6. Reminiscences, 29.
7. Hunt, Untold Story, 37.
8. MacArthur to COS, National Archives; quoted in Perret, Old Soldiers, 51.
9. Frank Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1977) vol. 1. See also Pershing Papers, Library of Congress, Military Attaché, box 324.
10. Young, General’s General, 318.
11. Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 72–73.
12. Young, 319.
13. Reminiscences, 30–31.
14. Quoted in Mark Perry, The Most Dangerous Man in America: The Making of Douglas MacArthur (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 137.
15. Reminiscences, 31.
16. Documents relating to the tour, including itinerary, can be found MMA, RG 30.
17. Reminiscences, 32; Young, 323.
18. James, Years of MacArthur I, 92.
19. Young, 325; James I, 93.
20. Reminiscences, 32.
21. Young, 326.
22. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 92.
23. Reminiscences, 32.
24. Young, 327.
25. James I, 94.
26. Petillo, 96–97; James I, 94.
27. Reminiscences, 32.
28. James I, 95.
29. Reminiscences, 33.
30. Quoted in Petillo, 101.
31. James I, 100–101.
32. Petillo, 102.
33. The handwritten poems are in MMA, RG 15; Petillo, 103–4.
34. Manchester, American Caesar, 83.
35. Reminiscences, 35.
36. John Gunther, The Riddle of MacArthur: Japan, Korea, and the Far East (New York: Harper, 1951), 32–33.
CHAPTER 5: COUNTDOWN TO WAR
1. Young, General’s General, 338.
2. Young, 331; James, Years of MacArthur I, 42–43.
3. William J. K. Beaudot, The 24th Wisconsin Infantry in the Civil War: The Biography of a Regiment (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003), 7.
4. Beaudot, 6.
5. Beaudot, 7–8.
6. Young, 340.
7. Reminiscences, 36.
8. Young, 340–41.
9. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 110.
10. James I, 108–9.
11. Reminiscences, 39.
12. The best account is still Robert Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Veracruz (New York: Norton, 1967).
13. James I, 116.
14. Reminiscences, 40.
15. James I, 117.
16. James I, 118.
17. National Archives, RG 94, War Diary Brig. Gen. Frederick Funston, May 3, 1914.
18. James I, 118.
19. Hunt, Untold Story, 54; Reminiscences, 41. Hunt’s version of MacArthur’s report omits the reference to the Bible.
20. Reminiscences, 41.
21. Hunt, 54; Reminiscences, 41.
22. Hunt, 56; Reminiscences, 42.
23. Letter Cordier to Wood, quoted in James I, 120; also in Hunt, 51.
24. James I, 123.
25. Funston to AG, January 13, 1915, in James I, 123–24.
26. James I, 125.
27. Quotations are from Petillo, 114–15.
28. James I, 129.
29. James I, 129–30.
30. Diana Preston, Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy (New York: Berkeley, 2003).
31. James I, 130.
32. Reminiscences, 43.
33. See Jack McCallum, Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism (New York: NYU Press, 2005).
34. R. Ernest Dupuy, Men of West Point: The First 150 Years of the United States Military Academy (New York: Sloane, 1951), 131; James I, 131.
35. Perret, Old Soldiers, 74. John Buchan, John MacNab (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 103.
36. Hunt, 62–63.
37. Arthur Herman, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 511.
38. Reminiscences, 46–47.
39. Reminiscences, 45.
40. MMA, RG 14, Box 4, E. K. Wright interview, 43.
41. Henry J. Reilly, Americans All: The Rainbow at War. The Official History of the 42nd Rainbow Division in the Great War (Columbus, OH: F. J. Heer, 1936), 26.
42. Reilly, Introduction; Reminiscences, 46.
43. Reminiscences, 46.
44. Francis X. Duffy, Father Duffy’s Story (New York: George Doran, 1919), 17–18.
45. 42nd Division: Summary of Operations in the World War (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1944), 1–2.
46. James I, 140.
47. Quoted in James I, 142.
48. MMA, Wright interview, 31.
49. Reminiscences, 51–52.
50. James I, 143–44.
51. Manchester, American Caesar, 91.
CHAPTER 6: INTO THE FIRE
1. James, Years of MacArthur I, 149.
2. Reminiscences, 53.
3. Reilly, Americans All, 99.
4. C of S, AEF, to CINC, AEF, November 25, 1917, The United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919 (Washington DC: Center for Military History, 1988), 669–70.
5. Reminiscences, 53.
6. Walter Wolf, A Brief Story of the Rainbow Division (New York: Rand McNally, 1919), 8–10.
7. MMA, RG 26 DM 201 File, Efficiency Report, August 28, 1919.
8. Albert Ettinger, A Doughboy with the Fighting Sixty-Ninth: A Remembrance of World War I (New York: Pocket Books, 1993) 101–2, 135.
9. MMA, RG 12, World War One photo album.
10. Hersey, Men on Bataan, 114.
11. Reminiscences, 54.
12. Quoted in Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982), 44.
13. Reminiscences, 54.
14. Reminiscences, 54; James I, 157.
15. Ogden Diary, quoted in Perret, Old Soldiers, 84.
16. MMA, RG 26, DM 201 File.
17. For details, see J. A. Swisher, MacArthur and Iowa Troops (Iowa City, 1942).
18. Reminiscences, 55.
19. Reminiscences, 55–56.
20. John Taber, The Story of the 168th Infantry (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1925), 1:126.
21. Quoted in Perret, 84.
22. Boyle to DM, May 31, MMA, RG 10.
23. Ettinger, 92.
24. Mary Hardy MacArthur to Pershing, James I, 160.
25. James I, 160.
26. John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 396.
27. James I, 161.
28. Reminiscences, 56; James I, 165.
29. James I, 165.
30. Reilly, Introduction.
31. Hunt, Untold Story, 74–75.
32. Mary Hardy MacArthur to Pershing, James I, 171.
33. Mary Hardy MacArthur to Pershing, James I, 169–71.
34. Perret, 93–94.
35. Duffy, Father Duffy’s Story, 119–20.
36. Keegan, 408.
37. James I, 177.
38. Duffy, 130.
39. Reilly, 253.
40. Reminiscences, 181.
41. Reilly, 255–56.
42. Reminiscences, 58.
43. James I, 180.
44. James I, 178.
45. James I, 180.
46. Reminiscences, 58.
CHAPTER 7: FIGHT TO THE FINISH
1. MMA, RG 15, General Order No. 48, July 20, 1918.
2. Reilly, Americans All, 323.
3. Letter, William Donovan to Ruth Donovan, August 7, 1918, in Brown, The Last Hero, 49.
4. MMA RG 15, Box 13, Summary of Intelligence 113, July 27–28, 1918, Second Section, General Staff, 42nd Division, AEF.
5. Reilly, 333.
6. Reminiscences, 59.
7. Letter, William to Ruth Donovan, August 7, 1918, in Brown, 52.
8. Cooke, The Rainbow Division, 133.
9. MMA RG 15, Box 13, Intelligence Bulletin 115, Second
Section etc., July 29–30, 1918.
10. Letter, William to Ruth Donovan, August 7, 1918, in Brown, 54.
11. Reminiscences, 60.
12. Duffy, Father Duffy’s Story, 205–6.
13. Reminiscences, 61.
14. MMA, RG 26, DM 201 File, Menoher evaluation report, October 30, 1918.
15. Quoted in James, Years of MacArthur I, 190.
16. Brown, 55; James I, 191.
17. James I, 195.
18. James I, 196–97.
19. Hunt, Untold Story, 85.
20. Robert Ferrell, America’s Deadliest Battle: Meuse-Argonne, 1918 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2007), 35.
21. Reilly, .
22. Quoted in James I, 202.
23. George S. Patton to his wife, September 20, 1918, quoted in Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 236.
24. Hunt, 84; Reminiscences, 63.
25. George C. Kenney, The MacArthur I Know (New York: Duell, Sloane and Pearce, 1951), 17.
26. Ferrell, Deadliest Battle, 35.
27. Reminiscences, 64.
28. Ferrell, Deadliest Battle, 36–37.
29. Ferrell, Deadliest Battle, 31–32.
30. Quoted in James I, 211.
31. Ferrell, Deadliest Battle, 75–78.
32. Hunt, 96.
33. Reminiscences, 70.
34. Reminiscences, 66.
35. Hunt, 88–89.
36. Brown, 63.
37. American Battle Monuments Commission, 42nd Division: Summary of Operations in the World War (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1944), 59; Robert Ferrell, The Question of MacArthur’s Reputation: Côte de Châtillon, October 14–16, 1918 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008), 47–48.
38. 42nd Historical, RG 120, Box 11, Entry 1241.
39. Reilly, 680–81.
40. Ferrell, Question of Reputation, 49.
41. Reilly, 679.
42. Reminiscences, 66.
43. William Ganoe, MacArthur Close-up (New York: Vantage, 1962), 143–44.
44. Hunt, 89.
45. Reminiscences, 67; account by Lieut. Royal Little, Company K, 167th Infantry, in MMA,RG 615, Box 75.
46. Ferrell, Deadliest Battle, 108.
47. Reminiscences, 67.
48. Perret, Old Soldiers, 107.
49. Ferrell, Question of Reputation; James I, 223.
50. MMA, RG 26, DM 201 File, Menoher’s description of the battle for Côte de Châtillon, dated October 26, 1918.
51. Hunt, 84.
52. MMA, RG 26, DM 201 File, deposition.
53. Perret, 109.
54. Reminiscences, 67.
55. James I, 224.
56. Reilly, 747; James I, 224.
57. Hunter Liggett, A.E.F.: Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1928), 227.
58. Reminiscences, 68.
59. Liggett, 228; James I, 231.
60. Reilly, 800; James I, 232.
61. Reilly, 800; Reminiscences, 69.
62. Hunt, 93–94.
63. Bulletin of Information 21, November 18, 1918, MMA, RG 15, Box 75.
64. Perret, 110–11.
65. George Clark, The American Expeditionary Force in World War I: A Statistical History (Jefferson, NC: MacFarlane, 2013), 180.
66. Robert Harvey, American Shogun: MacArthur, Hirohito, and the American Duel with Japan (London: John Murray, 2006), 91.
67. Harvey, 78.
CHAPTER 8: BACK TO WEST POINT
1. MMA, RG 26, DM 201 file, General Menoher, efficiency report, August 28, 1919.
2. Reminiscences, 71–72.
3. James, Years of MacArthur I, 253.
4. Manchester, American Caesar, 126.
5. World’s Work, April 1919.
6. Manchester, 125.
7. William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 572–73.
8. James I, 172.
9. DM to Weller, May 13, 1919, in Reminiscences, 72–73.
10. Faubion Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur, Warts and All,” Esquire 67 (January 1967), reprinted in William Leary, ed. MacArthur and the American Century: A Reader (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001).
11. Edward Coffman, The Hilt of the Sword: The Career of Peyton C. March (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966).
12. Quoted in Manchester, 129.
13. Reminiscences, 77.
14. Coffman, 186.
15. Interview with Douglas MacArthur, December 12, 1960, in Coffman, 186.
16. James I, 262.
17. Reminiscences, 80.
18. Ganoe, MacArthur Close-up, 13.
19. James I, 263.
20. James I, 263.
21. Ganoe, 20.
22. Theodore Crackel, West Point: A Bicentennial History (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002), 188.
23. Stephen Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 258–59.
24. Ganoe, 21.
25. Ganoe, 21–22.
26. Ganoe, 24.
27. Ganoe, 24.
28. Ganoe, 25.
29. Blaik, in James I, 266.
30. MMA, RG 49, Box 91, Wright “Oral Reminscences,” 31; Ganoe, 30.
31. Quoted in James I, 269.
32. Ganoe, 49.
33. Ganoe, 50.
34. Ganoe, 47.
35. Ganoe, 33.
36. A sympathetic account is in Robert Nye, “The United States Military Academy in an Era of Educational Reform 1900–1925,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1968.
37. Crackel, 188.
38. Ganoe, 37.
39. James I, 266–67.
40. Ganoe, 37–39.
41. Ganoe, 40.
42. Ganoe, 41.
43. Wilbur Nye, quoted in James I, 269.
44. Crackel, 192.
45. Ganoe, 60–61.
46. Ganoe, 62–63.
47. Ambrose, 266.
48. James I, 268.
49. James I, 270.
50. Crackel, 189–90.
51. Reminiscences, 81.
52. Ambrose, 278.
53. Ambrose, 279.
54. Reminiscences, 82.
55. Reminscences, 82; Ambrose, 275.
56. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 123.
57. Manchester, 142.
58. MMA RG Letter DM to Louise Brooks, postmarked October 3, 1921.
59. Letter DM to LB, October 15, 1921, MMA.
60. Letter DM to LB, postmarked November 8, 1921, MMA.
61. Petillo, 124–25.
62. Letter DM to LB, November 15, 1921, MMA.
63. Letter DM to LB, November 15, 1921, MMA.
64. Letter DM to LB, postmarked December 16, 1921, MMA.
65. Manchester, 143.
66. The New York Times, February 15, 1922.
CHAPTER 9: THE TUMULTUOUS YEARS
1. DM to LB, postmarked November 10, 1921, MMA.
2. The New York Times, February 10, 1922.
3. James, Years of MacArthur I, 290.
4. Crackel, West Point, 194.
5. DM 201 File, MMA.
6. Perret, Old Soldiers, 130.
7. Reminiscences, 84.
8. Friend, Between Two Empires, 4–5.
9. James I, 295–96.
10. James I, 298.
11. Friend, 7–9; James I, 299.
12. Reminiscences, 84.
13. Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress, Leonard Wood Diary, February 26, 1923.
14. Hunt, Untold Story, 115.
15. James I, 304.
16. James I, 301.
17. Reminiscences, 84.
18. James I, 301.
19. James I, 303–5.
20. James I, 302.
21. The New York Times, September 23, 1924.
22. Reminiscences, 84.
23. Young, General’s General, 90.
24. Beaudot, The 24th Wisconsin Infantry, 321–22
.
25. Leonard Wood Papers, Library of Congress, L. Wood to Weeks, May 9, 1924.
26. Perret, 135–36.
27. Reminiscences, 85.
28. Douglas Waller, A Question of Loyalty: General Billy Mitchell and the Court-Martial That Gripped the Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 21–22.
29. Reminiscences, 85.
30. Burke Davis, The Billy Mitchell Affair (New York: Random House, 1967), 164–65.
31. Waller, 323–25.
32. Davis, 242–43.
33. Davis, 327.
34. Quoted in James I, 310.
35. Davis, 327n.
36. Reminiscences, 85.
37. James I, 312–13.
38. James I, 318.
39. Perret, 138.
40. Robert Considine, General Douglas MacArthur (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1964), 58; James I, 326–27.
41. Reminiscences, 86.
42. The New York Times, August 10, 1928.
43. Soldier Speaks, 26–27.
44. Hunt, 121.
45. James I, 329.
CHAPTER 10: SAVING THE ARMY
1. Reminiscences, 87.
2. James, Years of MacArthur I, 338.
3. Reminiscences, 88.
4. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 142.
5. Sladen to Weeks, quoted in Petillo, 142.
6. James I, 335.
7. Stimson diary, February 14, 1932.
8. The New York Times, April 21, 1929.
9. James I, 343.
10. Hugh Johnson, The Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), 372–73.
11. Don Lohbeck, Patrick J. Hurley (Chicago: H. Regnery, 1956), 101–2.
12. Herbert Hoover, Memoirs (New York: Macmillan, 1951–52) II, 339; The New York Times, August 7, 1930.
13. Hunt, Untold Story, 125.
14. Reminiscences, 89.
15. Petillo, 150–51.
16. James I, 346.
17. Reminiscences, 89–90.
18. Mark Watson, The United States Army in World War II: Chief of Staff: Plans and Preparations (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 15.
19. Watson, 18.
20. James I, 374.
21. A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War, second edition (New York: Fawcett, 1961), 64–66.
22. The World Tomorrow, May 16, 1931.
23. James I, 377.
24. “Privilege Without Responsibility,” Letter to the Editor of The World Tomorrow, June 2, 1931, in V. E. Whan, ed., A Soldier Speaks: Public Papers and Speeches of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (New York: Praeger, 1965), 36–40.
25. James I, 357.
Douglas MacArthur Page 101