26. James I, 358.
27. Letter DM to Bertrand Snell, May 9, 1932, quoted in James I, 360–61.
28. MMA. Ernest Graves, Brower interview, 1–2.
29. James I, 364.
30. Paul Dickson and Thomas B. Allen, The Bonus Army: An American Epic (New York: Walker, 2004).
31. James I, 385.
32. Dickson and Allen.
33. Quoted in Paul Johnson, Modern Times (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 24; Hoover, Memoirs.
34. James I, 384; 386.
35. Reminiscences, 93.
36. John T. Pace testimony, House Un-American Activities Committee hearing, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, July 13, 1951.
37. James I, 389.
38. James I, 390.
39. Reminiscences, 94.
40. James I, 394.
41. James I, 396.
42. Reminiscences, 94.
43. James I, 399.
44. MMA, RG 10, Glassford to DM, April 25, 1951.
45. Quoted in James I, 400–401.
46. James I, 401.
47. Perret, Old Soldiers, 159.
48. Dwight Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell My Friends (New York: Avon Books, 1968), 217–18.
49. James I, 402.
50. Perret, 160.
51. Eisenhower, 217–18.
52. Quoted in James I, 404.
53. Johnson, Modern Times, 249–50; Reminiscences, 96.
54. Reminiscences, 96.
55. Hoover, Memoirs III, 226–27.
56. Perret, 161.
57. Reminiscences, 95.
CHAPTER 11: SAVING FDR
1. Arthur MacArthur’s great-grandmother, Sarah Barney Belcher of Taunton, Massachusetts, was also an ancestor of Franklin Roosevelt, making them sixth cousins, once removed. She was also an ancestor of Winston Churchill, making him and MacArthur eighth cousins. Manchester, American Caesar, 32.
2. Reminiscences, 100.
3. James, Years of MacArthur I, 416.
4. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 3.
5. James I, 443.
6. Tugwell, quoted in Perry, xv–xvi.
7. James I, 418.
8. James I, 419.
9. Colonel Duncan Major to Fechner, June 30, 1933, OF 268, FDRL, quoted in James I, 420.
10. Quoted in James I, 421.
11. Quoted in Perry, 10.
12. MMA, RG 18, Fechner to MacArthur, September 26, 1935; MacArthur to Fechner, September 27, 1935.
13. James I, 426.
14. Reminiscences, 100.
15. James I, 428; Reminiscences, 100.
16. James I, 428.
17. War Department Annual Report, 1933, I, 49.
18. Reminiscences, 100.
19. Reminiscences, 101.
20. James I, 429.
21. Reminiscences, 99.
22. War Department Annual Report, 1934, I, 94.
23. James I, 434.
24. MMA, RG 49, Interview with Dwight Eisenhower, August 29, 1967, 70.
25. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 151.
26. Harry Ransom Research Center Papers, University of Texas, Austin; MMA, RG 15, File 9.
27. MMA, RG 15, File 9.
28. Perret, Old Soldiers, 146; Allen Julian, MacArthur: The Life of a General (New York: Army Times Publishing, 1963), 38.
29. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 4 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), September 25, 1943.
30. Perret, 168–69.
31. Perry, 25.
32. Petillo, 166.
33. James I, 428, 431. Watson, Chief of Staff, 16.
34. Watson, 15–17.
35. Soldier Speaks, 53, 55, 65–66.
36. Press conference, December 12, 1934, quoted in James I, 446.
37. Perry, 43.
38. Petillo, 168.
39. Friend, Between Two Empires, 138.
40. Reminiscences, 102; M. L. Quezon,The Good Fight (New York: Appleton Century, 1946), 153–55.
41. Quezon, 155–56.
42. MMA, RG 17, MacArthur to Quezon, June 1, 1935.
43. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, FDR Papers, MacArthur to Roosevelt, September 9, 1935.
44. Perret, 188.
45. Hunt, Untold Story, 170.
46. Perret, 149.
47. Hunt, 171.
48. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Eisenhower Diary, December 1, 1931.
49. Quoted in James I, 454.
50. Robert Seals, “The Western Way of ‘Peace’: General Douglas MacArthur as Chief of Staff,” MilitaryHistoryOnline.com.
51. Reminiscences, 92.
52. Reminiscences, 91.
53. Reminiscences, 101.
54. Hunt, 171.
CHAPTER 12: MISSION TO MANILA
1. MMA, RG 13, Papers of Jean MacArthur, 1898–2000, Folder 2, 15.
2. Cornelius Ryan and Frank Kelley, MacArthur: Man of Action (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1951), 53.
3. MMA, RG 13, 16.
4. MMA, RG 13, 20.
5. MMA, RG 13, 23.
6. MMA, RG 13, 24.
7. Manchester, American Caesar, 179.
8. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 177.
9. Hunt, Untold Story, 181.
10. Robert Ferrell, ed. The Eisenhower Diaries (New York: Norton, 1981), December 27, 1935 entry, 10.
11. James, Years of MacArthur I, 497.
12. MMA, RG 107, SecWar Records, MacArthur to Dern, August 20, 1935.
13. James I, 499.
14. James I, 500.
15. Hunt, 180; Reminiscences, 103.
16. Library of Congress, O’Laughlin Papers, MacArthur to O’Laughlin, December 9 and December 18, 1935.
17. James I, 495.
18. Hunt, 181–82.
19. James I, 503.
20. James I, 94.
21. Friend, Between Two Empires, 177.
22. James I, 504.
23. Quoted in Friend, 167.
24. Petillo, 180.
25. Stimson Diary, March 30, 1935.
26. MMA, RG 13, Folder 2, 28.
27. Sidney Huff, My Fifteen Years with General MacArthur (New York: Paperback Library, 1964), 15–16.
28. Huff, 17.
29. Manchester, 180.
30. Huff, 16.
31. Manchester, 181.
32. Ganoe, MacArthur Close-up, 129–31; Hunt, 107.
33. Petillo, 187–88.
34. MMA, RG 49, Eisenhower interview, 71.
35. James I, 506–7.
36. Eisenhower Diaries, July 1, 1936 entry, 21.
37. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 55.
38. Perry, 53.
39. James I, 515.
40. Collier’s, September 5, 1936.
41. Manchester, 185.
42. Perry, 55.
43. MMA, RG 49, Interview of President Dwight Eisenhower, August 29, 1967.
44. James I, 508; Reminiscences, 105.
45. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, Folder 3, p. 3.
46. Huff, 19.
47. Huff, 20.
48. MMA, Folder 3, p. 24.
49. James I, 512.
50. Reminiscences, 106.
51. MMA, Folder 3, p. 28.
52. MMA, Folder 3, pp. 3–4; Huff, 23.
53. Huff, 24.
54. Petillo, 188–89.
55. Eisenhower Diaries, June 28, 1937 entry, 25.
56. James I, 523.
57. MMA, RG 10, Craig to MacArthur, October 11, 1937.
58. Hunt, 189.
59. Hunt, 191.
60. Petillo, 191.
61. James I, 526.
62. Eisenhower, At Ease, 226–27.
63. Perret, Old Soldiers, 214.
64. At Ease, 226–28.
65. Eisenhower Diaries, July 28, 29, 30, 1938 entry, 30.
66. James I, 527.
67. Friend, 190–95.
68. Petillo, 193.
69. James I, 532.
70. Huff, 27–28.
71. Reminiscences, 107.
72. James I, 537.
&
nbsp; 73. James I, 537.
74. Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun (New York: The Free Press, 1985), 64.
75. James I, 547.
76. James I, 537.
77. James I, 547.
78. MMA, RG 1, DM to Quezon, October 12, 1940.
79. Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, (New York: Random House, 2012).
80. Petillo, 192.
81. Friend, 193–94.
82. Eisenhower Diaries, 37–38.
83. James I, 530.
84. MMA, Interview with Eisenhower; At Ease, 230–32.
85. MMA, RG 10, MacArthur to William Harts, March 2, 1940.
86. Chicago Sun article, 1942: MMA, RG 15, Box 75.
87. Spector, 66.
88. Quoted in Perret, 223.
89. Theodore H. White, In Search of History (New York: HarperCollins, 1978), 108–9.
CHAPTER 13: WAITING FOR THE ENEMY
1. Paul Rogers, The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland (New York: Praeger, 1990), 8.
2. Rogers, 10–11.
3. FDRL, Letter DM to Stephen Early, March 21, 1941.
4. FDRL, Letter Edwin Watson to DM, April 15, 1941; letter DM to Watson, May 11, 1941.
5. James, Years of MacArthur I, 583–84.
6. Stimson diary, May 21, 1941.
7. Marshall to DM, June 20, 1941, OCS 20850-15.
8. James I, 588.
9. Marshall to DM, July 26, 1941, OCS 18136-35.
10. Quoted in Rogers, 18.
11. Quoted in James I, 566.
12. Courtney Whitney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Knopf, 1955), 8.
13. Army and Navy Review, August 2, 1941, in James I, 591.
14. Quoted in Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 198.
15. Hunt, Untold Story, 210.
16. Louis Morton, The United States Army in World War Two: The Fall of the Philippines (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1953), 23.
17. Report General Gerow to George Marshall, July 30, 1941, in James I, 594.
18. James I, 598–99.
19. James I, 609.
20. Morton, 34.
21. Gerald Astor, Crisis in the Pacific: The Battles for the Philippine Islands by the Men Who Fought Them (New York: Donald I. Fine Books, 1996), 25–26.
22. Petillo, 199.
23. James I, 601.
24. Morton, 35.
25. Morton, 37.
26. Hunt, 213.
27. Morton, 19.
28. James I, 567.
29. D. M. Horner, Crisis of Command (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1978), 125.
30. Perret, Old Soldiers, 231.
31. Examples of the first include Perret, Old Soldiers Never Die, and Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). Examples of the second are L. Morton, Fall of the Philippines, and Michael Schaller, American Occupation of Japan.
32. MMA, RG 49, Wright interview, 31.
33. Rogers, 10–11.
34. Rogers, 15–16.
35. James I, 595.
36. Perret, 234.
37. James I, 595.
38. Rogers, 73.
39. Perret, 241–42.
40. Rogers, 71.
41. Perret, 243; quoted in James Leutze, A Different Kind of Victory (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1981), 218.
42. John Gordon, Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps’ Desperate Defense of the Philippines (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011).
43. Perret, 243.
44. Rogers, 72–73.
45. See Clark Reynolds, “MacArthur as Maritime Strategist,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, 210–27.
46. Morton, 50.
47. Rogers, 83.
48. Kelley and Ryan, MacArthur, 55.
49. Quoted Wilfrid Sheed, Clare Boothe Luce (NY: Berkley, 1982), 87.
50. Clare Boothe Luce, “General Douglas MacArthur,” Life, December 8, 1941, 126–27.
51. Luce, “General Douglas MacArthur.”
52. MMA, DM to Grunert, September 7, 1941.
53. MMA, George memo, “Study of the Air Force for USAFFE,” September 11, 1941.
54. Table 3, Morton, 42.
55. Perret, 245.
56. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 106.
57. James I, 615; Astor, 30.
58. James I, 617.
59. Richard Rovere and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The General and the President (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951), 98–99.
60. Edward J. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 8–10.
61. Drea, 11.
62. MMA, RG 79, Spencer Akin Papers, “Reminiscences of Lt. Harold Brown,” 13.
63. MMA, RG 79, Brown, 15.
CHAPTER 14: RAT IN THE HOUSE
1. Rogers, The Good Years, 94.
2. Clark Lee and Richard Henschel, Douglas MacArthur (New York: Holt, 1952), 70.
3. Perret, Old Soldiers, 248.
4. Lewis Brereton, The Brereton Diaries (New York: William Morrow, 1946), 68.
5. Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 39.
6. Rogers, 95.
7. James, Age of MacArthur II, 8; Manchester, American Caesar, 232.
8. Horner, Crisis, 40; Richard Connaugton, MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines (Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 2001), 173.
9. Astor, 40.
10. Reminiscences, 114.
11. Reminiscences, 117.
12. Brereton, 82–83.
13. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 73.
14. Connaughton, 167, 169.
15. Perry, 73.
16. Astor, 41.
17. Astor, 43.
18. Samuel Grashio and Bernard Norling, Return to Freedom (Tulsa, OK: MCN Press, 1982); Horner, 42.
19. Rogers, 95; Morton, Fall, 85.
20. Rogers, 96.
21. Astor, 43.
22. Astor, 44.
23. Morton, 87; Horner, 47.
24. Perret, 253–54.
25. MMA, RG 79, Akin Papers, Reminiscences Lt. Harold Brown, August 4, 1945.
26. Rogers, 99; MMA, MacArthur War Diary, entry December 8, 1941.
27. Francis Sayre, Glad Adventure (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 223.
28. Morton, 94.
29. Morton, 145–46.
30. Quoted in Manchester, 239.
31. Morton, 100.
32. Morton, 104.
33. Astor, 60.
34. MacArthur to AGWAR, Dec. 10 1941, AG 381.
35. Morton, 104.
36. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1948), 17–19.
37. Stimson Diary, December 14, 1941.
38. Quoted in Reminiscences, 127.
39. Rogers, 100.
40. Manchester, 240.
41. Hersey, Men on Bataan, 34.
42. Astor, 57.
43. Morton, 110–11.
44. Rogers, 99.
45. Reminiscences, 122.
46. James II, 27–29; Morton, 122.
47. Courtney Whitney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Knopf, 1956), 15.
48. Rogers, 102–4.
49. John Jacob Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright: Sacrifice of the Philippines (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), 31–32.
50. Rogers, 106.
51. Rogers, 108.
52. James II, 25.
53. Manchester, 243.
54. Astor, 66.
55. Huff, My Fifteen Years, Manchester, 249.
56. Rogers, 111.
57. Astor, 70.
58. Rogers, 113.
59. Brereton, 61–62.
60. MMA, RG 5, SCAP GHQ press release, June 25, 1943.
61. Rogers, 119.
62. Manchester, 250.
63. Huff, 39; MMA, RG13, Jean MacArthur interview, Folder 5, 17–18.
64. Manchester, 251–52.
&n
bsp; 65. MMA, RG 13, Jean MacArthur interview, Folder 5, 19.
CHAPTER 15: WHEN MEN MUST DIE
1. Morton, Fall, 62–63.
2. Morton, 163.
3. Morton, 165–69.
4. Morton, 168.
5. Bluemel, in Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 75.
6. Manchester, American Caesar, 252; Huff, My Fifteen Years, 35–37; Quezon, The Good Fight, 195–98.
7. Huff, 41.
8. Huff, 42.
9. Rogers, The Good Years, 127.
10. Astor, Crisis, 91.
11. Astor, 91–92.
12. Carlos Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (New York: Doubleday, 1943), 73–74, 77.
13. Lee and Henschel, 151.
14. Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright, 44.
15. Beck, 44–45.
16. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 112.
17. Rogers, 114.
18. Beck, 47–48.
19. Manchester, 255.
20. Huff, 44.
21. Morton, 201; Beck, 51.
22. Quezon; Manchester, 255.
23. Manchester, 258.
24. Hunt, Untold Story, 248–49; Beck, 49–50.
25. FDR to Stimson and Knox, Dec. 30, 1941: Philippine File, 45, FDR Library, Beck, 51.
26. Walter Borneman, The Admirals: Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King—The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea (New York: Little, Brown, 2012), 221.
27. Charles Van Landingham, “I Saw Manila Die,” Saturday Evening Post, September 26, 1942, 70.
28. Madeleine Ullom, Memoir (USACMH); Horner, 72–73.
29. Quoted in James, Age of MacArthur II, 31.
30. Stimson diary, December 31, 1941.
31. Perret, Old Soldiers, 263.
32. Morton, 183–84; Perry, 112.
33. Perry, 114.
34. Collier, Notebooks, I, 74; quoted in Morton, 211.
35. Morton, 207.
36. Morton, 210.
37. Rogers, 116.
38. Morton, 230.
39. Jonathan Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story: The Account of Four Years of Humiliating Defeat, Surrender, and Captivity (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1946), 48.
40. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 114.
41. Memorandum Lt. Gen. Gerow for Marshall, January 3, 1942; in Beck, 63.
42. Beck, 42.
43. Morton, 245.
44. “Comments on Engineers History,” No. 10, in Morton, 245.
45. Morton, 247–48.
46. Spector, 112.
47. Mallonée, Bataan Diary, photostat, Office of the Center for Military History, II, 16.
48. Reminiscences, 130.
49. Frazier Hunt, MacArthur and the War Against Japan (New York: Scribner’s, 1944), 52–53.
50. Bluemel, in Astor, 85.
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