by Will Podmore
49. See Henry C. K. Liu, Mao and Lincoln Part 2: The Great Leap Forward not all bad, Asia Times Online, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FD01Ad04.html, accessed 26 September 2012.
50. See Felix Greene, The wall has two sides: a portrait of China today, Jonathan Cape, 1964, p. 418. See also his Appendix 5, A postscript on China’s economic problems, 1960-62, pp. 396-405, written in May 1963.
51. Robert Price, International Trade of Communist China 1950-1965: an economic profile of mainland China, Vol. II, US Joint Economic Committee, 1975, pp. 600-1.
52. Henry C. K. Liu, Mao and Lincoln Part 2: The Great Leap Forward not all bad, Asia Times Online, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FD01Ad04.html
53. See Felix Greene, The wall has two sides: a portrait of China today, Jonathan Cape, 1964, p. 402.
54. Utsa Patnaik, The republic of hunger and other essays, Merlin, 2007, p. 118. For a fuller account, see her pp. 117-9.
55. Wim Wertheim, Wild swans and Mao’s agrarian strategy, Australia-China Review, August 1995.
56. See Stanley Karnow, Mao and China: a legacy of turmoil, Penguin, 1990, p. 95.
57. Robert C. North, Chinese communism, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966, p. 191.
58. See Y. Y. Kueh, China’s new industrialization strategy: was Chairman Mao really necessary? Edward Elgar, 2007, p. 41.
59. See Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, pp. 225-6.
60. Michael Dillon, Contemporary China: an introduction, Routledge, 2009, p. 32.
61. See Mark Selden, editor, The People’s Republic of China: a documentary history of revolutionary change, Monthly Review Press, 1979, p. 134, note.
62. See Barry Naughton, The Chinese economy: transitions and growth, MIT Press, 2007, Chapter 11, Agriculture: output, inputs, and technology, pp. 251-70.
63. Y. Y. Kueh, p. 721, Mao and agriculture in China’s industrialization: three antitheses in a 50-year perspective, China Quarterly, September 2006, No. 187, pp. 700-23.
64. See Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, Hunger and public action, Clarendon Press, 1989, pp. 214-5.
65. Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen, Hunger and public action, Clarendon Press, 1989, pp. 204 and 205.
66. Gordon Chang, Friends and enemies: the United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972, Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 247 and 252. See his ‘JFK, China, and the Bomb’, Chapter 8, pp. 228-52.
67. See Gordon Chang, Friends and enemies: the United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972, Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 245, 275, note 30 on p. 348, notes 35 and 38 on p. 349, note 45 on p. 350 and note 2 on p. 355.
68. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 307-8 and 321-2.
69. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 308.
70. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 341-3.
71. Cited p. 342, Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008.
72. See Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet split: cold war in the communist world, Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 342 and 344.
73. See Michael Dillon, Contemporary China: an introduction, Routledge, 2009, pp. 40-1.
74. See John Gittings, The changing face of China: from Mao to market, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 99-100.
75. See Simon Kuznets, Economic growth of nations: total output and production structure, Harvard University Press, 1971, Table 4, pp. 38-9, and Gilbert Rozman, editor, The modernization of China, Free Press, 1981, Table 10.2, p. 350.
76. See Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and after: a history of the People’s Republic, Free Press, 3rd edition, 1999, pp. 417-8.
77. World Bank, China: long term problems and countermeasures in the transition of health care patterns, New York: World Bank, 1994, pp. 1-17.
78. Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, p. 296.
79. World Bank, China: Socialist Economic Development, Vol. I, Washington: World Bank, 1983, I-94-5.
80. Joseph Ball, Did Mao really kill millions in the Great Leap Forward? http://www.maoists.org/mao.htm, p. 3.
81. Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, pp. 209-10.
82. Jack Gray, p. 676, Mao in perspective, China Quarterly, September 2006, No. 187, pp. 659-79.
83. Chris Bramall, The industrialization of rural China, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 142 and 146.
84. Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, p. 283.
85. Amartya Sen, Development as freedom, New York: Knopf, 2000, p. 17.
86. Delia Davin, p. 218, in Gendered Mao: Mao, Maoism, and women, Chapter 8, pp. 196-218, in Timothy Cheek, editor, A critical introduction to Mao, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
87. Chun Lin, China and global capitalism: reflections on Marxism, history, and contemporary politics, Palgrave, 2013, p. 51.
88. Cited p. 8, Gregor Benton and Chun Lin, Introduction, pp. 1-11, in Gregor Benton and Chun Lin, editors, Was Mao really a monster? The academic response to Chang and Halliday’s Mao: The Unknown Story, Routledge, 2010.
89. Amartya Sen, Development as freedom, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 260.
90. Y. Y. Kueh, China’s new industrialization strategy: was Chairman Mao really necessary? Edward Elgar, 2007, p. 32.
91. Maurice Meisner, ‘The Significance of the Chinese Revolution in World History’, London: LSE Asia Research Centre Working Papers 1, 1999, pp. 1 and 12.
92. See Michel Chossudovsky, Towards capitalist restoration? Chinese socialism after Mao, Macmillan, 1986, Chapter 1, The political transition, pp. 8-23.
93. See Michael Dillon, Contemporary China: an introduction, Routledge, 2009, p. 61.
94. See Michel Chossudovsky, Towards capitalist restoration? Chinese socialism after Mao, Macmillan, 1986, Chapter 3, The decollectivisation of agriculture, pp. 42-76. On the effects of these policies, see William Hinton, Through a glass darkly: U.S. views of the Chinese revolution, Monthly Review Press, 2006, pp. 192-202.
95. See Carl Riskin, China’s political economy: the quest for development since 1949, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 297-8.
96. See Michael Ellman, Socialist planning, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 125.
97. See Barry Naughton, The Chinese economy: transitions and growth, MIT Press, 2007, pp. 202-6.
98. William Hinton, The privatization of China: the great reversal, Earthscan, 1991, p. 19.
99. See Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, p. 388, and Yasheng Huang, Capitalism with Chinese characteristics: entrepreneurship and the state, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 26.
100. See Michel Chossudovsky, Towards capitalist restoration? Chinese socialism after Mao, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 132-71.
101. See Chris Bramall, Chinese economic development, Routledge, 2009, p. 389.
102. See Lee Feigon, Mao: a reinterpretation, Ivan R. Dee, 2002, p. 143.
103. See Barry Naughton, The Chinese economy: transitions and growth, MIT Press, 2007, p. 197.
104. See Michael Dillon, Contemporary China: an introduction, Routledge, 2009, p. 72.
105. See William Hinton, Through a glass darkly: U.S. views of the Chinese revolution, Monthly Review Press, 2006, pp. 187, 195-7, 205-8, 231 and 250.
106. See Delia Davin, Gendered Mao: Mao, Maoism, and women, Chapter 8, pp. 196-218, in Timothy Cheek, editor, A critical introduction to Mao, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
107. See Ching Kwan Lee, Against the law: labor protests in China’s rustbelt and sunbelt, University of California Press, 2007, p. 60.
108. S
ee John Bellamy Foster and Robert W. McChesney, The endless crisis: how monopoly-finance capital produces stagnation and upheaval from the U.S.A. to China, Monthly Review Press, 2012, p. 163.
109. See Maurice Meisner, The Deng Xiaoping era: an inquiry into the fate of Chinese socialism, 1978-1994, Hill and Wang, 1996, pp. 485-6.
110. See John Bellamy Foster and Robert W. McChesney, The endless crisis: how monopoly-finance capital produces stagnation and upheaval from the U.S.A. to China, Monthly Review Press, 2012, pp. 170-6.
Chapter 9 Korea
1. See Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Brothers at war: the unending conflict in Korea, Profile Books, 2013, p. 19.
2. Melvyn P. Leffler, The specter of communism: the United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953, Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 97.
3. Melvyn P. Leffler, The specter of communism: the United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953, Hill and Wang, 1994, p. 100.
4. Cited p. 399, Bruce Cumings, The origins of the Korean War, Volume II, The roaring of the cataract 1947-1950, Princeton University Press, 1990.
5. Cited p. 713, Bruce Cumings, The origins of the Korean War, Volume II, The roaring of the cataract 1947-1950, Princeton University Press, 1990.
6. Allan Millett, The war for Korea 1945-50, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p. 144.
7. Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Brothers at war: the unending conflict in Korea, Profile Books, 2013, pp. 51-3 and 91-2.
8. See Bruce Cumings, The origins of the Korean War, Volume II, The roaring of the cataract 1947-1950, Princeton University Press, 1990, p. 283.
9. See Allan Millett, The war for Korea 1945-50, University Press of Kansas, 2005, p. 206.
10. See Bruce Cumings, War and television, Verso, 1992, p. 169.
11. See William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: a new diplomatic and strategic history, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 71.
12. See Arnold A. Offner, Another such victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953, Stanford University Press, 2002, pp. 355-7.
13. Bruce Cumings, War and television, Verso, 1992, pp. 169-70.
14. Cited pp. 5-6, Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004.
15. See Alex Carey, p. 79, ‘The Bureaucratic Passport War: Wilfred Burchett and the Australian Government’, in Ben Kiernan, editor, Burchett reporting the other side of the world 1939-1983, Quartet Books, 1986.
16. Cited p. 244, Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The untold history of the United States, Ebury Press, 2012.
17. Cited p. 161, Allan R. Millett, Their war for Korea: American, Asian, and European combatants and civilians, 1945-53, Brassey’s, 2002.
18. Cited p. 287, Max Hastings, The Korean war, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
19. Allan R. Millett, Their war for Korea: American, Asian, and European combatants and civilians, 1945-53, Brassey’s, 2002, p. 169.
20. Robin Andersen, A century of media, a century of war, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2006, p. 43.
21. Warren Cohen, New Cambridge history of American foreign relations, Vol. 4, Challenges to American primacy, 1945 to the present, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 70.
22. Colonel Harry G. Summers, Foreword, Mark Moyar, Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: counterinsurgency and counterterrorism in Vietnam, Bison Books, 2008, p. xi.
23. Cited p. 138, Stan Goff, Full spectrum disorder: the military in the new American century, New York: Soft Skull Press, 2004.
24. Cited p. 40, Robin Andersen, A century of media, a century of war, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2006.
25. Cited p. 41, Robin Andersen, A century of media, a century of war, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2006.
26. Cited p. 41, Robin Andersen, A century of media, a century of war, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2006.
27. Cited p. 31, Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004.
28. Bruce Cumings, War and television, Verso, 1992, p. 158.
29. Bruce Cumings, War and television, Verso, 1992, p. 215.
30. William Stueck, The Korean War: an international history, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 6.
31. See Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004, p. 52.
32. Bruce Cumings, p. 287, You can’t win for losing – at least in the third world, Diplomatic History, 2008, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 285-9.
33. Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004, pp. viii-ix. See also his Chapter 4, Daily life in North Korea, pp. 128-54.
34. See Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004, footnote 35, p. 240.
35. See Martin K. Dimitrov, editor, Why communism did not collapse: understanding authoritarian regime resilience in Asia and Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 119.
36. Cited p. 199, Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004.
37. On the negotiations, see Bruce Cumings, North Korea: another country, The New Press, 2004, The nuclear crisis: first act and sequel, Chapter 2, pp. 43-102.
38. Cited p. 344, James Mann, The Obamians: the struggle inside the White House to redefine American power, Viking, 2012.
Chapter 10 Vietnam and South-East Asia
1. See Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten wars: the end of Britain’s Asian empire, Allen Lane, 2007, pp. 158-89.
2. Cited p. 157, Charles Townshend, Britain’s civil wars: counterinsurgency in the twentieth century, Faber, 1986; for a full account, see his pp. 155-65.
3. David French, Army, empire and the Cold War: British army and military policy 1945-71, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 115-6.
4. See Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon, Imperial endgame: Britain’s dirty wars and the end of empire, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 327.
5. Cited p. 79, Stephen Dorril, The silent conspiracy: inside the intelligence services in the 1990s, Heinemann, 1993.
6. Cited p. 123, David French, Army, empire and the Cold War: British army and military policy 1945-71, Oxford University Press, 2012.
7. See Calder Walton, Empire of secrets: British intelligence, the Cold War and the twilight of empire, William Collins, 2014, p. 194.
8. Bruno C. Reis, p. 254, The myth of British minimum force in counterinsurgency campaigns during decolonisation (1945-1970), Journal of Strategic Studies, 2011, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 245-79.
9. Calder Walton, Empire of secrets: British intelligence, the Cold War and the twilight of empire, William Collins, 2014, p. 184.
10. Caroline Elkins, cited p. 419, Marilyn B. Young, Two, three, many Vietnams, Cold War History, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 413-24.
11. Christopher Hale, Massacre in Malaya: exposing Britain’s My Lai, The History Press, 2013, pp. 284-5.
12. David French, Army, empire and the Cold War: British army and military policy 1945-71, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 302.
13. Christopher Hale, Massacre in Malaya: exposing Britain’s My Lai, The History Press, 2013, pp. 284-5.
14. Douglas Porch, Counter-insurgency: exposing the myths of the new way of war, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 50, 71 and 125.
15. Douglas Porch, Counter-insurgency: exposing the myths of the new way of war, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 130-1.
16. Fredrik Logevall, Embers of war: the fall of an empire and the making of America’s Vietnam, Random House, 2014, p. 534.
17. See Fredrik Logevall, Embers of war: the fall of an empire and the making of America’s Vietnam, Random House, 2014, p. 620.
18. Both cited p. 633, Fredrik Logevall, Embers of war: the fall of an empire and the making of America’s Vietnam, Random House, 2014.
19. Cited p. 140, William Warbey, Vietnam: the truth, Merlin, 1965.
20. Article 14 (a), cited p. 546, Richard A. Falk, editor, The Vietnam War and international l
aw, Volume 1, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.
21. George C. Herring, From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 662.
22. Joseph Buttinger, Vietnam: the unforgettable tragedy, Horizon Press, 1977, p. 48.
23. Douglas Valentine, The Phoenix program, Backinprint.com, 2000, p. 33.
24. Cited p. 91, David Milne, America’s Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War, Hill & Wang, 2008.
25. Cited p. 351, Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war: the lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam, University of California Press, 1999.
26. See H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to Vietnam, HarperCollins, 1997, p. 36.
27. See H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to Vietnam, HarperCollins, 1997, p. 37.
28. See H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to Vietnam, HarperCollins, 1997, p. 37.
29. See Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war: the lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam, University of California Press, 1999, pp. xxi, 4-5, 22, 27-33, 35, 37-9, 44-7, 51-3 and 67-73.
30. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war: the lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam, University of California Press, 1999, p. 22.
31. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war: the lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam, University of California Press, 1999, p. 258.
32. Cited p. 350, Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war: the lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam, University of California Press, 1999.
33. Documents relating to British involvement in the Indo-China conflict, 1945-65, HMSO, 1967, p. 209.
34. Cited p. 76, Randall B. Woods, J. William Fulbright, Vietnam, and the search for a Cold War foreign policy, Cambridge University Press, 1998. For the context of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, see his pp. 71-8 and 164-70. For more on the incident, see Lloyd C. Gardner, Pay any price: Lyndon Johnson and the wars for Vietnam, Chicago: Dee, 1995, pp. 122, 134-9 and 142-3.