Lincoln's Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay, and the War for Lincoln's Image
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political views, 8, 183–84, 187–88, 199–201, 213–14, 219–20, 223–24, 225–26
relationship with Robert Todd Lincoln, 253–56
Spanish-American War, 325, 327–30
travels, 1, 213, 319–20, 325, 336
Washington mansion, 211–12
Hay, Milton, 13, 14, 20–21, 22, 71, 180, 192, 251
Hayes, Rutherford B., 206, 207, 219, 222, 323, 334
Henry, Anson, 162
Herndon, William, 21, 65, 69, 233–34, 256
on Lincoln’s “lost speech,” 44
on Lincoln’s reticence, 3
and Mary Todd Lincoln, 237, 238, 243, 244–45
relationship with Lincoln, 247
as source of information about Lincoln, 234, 245–46
—AS LINCOLN BIOGRAPHER, 235–45, 251
Ann Rutledge story, 238–40, 242–43, 244
geopolitical arguments for Lincoln’s character, 240–41, 242, 281, 284
interviews conducted for, 235–36, 238–40
Lamon’s work and, 245–46, 281
Lincoln family’s displeasure, 242–44, 247
Lincoln’s image and, 233–34, 243, 244–45, 247, 251, 283
publication efforts, 303
requests for access to Lincoln papers, 232
unflattering and erroneous claims, 244–45, 249, 306
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 93
Hillard, George, 27
historiography, 240–41, 256–59, 284, 308–9
Nicolay-Hay biography as historical narrative, 278–80, 313–14
See also Civil War historiography; Lincoln biographers and scholarship; specific authors
History of Abraham Lincoln, The (Arnold), 235
History of Civilization in England (Buckle), 240–41
Hole-in-the-Day, 128
Holland, Josiah, 234, 246, 268
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 264
Homestead Act, 215
Hood, Thomas, 95
Hooker, Joe, 279
Howe, Louis, 91
Howells, William Dean, 63, 193, 219, 269
and Hay’s literary writings, 191, 199, 224
on Nicolay-Hay biography, 303
Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 198–99
Hunter, David, 103, 113, 118
Hay’s 1863 travels with, 129–35
Illinois
antislavery politics and Republican Party in, 39–41, 43–45, 46, 49, 50, 55–56
Lincoln in Illinois legislature, 289–90
Lincoln’s home donated to, 304
Southern pioneers in, 285–86
See also Springfield, Illinois
immigration, 312, 327
Indians, Sioux rebellion and Nicolay’s political missions, 127–29, 136
Jackson, Andrew, 24, 47, 91, 138
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 274
Jackson, William, 91
James, Henry, 269
Jay, Mary, 118
Jefferson, Thomas, 91
“Jim Bludso” (Hay), 196–97
Jim Crow, 312–13
Johns Hopkins University, 258
Johnson, Andrew, 166, 169, 170, 181, 302
Hay and Nicolay and, 183, 184, 186
Reconstruction policy and politics under, 181–82, 183
Johnson, B. T., 262
Johnson, Robert Underwood, 269, 270
Johnson, W. P., 262
Johnston, Joseph E., 269
Judd, Norman, 80
Julian, George, 219
Kansas, 48–49, 190, 216
Kansas-Nebraska Act and its aftermath, 31–32, 38, 39–42, 50
King, Clarence, 208
King, Grace, 268, 269
Know-Nothing Party, 39–40
Ku Klux Klan, 199
labor tensions, 221–24, 326
laissez-faire capitalism, 220–21, 223
political views and, 7–8, 213–14, 217–18, 220–21, 226
See also economics
Lake Shore Railway bridge accident, 212, 223
Lamon, Ward Hill, 69, 181
as Lincoln biographer, 245–47, 251, 281, 283, 303, 306
Lander, Jean Davenport, 95
Land-Grant College Act, 215
land-grant legislation, 218
Lane, James, 99
Lawrence, Amos, 27
Lawrence, Kansas, 42
Lear, Tobias, 91
Lecompton Constitution, 48–49
Lee, Robert E., 121, 135, 165, 273, 276
1890 Richmond statue dedication, 263
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 272–73
Lewis, Meriwether, 91
Liberal Party, 218–19
Library of Congress, Lincoln archives at, 295, 338–39
Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, The (Raymond), 235
Life magazine, 278–79, 301–2
Life of Abraham Lincoln, The (Tarbell), 306
Life of Abraham Lincoln (Holland), 234
Lincoln, Abraham
—BACKGROUND AND EARLY LIFE, 235–36
Ann Rutledge story, 238–40, 242–43, 284
birth and boyhood, 235–36, 244, 249, 283
early political service and affiliations, 44, 289–90
Herndon’s investigations and claims, 235–36, 238–40, 242–43, 244–45, 306
in Lamon and Black’s biography, 246
marriage, 242–45, 246, 284–85
Milton Hay’s clerkship, 21
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 256–57, 281–85
in Sandburg’s biography, 306
unflattering reminiscences, 249–50
—IMAGE, 242, 300. See also PERSONAL QUALITIES; Lincoln biographers and scholarship
boyhood and early life, 235–36, 244, 246
current view of, 314
as divine figure, 6, 233, 234–35, 316
Gettysburg Address and, 294–96
as Great Emancipator, 4, 294, 311–12, 314, 322
Hay’s and Nicolay’s concerns and aims, 251–52, 254
Herndon’s version and influence, 233–34, 243, 244–45, 247, 251, 283
humble origins, 227, 322
ineptitude, 246, 250, 296, 311
mid-twentieth century views, 310, 311
Nicolay-Hay biography’s influence, 4–5, 6–7, 254, 300, 316
Nicolay-Hay biography’s portrayal, 4–5, 280–81, 291–92
Robert Todd Lincoln’s notion of, 242
as rustic frontiersman, 5, 234, 240–42, 281–84
in Sandburg’s biography, 306
—PAPERS
analysis in Nicolay-Hay biography, 304, 338–39
Collected Works publication, 339
correspondence, 231
family control and early requests for access, 4, 231–32, 246, 248–51
Gettysburg Address manuscript, 295
Hay’s and Nicolay’s access to, 4, 248, 250–51, 254
impact of restricted access, 248–49, 306
later history and new discoveries, 295, 304–6, 307, 336, 338–39
organization and removal from White House, 168–69, 231–32
—PERSONAL QUALITIES. See also IMAGE
connection to ordinary people, 5, 315
equanimity, 138
inscrutability, 3–4
insomnia, 95
intellect, 232, 233, 281, 283
melancholy, 240, 242, 283–84
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 283–84
political acumen, 55, 124, 162, 255, 280, 299, 315–16
sense of humor, 96
—POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS
1854 Senate campaign, 39–41
1858 Senate campaign, 47, 49–56
1860 presidential campaign, 21–22, 56–57, 60–70
1860 presidential nomination, 61–63, 259
1864 presidential campaign, 5–6, 138, 146–48, 151–52, 157–58
—POLITICAL VIEWS
Lincoln as moderate, 28, 57, 119, 122, 291–92, 310–12
party allegiance, 40<
br />
on slavery and African American rights, 28, 51–52, 56–57, 73, 289–90, 294
—AS PRESIDENT. See also AS UNION COMMANDER IN CHIEF
assassination and funeral, 3, 6, 165–68
communications skill, 117–18
correspondence, 70, 74–75, 159, 231
diplomatic appointments, 164, 173, 208
early months, 86–90
early setbacks, 100–106
1861 journey to Washington, 76–81
first inauguration, 81–82
habeas corpus suspension and press suppression, 123
Lincoln’s cabinet in Nicolay-Hay biography, 280
Mary Todd Lincoln’s White House spending, 108
Minnesota Sioux uprising and, 127, 129
Nicolay’s control over access to Lincoln, 70, 94–95
photographs, 140, 305
political patronage, 89–90, 147, 153, 154
as president-elect (1860–61), 70–71, 73, 74–81
relationship with Hay, 2, 3, 91, 96–97, 154
relationship with Nicolay, 2, 3, 71, 91, 94–95, 96–97, 154, 155
reputation among African Americans, 132
rumored assassination plots, 80, 95
typical workdays, 87–88
views on prospect of disunion, 73, 79–80
weak or nonexistent Republican support, 5–6, 119, 138, 154, 156, 292
Willie Lincoln’s death, 3, 109–11
—SPEECHES AND WRITINGS, 315
antislavery comments, 28, 56–57, 289–90
Bixby letter, 158–59
“blind memo,” 333
on 1861 journey to Washington, 76–77, 78–80
first inaugural address, 82, 279
Gettysburg Address, 3, 140–46, 294–96
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 49–50, 53–55, 56, 57
“lost speech,” 44–45
second inaugural address, 7
Springfield farewell speech (1861), 76–77
—AS UNION COMMANDER IN CHIEF, 134–36, 137–38, 147–48
1861 setbacks, 101–6
1862 campaigns and emancipation decision, 111–15, 118–19, 120–23, 292
1863 Southern campaign, 130
image of weakness/ineptitude, 250, 296, 311
McClellan’s disrespect and dismissal, 103–4, 112, 311
Minnesota Sioux rebellion and, 127
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 279
Ten Percent Plan and Hay’s mission to Florida, 147–52
visits to the field, 88, 112, 130
Lincoln, Abraham (Lincoln’s grandfather), 281–82
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 80, 81, 88, 107–10, 137
and Lincoln’s death, 165, 166
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 284–85
personal enmities, 40, 237, 249
portrayals of her marriage, 242–45, 246, 284–85
relationships with Hay and Nicolay, 108–9, 161–62
White House improvements and their funding, 107–8, 109
and William Herndon, 237, 238, 243, 244–45
and Willie Lincoln’s death, 109–10
Lincoln, Nancy (Lincoln’s mother), 244
Lincoln, Robert Todd, 57, 81, 82, 108, 120
career of, 254
death of, 338
donation of Lincoln house in Springfield, 304
and Gettysburg Address manuscript, 295
Hay and, 3, 137, 165, 204–5
and Herndon’s work, 236–37, 238, 241–42, 243–44
and Lincoln biographers, 238, 241–42, 243–44, 246, 247
and the Lincoln image, 242
and the Lincoln papers, 231–32, 248–51, 254, 305, 336, 338
and Lincoln’s assassination, 165, 166
Nicolay and, 192, 204–5
and Nicolay-Hay biography, 254–57, 260, 285, 303
and politics, 255–56
relationships with Hay and Nicolay, 253–56
on Tarbell’s work, 306
Lincoln, Sarah Bush, 236
Lincoln, Thomas (Lincoln’s father), 244, 256–57
Lincoln, Thomas Todd “Tad,” 109, 110, 165–66, 254–55
Lincoln, Willie, 3, 109–11
Lincoln biographers and scholarship
Bancroft’s commemoration, 232–33
Collected Works publication, 339
early print biographies, 234–35
Hay’s criticism of, 232–33
Helen Nicolay, 320
Howells as 1860 campaign biographer, 63
Lamon and Black, 245–47, 251, 281, 283, 303, 306
Lincoln’s Illinois friends as information sources, 235–36, 238–40, 249–50
after publication of Nicolay-Hay biography, 305–7
Sandburg, 306–7
Tarbell, 305–6
“team of rivals” concept, 5, 280
See also Abraham Lincoln: A History; Civil War historiography; Herndon, William; Lincoln, Abraham, IMAGE; Lincoln, Abraham, PAPERS
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 49–50, 53–55, 56, 57
Lincolniana, 304
Lincoln Memorial, 281, 299–300
literature
Civil War memoirs in Century Magazine, 269–70
Hay’s literary writings, 17–19, 196–203, 224–25, 261
literary portrayals of African Americans, 199–203, 265–66, 269
Southern popular literature, 265–66, 268–69, 308
See also specific authors and periodicals
“Little Breeches” (Hay), 196, 198
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 328, 329, 330, 334
Loeb, William, 91
London, Hay in, 324–25
Longstreet, James, 269
Louisiana Purchase, 25, 31
Lovejoy, Owen, 292
Lowell, James Russell, 246
Ludlow, Fitz Hugh, 15
McClellan, George, 100, 101, 106, 269
dismissal by Lincoln, 112, 311
1862 campaigns and recommendations, 111, 112–13, 121
1864 presidential ambitions, 156–57, 158, 333
in Nicolay-Hay biography, 279, 296–98
scorn for Lincoln, 103–4
McClure, Alexander, 302
McClure, S. S., 321
McClure’s Magazine, 305–6, 321
McDowell, Irvin, 100
McGuire, Hunter, 262
McKinley, William, 91, 206, 323, 331
death of, 331–32, 335
Hay and, 323, 324, 325, 330–32, 334
and Spanish-American War, 328–30
McNamar, John (John McNeil), 238–40
Madison, James, 91
Madrid, Hay in, 187–88
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 327
Manassas, 101, 103
Manifest Destiny, 28, 30–31, 39
masculinity, late-nineteenth-century cult of, 326–27
Masters, Edgar Lee, 304
Matteson, Joel, 40
Meade, George, 135
Meigs, Montgomery, 166
Mexico, 24–25, 176–77
Milwaukee fugitive slave arrest, resistance to, 38
Mineral Land Act, 218
mining, 218
strikes of 1870s, 221, 222
Minkins, Shadrach, 26
Minnesota, Sioux rebellion of 1862 and Nicolay’s visit, 127–29
Missouri
border ruffians, 41
Frémont’s emancipation order, 102–3
Missouri Compromise, 25, 31, 38, 47, 73
Missouri Republican, 122
Napoleon III, 174, 176–77, 179–80
Nast, Thomas, 216
Nation, 216–17, 220
Nebraska, 216
Kansas-Nebraska Act and its influence, 31–32, 38, 39–42, 50
New England Emigrant Aid Company, 41
New Hampshire, Hay and Nicolay in, 190, 191, 320, 321
New Orleans, Union capture of, 111
newspapers, 35–37, 50
Hay’s postwar journalism, 193–96, 205, 219, 250, 254–55
&n
bsp; Hay’s wartime journalism, 115–17, 122
influential Republican papers, 102
Lincoln-Douglas debate coverage, 54
Lincoln’s wartime suppression of, 123
Nicolay at Pike County Free Press, 35, 37–39, 41, 43, 46, 53
Nicolay’s post–Civil War newspaper endeavors and journalism, 191–92
See also specific newspapers
New York City
1863 draft riots, 135–36, 217
Lincoln’s funeral cortege in, 168
Nicolay’s missions to, 153–54
political corruption in, 216
New York Herald, 152
New York Times, 89, 102, 191–92, 208, 235, 237
New-York Tribune, 155
Hay at, 193–96, 205, 210, 219, 250, 254–55
See also Greeley, Horace
New York World, 145
Nicolay, Helen (Nicolay’s daughter), 295, 319–20
birth and childhood, 175, 176, 177–78, 190–91
on her father’s life and character, 34, 37, 188
later years, 320–21, 335–36
Nicolay, Helena, 33, 34
Nicolay, John George “George”
—BACKGROUND AND EARLY LIFE, 33–45
boyhood and education, 33–35
Hatch clerkship, 46–47, 50
journalism, 37–39, 41, 43, 46, 50–51
meeting and early association with Hay, 13, 22, 35, 59
meeting and early contact with Lincoln, 44, 45, 46–47
personal qualities, 59, 78
at Pike County Free Press, 35, 37–39, 41, 43, 46, 53
political views, 8, 37–39, 43, 44
relationship with Therena Bates, 37, 59–60
Republican Party involvement, 44, 46–47, 50, 52–54, 57, 59
—LINCOLN YEARS, 173–230
biography plans, 247
at 1860 campaign and election, 60–62, 69
1861 journey to Washington and inauguration, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82
Gettysburg Address, 141–42, 143, 144–46, 294
health, 125–26, 164
Kansas farm purchase, 190
Lincoln’s death, 166–68
at Lincoln’s “lost speech,” 44–45
organization and removal of Lincoln’s papers, 168–69, 231–32
personal qualities, 2–3, 91–92, 174
photograph of, 140
political connections, 96–97
political missions and other trips out of Washington, 102–3, 126–29, 136, 153–54, 164–65
political views, 8, 124
as presidential secretary, 90–95
relationship with Lincoln, 2, 3, 71, 91, 94–95, 96–97, 154, 155
relationship with Mary Todd Lincoln, 108–9, 161–62
relationship with Therena Bates, 126, 163
secretarial appointment and duties, 63, 68, 69–71, 85, 90–95
Washington social life, 96–97, 107
—POST–CIVIL WAR YEARS, 8, 253, 319–22. See also Abraham Lincoln: A History
death and transfer of Lincoln papers, 295, 305, 335–36