Elizabeth's Women
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34. Nichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, I, 38.
35. Bruce, Annals, 15.
36. Wilson, Queen Elizabeth’s Maids of Honour and Ladies of the Privy Chamber, 3.
37. Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth from the Year 1581 till Her Death, 120–21.
38. Frye, Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens, 132.
39. Weir, The Life of Elizabeth, 51.
40. TNA, LC 2/4 (3), ff.104–5.
41. CSPV, Elizabeth 1558–80, VII, 91–92.
42. Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 64.
43. CSPV, Elizabeth 1558–80, VII, 611.
44. Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners, III, 107.
45. Harrison and Jones, Andre Hurault de Maisse, 35.
46. Hibbert, Elizabeth I, 109.
47. HMC, Salisbury, II, 159.
48. BM Cotton MS Galba C IX, f.128.
49. Harrison and Jones, Andres Hurault de Maisse, 95.
50. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 64.
51. Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England, 173.
52. Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 121.
53. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 3, 62.
54. Harington, Nugae Antiquae, 125.
55. Perry, Word of a Prince, 153; Harington, Nugae Antiquae, 95.
56. Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 7.
57. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 21.
58. Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 244.
CHAPTER 8: The Virgin Queen
1. Haigh, Elizabeth I, 20.
2. Pryor, Elizabeth I: Her Life in Letters, 31; HMC, Salisbury, I, 158.
3. Erickson, First Elizabeth, 71.
4. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 90; Plowden, Tudor Women, 154.
5. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 77. See also VII, 611.
6. von Klarwill, Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners, 114.
7. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 95–96.
8. Ibid., I, 98–101.
9. Ibid., I, 106–7, 112–13, 115.
10. CSP Rome, I, 105.
11. Wilson, Elizabeth’s Maids of Honour, 25.
12. Robert Dudley was created Earl of Leicester in 1564.
13. CSPF, Elizabeth 1560–61, 10.
14. von Klarwill, Elizabeth and Some Foreigners, op. cit., 113–15.
15. BM Add. MS 48,023, f.353.
16. CSPF, Elizabeth 1562, 217–24.
17. Ibid., 173.
18. Jenkins, Elizabeth the Great, 76–77.
19. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 63.
20. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 47; Jenkins, Elizabeth the Great, 77.
21. Camden, Historie, 9.
22. CSPV, Elizabeth 1558–80, VII, 105.
23. CSPS, Elizabeth 1580–86, III, 252; Somerset, Elizabeth I, 96.
24. Jenkins, Elizabeth the Great, 123.
25. CSPV, Elizabeth 1558–80, VII, 601.
26. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 157; Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 48; HMC, Salisbury, II, 245.
27. Murdin, A Collection of State Papers Relating to Affairs in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1571–96, 558; CSP Scotland, 1584–85, VII, 5; Erickson, First Elizabeth, 262; Somerset, Elizabeth I, 101; Johnson, Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect, 115; Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 48–49; Laing, Notes of Ben Jonson’s Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden, 23.
28. Arthur Dudley’s account implicated Kat Astley and her husband, who were said to have spirited the child away from Hampton Court as soon as it was born, and had hushed up the affair ever since. There is no other evidence to corroborate the story, but it suited Philip’s interests to make sure that it was repeated far and wide. For that reason, it was given more credence than it perhaps deserves.
29. Levin, Heart and Stomach of a King, 82–83; Laing, Ben Jonson’s Conversations, 23.
30. Gristwood, Elizabeth and Leicester, 132–33.
31. Jenkins, Elizabeth the Great, 141–42.
32. Ibid.
33. Eccles, Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Tudor and Stuart England, 26–27.
34. Alison Weir provides an excellent assessment of Bloch’s theory in Elizabeth the Queen, 49.
35. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 94; CSPV, VII, 594; Levin, Heart and Stomach of a King, 172.
36. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 46.
37. CSPS, III, 252; Somerset, Elizabeth I, 96.
38. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 47.
39. Frye, Elizabeth I, 12.
40. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 51.
41. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 168; Heisch, “Elizabeth I and the Persistency of Patriarchy,” 50.
42. Harington, Nugae Antiquae, 124; Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 144.
43. Harington, Nugae Antiquae, 124.
44. Erickson, Mistress Anne, 187.
45. CSPF, Elizabeth 1586–88, 86.
46. Murdin, Collection of State Papers, 558.
CHAPTER 9: Cousins
1. Lovell, Bess of Hardwick, 31.
2. CSPS, Mary I 1553–54, XI, 40.
3. Ibid., XI, 46.
4. Perhaps because the groom was said to be “very ill.” Ibid., XI, 40.
5. Davey, The Sisters of Lady Jane Grey and Their Wicked Grandfather, 109.
6. CSPF, Elizabeth 1558–59, 443; CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 45.
7. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 45.
8. CSPF, Elizabeth 1558–59, 443.
9. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 45.
10. Ibid., I, 116.
11. Ibid., I, 176. See also HMC, Salisbury, I, 197.
12. Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, 3.
13. Dunn, Elizabeth and Mary, 94–95.
14. Camden, Historie, 34.
15. CSPS, Elizabeth 1588–67, I, 122.
16. HMC, Salisbury, I, 158.
17. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 114.
18. CSPF, Elizabeth 1560–61, 291.
19. Their kinship derived from Lady Cecil’s brother’s marriage to a cousin of Katherine Grey.
20. BM Harley MS 6286, ff.37–37v. It was said that Frances died giving birth to her young husband’s child, but this is doubtful, given that she knew she was already seriously ill when she wrote the letter.
21. Ibid., f.20.
22. Another account says that it was Eltham, not Greenwich, that the Queen had decided to visit.
23. Katherine’s message must have been relayed to the Queen by Jane Seymour, because Katherine claimed to have “a swelling in her face,” which would have been exposed as an obvious lie if she had presented her excuses in person.
24. “As circles five by art compact, shewe but one ring in sight / So trust uniteth faithfull mindes, with knott of secret might / Whose force to break but greedie death no wight possesseth power / As tyme and sequele well shall prove, my ring can saie noe more.”
25. BM Harley MS 6286, f.28v.
26. Ibid., f.25.
27. Ibid., f.21v.
28. Wilson, Elizabeth’s Maids of Honour, 78.
29. BM Add. MS 35830, f.104.
30. Nichols, Diary of Henry Machyn, 253–54.
31. Levine, The Early Elizabethan Succession Question, 142–43.
32. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 159.
33. BM Harleian MS 6286, f.22.
34. Ibid., ff.44v–45v.
35. Perry, Word of a Prince, 166; Haynes, Collection of State Papers, 369.
36. Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, I, 68–69.
37. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 322; CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 213; CSPF, Elizabeth 1562, 46.
38. HMC, Salisbury, XIII, 62.
39. BM Harley MS 6286, ff.23v, 45v.
40. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 335.
41. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 216; CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 277.
42. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 213; CSP Rome, I, 51.
43. CSP Rome, I, 51–52.
44. CSPF, Elizabeth 1562, 13–14.
45. Ibid., 13, 24.
46. Plowden, Two Qu
eens in One Isle, 61.
47. Perry, Word of a Prince, 170.
48. Ibid.; CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 251.
49. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 161.
50. CSP Scotland, 1547–62, I, 559.
51. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 150.
52. Dunn, Elizabeth and Mary, 177; Plowden, Two Queens, 74.
53. Plowden, Two Queens, 69.
54. Dunn, Elizabeth and Mary, 175; CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 357.
55. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 65–66.
56. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 477; CSP Scotland, 1547–62, I, 587.
57. CSP Scotland, 1547–62, I, 639.
58. Ibid., I, 591, 594.
59. Ibid., I, 622–23, 639.
60. CSPF, Elizabeth 1562, 14.
61. Ibid., 14, 23.
62. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 220–1.
63. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 580.
64. Ibid., 641–42.
65. CSPF, Elizabeth 1562, 15–16.
66. Ibid., 172.
67. Ibid., 90, 172, 258, 397.
68. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 277.
69. Camden, Historie, 58.
70. Haynes, Collection of State Papers, I, 396.
71. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 114.
72. CSP Rome, I, 52.
73. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 263.
74. Ibid., I, 273.
75. TNA SP 12/159, f.38v. Lady Mary was not the only victim. Elizabeth’s childhood nurse, Sybil Penne, who had been in attendance at Hampton Court, also contracted the disease. Sadly, for her it proved fatal, and she died shortly afterward. Her unquiet spirit is said to still haunt the palace.
76. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 263.
77. Ibid., I, 196. Although she was still only twenty-nine, Elizabeth was “old” by Tudor standards, to be unmarried.
78. Nichols, Diary of Henry Machyn, 300.
79. When Seymour pleaded that he was unable to pay the fine, it was later commuted to £3,000.
80. His dismissal had apparently done nothing to diminish his sympathy for Lady Katherine, for he wrote to Burghley, bemoaning the state of the furnishings that had adorned her apartments, all of which were “torn and tattyred.” Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, I, 140.
81. Third Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, appendix, 47.
82. Haynes, Collection of State Papers, I, 404–5.
83. Chapman, Two Tudor Portraits, 222.
84. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 152.
85. Bourdeille, The Book of the Ladies, 91.
86. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 95–97.
87. Ibid., 94, 101.
88. Ibid., 78, 101.
89. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 36.
90. CSPF, Elizabeth 1563, VI, 617, 637.
91. Ibid., VI, 509.
92. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 81.
93. Gristwood, Elizabeth and Leicester, 158.
94. Robert Dudley was Elizabeth’s master of horse, an important official of the royal household.
95. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 91.
96. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 49.
97. CSPF, Elizabeth 1563, 463.
98. Ibid.
99. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 99.
100. Robert Dudley had been created Earl of Leicester by Elizabeth in September 1564. Ibid., 101.
101. Schutte, A Biography of Margaret Douglas, 193.
102. CSPF, Elizabeth 1564–65, 387.
103. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 477; CSPF, Elizabeth 1564–65, 417.
104. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 81.
105. CSP Rome, I, 173.
106. Ibid., 176. Although he was referred to as the Earl of Lennox, this title still belonged to his father. Darnley himself would never inherit it.
107. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 81.
108. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 225.
109. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 468.
110. Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, I, 207.
111. CSPF, Elizabeth 1561–62, 506.
112. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–68, I, 468; Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, I, 207.
113. This later became the country residence of the British prime ministers.
114. CSPF, Elizabeth 1564–65, 410; CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 72.
115. CSPF, Elizabeth 1564–65, 428; CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 17; CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 192.
116. Plowden, Two Queens, 96.
117. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 107.
118. Ibid., 92.
119. Schutte, Margaret Douglas, 199.
120. CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 33.
121. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 174.
122. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 131.
123. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 562.
124. CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 45.
125. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 132.
126. The earl himself apparently found the prospect distasteful and eventually persuaded the Countess of Argyll, Mary’s bastard sister, to represent Elizabeth in his place, giving her a diamond “worth 500 crowns” as a bribe. CSP Rome, I, 226; CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 562.
127. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 597.
128. Darnley was officially ill with smallpox, but it may have been syphilis.
129. Weir, Mary, Queen of Scots, 481.
130. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 116–17.
131. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 620n.
132. Perry, Word of a Prince, 208n.
133. BM Lansdowne MS 8, ff.67–68.
134. Wilson, Elizabeth’s Maids of Honour, 69.
135. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 299.
136. Plowden, Two Queens, 59.
137. Starkey, Elizabeth, 178.
138. Bassnett, Elizabeth I: A Feminist Perspective, 68.
139. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 195.
140. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 118.
141. Ibid., 119.
142. Wilson, Elizabeth’s Maids of Honour, 32.
143. Two copies of this account survive in the British Library: BM Harleian MS 39, f.380; Cotton Titus MS 107, ff.124, and 131.
144. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 4.
145. In 1595 he secretly caused a record to be put into the Court of Arches to prove that his former marriage had been lawful and his children were therefore legitimate. This earned him another spell in the Tower when the Queen found out, and his elder son, Edward, was stripped of his title of Lord Beauchamp. However, the lack of documentary proof on both sides meant that the door was left open for supporters of the boys to push their claim in the future. Finally, in 1606, Seymour succeeded in having his sons’ legitimacy confirmed by James I, which allowed Edward to inherit his father’s title when the latter died fifteen years later. In 1610 Edward’s son William married Arbella Stuart, the granddaughter of Lady Margaret Douglas and Bess of Hardwick. This uniting of royal blood proved just as threatening to the crown as that of his grandparents a half century before, and they too found themselves in the Tower. Nevertheless, William continued to be seen as a contender, and even as late as 1688, his descendants were still considered to have a genuine claim to the English throne.
CHAPTER 10: Faithful Servants
1. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 45.
2. CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 130.
3. Richardson, Mistress Blanche, 61.
4. Quoted from Thomas Newton’s epitaph to Katherine.
5. W. Knollys, “Papers Relating to Mary, Queen of Scots,” Philobiblon Society Miscellanies 14 (London, 1872–76), 14–69.
6. Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, I, 308.
7. Ibid., I, 308–9.
8. Richardson, Mistress Blanche, 4.
9. Ibid., 58.
10. CSPD, Elizabeth 1566–79, Addenda, 3.
11. HMC, Rutland, I, 134; HMC, De L’Isle & Dudley, II, 327.
&nbs
p; 12. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 475.
13. Bradford, Helena, Marchioness of Northampton, 48.
14. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 475.
15. Bradford, Helena, 48.
16. Camden, Historie, 31.
17. James, Kateryn Parr, 395.
18. Bradford, Helena, 52.
19. CSPS, Elizabeth 1558–67, I, 546.
20. Bradford, Helena, 178.
21. Ibid., 52–54.
22. Merton, “The Women Who Served,” 186.
23. CSPD, Elizabeth 1547–80, 442.
24. HMC, Bath, V, 166.
25. BM Cotton MS Vespasian F XII, f.179.
26. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 682.
27. CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 460–61.
28. Francis Steuart, Sir James Melville, 170.
29. Pryor, Elizabeth I, 51.
30. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 430.
31. CSPF, Elizabeth 1566–68, 466.
32. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 36.
33. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 449; HMC, Salisbury, XIII, 87.
34. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 57.
35. HMC, Salisbury, I, 549, 571.
36. Weir, Life of Elizabeth, 201.
37. CSP Rome, I, 289.
38. Ibid., I, 291.
39. CSP Scotland, 1563–69, II, 428.
40. Chamberlain, The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth, 233, 246.
41. Ibid., 235.
42. Somerset, Elizabeth I, 207.
43. CSPV, VII, 427.
44. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 121–23.
45. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–69, II, 180.
46. CSPV, VII, 468–69.
47. CSP Rome, I, 401–2.
48. The cushion was used in evidence during Norfolk’s trial. See Frye, Maids and Mistresses, 170.
49. CSP Rome, II, 3.
50. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 340.
51. Bassnett, Elizabeth I, 111.
52. CSPS, Elizabeth 1568–79, II, 342.
53. Marcus, Mueller, and Rose, Elizabeth I, 130.
CHAPTER 11: “That She-Wolf”
1. Schutte, Margaret Douglas, 230.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 231.
4. Ibid.
5. Mary’s total annual income amounted to about £17,400 ($27,800) in today’s money.
6. HMC, Salisbury, II, 99.
7. BM Lansdowne MS 27, f.31.
8. Holles, Memorials of the Holles Family, 1493–1656, 70.
9. Ibid., 70–71.
10. Others included Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, and the first Earl of Essex, husband of Lettice Knollys.
11. Gristwood, Elizabeth and Leicester, 226.