karl Meyer, The dust of empire: the race for supremacy in the Asian heartland, Abacus, 2004, p. 105.
41. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 115 and 150.
42. Cited p. 144, Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008.
43. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 146-7.
44. Cited p. 147, Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008.
45. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 264.
46. On India’s ‘forward policy’, see Allen S. Whiting, The Chinese calculus of deterrence: India and Indochina, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975, pp. 46-50, 55, 62 and 77.
47. See B. N. Pandey, Nehru, Macmillan, 1976, p. 419.
48. See Neville Maxwell, India’s China war, Penguin, 1970, for a superb account of the war.