Corporations Are Not People
Page 24
16. SEC Rule 14a-11, “Facilitating Shareholder Director Nominations,” August 25, 2010, http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2010/33-9136.pdf (accessed April 24, 2011).
17. Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices, Guidebook for 2010 Gubernatorial Candidates: Runningfor Office in Maine, August 20, 2009, http://www.maine.gov/ethics/pdf/publications/2010_gubernatorial_guide_mcea_final.pdf (accessed June 18, 2011).
18. McCommish v. Bennett, Supreme Court Case No. 10-239; Arizona Free Enterprise Club v. Bennett, Supreme Court Case No. 10-238.
19. Thomas Jefferson, letter to Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816.
Resources
1. Handlin and Handlin, Commonwealth, p. 92 and n. 18.
2. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856).
3. Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162 (1874).
Index
A
advertising
branding in, 35-36, 49
embedded, 48-52
labeling and, 31-32, 33
school curriculums and, 51-52
youth-targeting in, 21, 33-37, 48-52, 193n10
AES Thames, 104
Afghanistan, 88, 97
AFL-CIO, 84
agribusiness, subsidies for, 89
AIG (American International Group), 79, 90, 120
Alaska, petroleum corporations in, 100, 135, 136
Alcoa, 132
Alito, Samuel, 10, 75
Alliance for Democracy, 181
Alpha Natural Resources, 100, 114, 140, 184-185
Alston & Bird, 93
Altadis U.S.A. v. Reilly, 193n14
American Coal Foundation, 51
American Constitution Society, 181
American Crossroads, 122
American Independent Business Alliance, 150, 178, 180
American Petroleum Institute (API), 51, 103
American Sustainable Business Council, 150, 178, 180, 204n2
Anderson, Jack, 191n17
Anheuser Busch, 129-130
Appalachian Voices, 104, 156, 165, 184-185
Apple [computer], 83, 131, 171
Arch Coal, 100
Arizona, election funding in, 160-161
Article V U.S. Constitution, 66, 151, 152, 167-168
Ashford University, 53-54
asset concealment, UBS and, 206n44
AT&T, 27
Australia, rBST and, 40
B
B (benefit) corporations, 77, 157, 179
Backbone Campaign, 150
Bad Frog Brewery, Inc., 31-32, 33, 47
Baldwin, Chuck, 151
Bank of America, 90, 119, 120, 132
Baucus, Max, 94, 150
Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream, 109-110
Bill of Rights
corporate personhood and, 23, 34, 47, 129, 148
People’s Rights Amendment and, 146, 148-149, 152, 170, 171, 176, 177
purpose of, 65, 152
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain-Feingold), 8-9, 10, 140, 174
Black, Hugo, 72-73
Blue Cross and Blue Sheild of Massachusetts, 82
Boeing, 27, 132, 172
Bossie, David, 83
BP
criminal conduct of, 132-137, 140
Deepwater Horizon oil rig, 52, 62, 100, 134-135
Delaware incorporation of, 62-63, 155
limited liability and, 62-63
as multinational corporation, 130, 134
school curriculums and, 51-52
branding, 35-36, 49
“breathing space”, 137, 138
Breaux, John, 93, 94
Brennan Center for Justice, 181
Bridgepoint Education, Inc., 53-54
Bristol Myers-Squibb, 93
Brown v. Board of Education, 46
Buffett, Warren, 125
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 116
Bush, George H. W., 21, 98-99
Bush, George W., 21, 92, 98, 99
Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, 180
Business for Democracy, 150, 189, 190, 204n2
C
California, corporate influence in, 51, 68, 136, 137-138
Calvert Social Investment Fund, 110
Camel cigarettes, 36, 37, 39, 48-49, 193n10
Campaign Legal Center, 181
Canada, 40, 92
capital gains taxes, 121-122
Capital Legal Center, 24
Cardozo, Benjamin, 37
Carter, Jimmy, 98
Cato Institute, 89
Center for Corporate Policy, 179
Center for Media and Democracy, 176-191
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 82
Center for Responsive Politics (CRP), 119-120, 181
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York, 25, 58-59, 103, 191n17, 193n14, 296n5
CEOs, salaries of, 55-56, 82, 91, 111, 115, 119-122
CERES, 180
Channel One Corporation, 49
Chevron, 51
China, 11, 102, 131
Chouinard, Yvon, 109
CIGNA, 95
Citigroup, 90, 120, 122-123, 124, 125, 20n31
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
business leaders opposed to, 109-111
criminal conduct and, 132-143
multinational influence and, 130-132
reversing, 145-163, 199n3
roots of, 14-17, 18
Supreme Court and, 8-13, 57-58
union spending and, 83-87
Clark, Andrew, 54
Clean Air Act, 15
Clean Election Law, 160-161
Cleaning the Swamp: Campaign Finance, and Lobbying Reform, 180
Clean Water Act, 15, 65, 106, 107, 108, 188
Clements Law Office, LLC, 61, 217-218
Cleveland, Grover, 71
Clinton, Bill, 21, 91, 99, 123
Clinton, Hillary, 9
coal industry
ecological destruction by, 100-101, 103-107, 112-114, 186-188
legal action against, 184-185
lobbying efforts by, 100-101, 102-103, 107-108, 111
Coca-Cola Company, 50, 52
cognitive feudalism, 119
Cohen, Ben, 109
Colorado, 59-60
Committee on Political Education (COPE), 86
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), 125
Common Cause, 179, 181
Community and Environmental Legal Defense Fund, 180
Compaq, 119
Concord Light & Power, 104
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 88, 89
conservatives, corporatists compared, 18, 22-23, 74-75, 151
Consolidated Edison Corporation, 58, 103, 196n4
Constitution Accountability Center, 181
Constitution Party, 151, 181
constitutional amendment campaign, 5, 13, 147-148, 150, 153, 178
Conyers, John, 190n12
Coors Brewing Company, 59-60, 196n7, 196n8
corporate accountability
charter reform and, 5, 63, 134, 146, 154-155, 158
disregard for, 37, 77, 134-135, 138
perpetual life and, 61, 64, 67
resources for, 190-191
Corporate Ethics International, 180
corporate naming rights, 49
corporate rights foundations, 23-26
corporation, definition of, 57-58, 60-64, 196n9
corporatists, conservatives compared, 18, 22-23, 74-75, 151
Council for Corporate-School Partnerships, 52
Covington & Burling, 42-44, 138
Credit Suisse, 119, 132, 140
crime, corporate
asset concealment and, 125, 140, 206n44
BP and, 132-137, 140
charter revocation and, 77, 156, 162
consequenes of, 132-133, 140-143
Delaware incorporation law and, 133, 137, 146, 156
lobbying bribes, 5, 146, 161-162
People�
��s Rights Amendment and, 170
tobacco conspiracy campaign, 19-22
crony capitalism, 109, 110-114, 117, 122-125, 146
Crossroads GPS, 122
D
debt, national, 11, 33, 88-91
Deepwater Horizon oil rig, 52, 62, 100, 134-135, 137
deficit, national, 88-91, 97, 99
Delaware incorporation law
BP and, 62-63, 134, 137, 155
charter revocation and, 133, 137, 156
criminal conduct and, 133, 137, 146, 156
federal standards and, 77, 146, 155, 207n15
global corporations and, 62, 130, 133, 134, 154-155, 157
limited liability and, 62-63
Massey Energy and, 185-188
perpetual existence in, 63-64, 66-67
U.S. Constitution and, 64-67
Democrats, 13, 21, 72, 85, 149
Demos, 192
Denmark, 102
derivatives, 112, 124, 125
Deutsche Bank, 132
Diamond, Jared, 97, 189n1
Digital Equipment Corporation, 25, 118, 119
Domini, Amy, 110
Donohue, Tom, 81
Dow Chemical, 62
Downs, Raissa, 94
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 13
E
Earth Day, 14-17, 28, 106
Easton, Michelle, 94
Edwards, Donna, 13, 150
Effectively Embedded: Schools and the Machinery of Modern Marketing, 49-50
Egypt, 97, 110
Eisenhower, Dwight, 162
Ekelund, Robert, 124-125
embedded marketing, 48-52
Emily’s List, 205n28
Endangered Species Act, 15
energy corporations
climate change and, 28, 51, 83, 99, 101, 153, 187
corporate lobbbying and, 100, 102-103
tax environmental incentives, 29, 99
see also BP; coal industry; Environmental Protection Agency
Enron, 125-126
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
actions by, 202n46
corporate fight against, 101-102, 107, 108
creation of, 15
mountaintop removal and, 107, 108, 205
regulatory powers of, 28, 101-102, 113
Epstein, Paul R., 203n54
Equal Justice Society, 181
Equal Rights Amendment, 148
Equilon refinery, 136
European Union, rBST and, 40
externalization, corporate, 63, 77, 101, 112-113
ExxonMobil, 27, 100, 130, 132, 138
F
F-35 fighter jet, 90
faction, 128, 129
Fair Elections Now Act, 160-161
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 21
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 50-51
Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments, 15, 135
Ferguson, Charles, 205n31
Fifth Amendment, 178
Financial Modernization Act, 123-124
firewalls, 123
First Amendment (Free Speech)
cigarette corporations and, 21, 34, 37
Citizens United and, 2, 9-10, 12
corporate disclosure and, 44-45, 59
corporate speakers and, 59, 138
People’s Rights Amendment and, 167, 174-175, 177
speech restrictions and, 138, 161, 193n14
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 25, 26, 58, 74, 118
Fleet, 119
Florida, 49, 140
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 40, 41, 65
for-profit colleges, 52-53
Ford, Gerald, 12, 98
Fortune 500, 62, 129
foundations, corporate rights and, 23-26
Fourteenth Amendment, 68-69, 72-73, 178
Fourth Amendment, 174
Fox News, 130
Franciscan University, 53, 54
Frank, Robert, 205n20
Franklin, Benjamin, 127
free market economy, 80, 111-112, 153
Free Speech for People, 13, 150, 153-154, 156, 165, 178, 179, 181, 184-185, 199n3, 207n4
G
Gallup, 29, 193n26
General Electric (GE), 27, 63, 64, 90, 120, 130-131, 132
General Motors, 90, 129, 132-133
Germany, 11, 102
Gillette, 25, 118-119
Glass-Steagall, 123-124
GlaxoSmithKline, 138
Goldman Sachs, 62, 90, 120, 123
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 55
Gramm, Phil, 124-126, 162
Gramm, Wendy, 125
Great Depression, 88, 123
Great Plains Legal Foundation, 24
Green Change, 137, 191
Greenfield, Jerry, 109
Greenfield, Kent, 133, 155-156, 157, 195, 197n11, 197nn14-15, 204n10
Greenspan, Alan, 123
Greenwood, Daniel, 208n15
Grocers’ Association, 42
gross domestic product (GDP), 88, 91
H
Haber, Stephen, 109, 110, 117
Hacker, Jacob S., 201n29
Haliburton, 90
Haney, Bill, 105
Harshbarger, Scott, 36-37
Hart Research Associates, 199n3
Hayden, Charles, 106-107
Hayward, Tony, 137
health care
costs of, 85-86, 91
industry lobbying and, 27, 82, 92-94, 172
industry tax subsidies and, 94, 201n28
Medicare, 82, 88, 92-94, 120, 162
reform of, 91-96
union membership and, 85-86
heavy hitters, 119-120, 160-161
hedge fund managers, tax loopholes and, 120-122, 125
Helmsley, Leona, 120
Hensal, Eric, 80
Heritage Foundation, 196n7
Higher Learning Commission, 54
Hill, Murray, 79-80, 178
Hirschberg, Gary, 110
Hoover Institution, 110
Hugo, Victor, 57
Hussein, Saddam, 140
I
I Love Mountains, 104
income, disparities in, 118, 119, 204n10, 205n20
incorporation, charter reform and, 159
incorporation standards, state, 158
India, job outsourcing to, 116, 123
Indonesia, 110
intermingled elite, 122-125
Iran, 97
Iraq, 88, 97
Israel, 97
J
Jackson, Andrew, 15, 127
Jefferson, Thomas, 14-15, 48, 70, 127, 141, 142, 163
Joe Camel, 37, 39, 48-49, 193n10
JPMorgan Chase, 120
K
Kennedy, Anthony, 10-11, 76
Kennedy, Robert, Jr., 104, 105
Kentucky, 74, 103-106, 205, 198n38, 203n54
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, 105-106
Kentucky Riverkeeper, 104
Kerr, Robert L., 119, 195, 189n4
Kerry, John, 150
Kessler, Gladys, 21, 35-36, 42-43, 190n14
Kilts, James, 119
Kingdom Holding Company of Saudi Arabia, 130
Koch Industries, 76
L
labeling laws, 31-32, 33
Landmark Legal Foundation, 24
Last Mountain, The, 105
Lebow, Bennett, 31, 35
libertarians, 114, 124, 151
Libya, 97
limited liability, 5, 61, 62-63, 64, 67, 114
Lincoln, Abraham, 2, 7
Lloyd, Elmer, 105-106
lobbyists
biggest spenders, 81t, 87t
bribery and, 146, 161-162
multinational, 124, 130-131
People’s Rights Amendment and, 172
unions and, 86
see also specific corporation; industry
Lockheed Martin, 27, 172
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 59, 193n14, 196n6
Los An
geles, school corporate naming rights in, 49
Lovett, Joe, 106
Ludwig von Mises Institute, 124
M
Madison, James, 14, 70, 76, 128
Main Street Alliance, 192
Maine, 44, 160
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 15
Marshall, John, 70
Marshall, Thurgood, 75
Maryland, B corporations in, 157
Massachusetts
cigarette advertising in, 33-34, 36-37, 38-39
corporate campaign spending in, 25, 58, 118
taxation in, 118, 205n21
Massey Energy, 100, 114, 140, 156, 165, 184-188
McCain-Feingold Act (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act), 8-9, 10, 140, 174
McCain, John, 13
McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 10, 75
McDonald’s Corporation, 49
McManus, John, 94
Medicaid, 82, 88, 93-94
Medicare, 82, 88, 92-94, 120, 162
mercury pollution, 202n46
Merrill Lynch, 120
Michigan Chamber of Commerce v. Austin, 10, 75
Microsoft, 138
Mid-America Legal Foundation, 24
Mid-Atlantic Legal Foundation, 24
Mississippi, tobacco regulations in, 36
MolsonCoors, 59
Monks, Robert, 113
Monsanto, 26, 39-45, 47, 170, 194n24
Morgan Stanley, 138
Mother Jones, 125
mountain top removal (MTR), 203n54, 203n62
Move to Amend, 13, 150, 179
MoveOn/The Other 98%-Fight Washington Corruption, 181
Moyers, Bill, 4, 96
Mullen, Michael, 88
multinational corporations
BP as, 130, 134
Citizens United and, 130-132
Delaware charter law and, 62, 130, 133, 134, 154-155, 157
job outsourcing and, 3, 116, 123, 131, 139
lobbying by, 124, 130-131
patriotism and, 127, 129-132
shareholders in, 130-131
U.S. Chamber of Commerce and, 130, 151
Murray Hill, Inc., 79-80, 189
Murtha, J. Garvan, 44-45
N
National Association of Broadcasters, 205n28
National Chamber Litigation Center, 23-24, 26, 191n17
National Education Policy Center, 49-50
National League of Women Voters, 181
National Legal Center for the Public Interest, 24