35. Reminiscences, 194; James II, 485.
36. James II, 526.
37. MMA, RG 32, Interview Bonner Fellers.
38. G. Kenney, MacArthur: The Man I Knew, 249–50.
39. Quoted in James II, 434–35.
40. Reminiscences, 184.
41. Rosenman, quoted in James II, 528.
42. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 271.
43. Reminiscences, 198; Byers diary, quoted in Perret, 406.
44. Richard B. Frank, MacArthur (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 104.
45. James II, 538–39.
46. Drea, 153.
47. James II, 488.
48. MMA, RG 32, Interview, Egeberg.
CHAPTER 22: LIBERATION
1. Reminiscences, 157.
2. William Leary, “Walter Krueger,” in Leary, ed., We Shall Return!, 70.
3. Walter Krueger, From Down Under to Nippon: The Story of Sixth Army in World War II (Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press, 1953), 142–43.
4. See Clark Reynolds, “MacArthur as Maritime Strategist,” in Leary, ed., Douglas MacArthur and the American Century, esp. 211–16.
5. James, Age of MacArthur II, 501.
6. General Kenney Reports, 426–27.
7. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 94–95.
8. Huff, 94–95.
9. Rhoades, diary entry, December 14, 1943, in Weldon E. (Dusty) Rhoades: Flying MacArthur to Victory (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987), 165.
10. E.g., David Horner, “MacArthur: An Australian Perspective,” esp. 126–29.
11. Reminiscences, 258.
12. Perret, Old Soldiers, 364.
13. Rhoades, 285; Egeberg, MacArthur and the Man, 59.
14. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 419–20.
15. Quoted in James II, 515.
16. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 158–59.
17. Drea, 169.
18. William Dunn, Pacific Microphone (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), 143.
19. Reminiscences, 212.
20. Whitney, MacArthur, 154.
21. MMA, RG 10, Letter DM to JM, October 19, 1944.
22. Soldier Speaks, 131; Reminiscences, 215.
23. Astor, Crisis, 227.
24. Reminiscences, 215.
25. Rants, “My Memories of World War Two” (unpublished manuscript) in Astor, 224.
26. Astor, 228.
27. Egeberg, 66.
28. Dunn, 148.
29. Egeberg, 80–81.
30. Dunn, 6.
31. General Kenney Reports, 448.
32. Perret, 421.
33. James II, 556.
34. General Kenney Reports, 448.
35. James II, 558; Kenney, 449.
36. Rhoades, 298.
37. Mac to FDR, October 20, 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
38. FDR to DM, October 21, 1944, James II, 560.
39. Reminiscences, 218.
40. Quoted in Astor, 239.
41. Rants, “My Memories”; Astor, 238.
42. Stanley Falk, Liberation of the Philippines (New York: Ballantine, 1971), 35.
43. Donald MacIntyre, Leyte Gulf: Armada in the Pacific (New York: Ballantine, 1970), 17–18.
44. Drea, 161.
45. Egeberg, 73.
46. Egeberg, 74.
47. Spector, 435–36.
48. Kenney diary, October 20, 1944.
49. MacIntyre, 99–100.
50. Spector, 437.
51. MacIntyre, 110.
52. Egeberg, 74.
53. Kenney diary, October 26, 1944.
CHAPTER 23: ON TO MANILA
1. Hunt, Untold Story, 348.
2. General Kenney Reports, 464–65.
3. Egeberg, MacArthur and the Man, 76.
4. MacIntyre, Leyte Gulf, 66.
5. James, Age of MacArthur II, 576.
6. Leary, MacArthur and the American Century, 76.
7. Reminiscences, 232.
8. Gerald Wheeler, “Thomas C. Kincaid: MacArthur’s Master of Naval Warfare” in William M. Leary, ed., We Shall Return!, (Lexington, KY: The University of Kentucky Press, 1988), 145.
9. James II, 606.
10. Kenney diary, November 30, 1944.
11. Wheeler, 145.
12. Wheeler, 146.
13. James II, 607.
14. James II, 606.
15. General Kenney Reports, 494–95.
16. Stanley Falk, Liberation of the Philippines (NY: Ballantine, 1971), 75.
17. Falk, 76.
18. James II, 589.
19. Reminiscences, 234.
20. MMA, RG 10, DM to JM, December 25, 1944.
21. Falk, 84.
22. Hunt, 355.
23. James II, 590.
24. James II, 618.
25. James II, 617–18.
26. Robert Ross Smith, Triumph in the Philippines (Washington, DC: GPO, 1963), 19.
27. Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, 162.
28. Reminiscences, 239.
29. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 192.
30. MMA, RG 49, Middleman Interview, June 29, 1971, 22–23; Drea, 188.
31. Falk, 85.
32. James II, 619.
33. Reminiscences, 240; Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, 298.
34. Reminiscences, 240.
35. Barbey, 299.
36. James II, 620.
37. Quoted in Astor, Crisis, 355.
38. Astor, 356.
39. Reminiscences, 241.
40. Falk, 89.
41. James II, 622.
42. MMA, RG 49, Middleman interview, June 29, 1971, 22–23.
43. Reminiscences, 241–42.
44. Egeberg, 105–6.
45. MMA, RG 49, Middleman interview, 24.
46. James II, 625.
47. Smith, 88–91.
48. Quoted in Falk, 103.
49. Krueger, From Down Under, 228–29.
50. Smith, 167–68.
51. James II, 623.
52. Long, 157.
53. James II, 625.
54. Luvaas and Shortal, “Eichelberger,” 166.
55. Kenney diary, January 23, 1945; James II, 628.
56. Robert Eichelberger, Dear Miss Em: General Eichelberger’s War in the Pacific, 1942–1945, Jay Luvaas, ed. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972), 203–4.
57. Reminiscences, 244; Long, 167.
58. Egeberg, 122–23.
59. Egeberg, 131.
60. Long, 167.
61. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 523.
62. Smith, 246–48.
CHAPTER 24: BATTLEGROUND
1. Astor, Crisis, 384–85.
2. Hunt, Untold Story, 366.
3. Hunt, Untold Story, 366.
4. Astor, 385.
5. Astor, 386–87.
6. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 254.
7. Astor, 397.
8. Smith, 254.
9. Smith, 253.
10. James, Age of MacArthur II, 637.
11. Egeberg, MacArthur and the Man, 135.
12. Reminiscences, 248.
13. Reminiscences, 247.
14. Hunt, Untold Story, 371.
15. Falk, Liberation, 108.
16. Astor, 397.
17. Astor, 398.
18. James II, 640.
19. Astor, 400.
20. Astor, 401.
21. Astor, 402; Falk, 108.
22. Smith, 278.
23. Falk, 109.
24. Smith, 340.
25. Smith, 337.
26. Astor, 403.
27. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 199–200.
28. James II, 649.
29. Egeberg, 147–48.
30. Egeberg, 149–51.
31. Astor, 403.
32. Falk, 114.
33. Astor, 404.
34. Paul P. Rogers, The Bitter Years: MacArthur and Sutherland (New York: Praeger, 1991), 264.
35. Smith, 295–97; Falk, 108.
36. Astor, 410.
37. Reminiscences, 247.
38. Rogers, Bitter Years, 263.
39. Reminiscences, 251.
40. Reminiscences, 252; Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 226.
41. Falk, 115.
42. Hunt, Untold Story, 368.
43. James II, 652.
44. Reminiscences, 250.
45. Quoted in Reminiscences, 249.
46. Falk, 120–21.
47. Falk, 120–21.
48. James II, 765.
49. James II, 740–41.
50. Quoted in James II, 747.
CHAPTER 25: DOWNFALL
1. James, Age of MacArthur II, 660.
2. General Kenney Reports, 542.
3. James II, 657–59.
4. Egeberg, MacArthur and the Man, 186.
5. Egeberg, 190–91.
6. Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, 172.
7. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 541–42.
8. Spector, 542.
9. E.g., Spector, 526.
10. Maurice Matloff, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943–1944: United States Army in World War II, The War Department (Washington, DC: GPO, 1959), 495.
11. MMA, DM to Curtin, March 5, 1945.
12. Long, 175.
13. James II, 715.
14. Long, 175.
15. Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 230.
16. Egeberg, 172–76.
17. James II, 760.
18. Egeberg, 153.
19. Quoted in Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 316.
20. MMA, RG 4, DM to Marshall, June 19, 1945.
21. Drea, 209–10, 204.
22. Drea, 218.
23. James II, 772–73; Drea, 219.
24. James II, 774.
25. Egeberg, 102.
26. Reminiscences, 262.
27. Egeberg, 192.
28. James II, 775.
29. James II, 779.
30. Egeberg, 194.
31. Harvey, American Shogun, 295–97; Reminiscences, 269.
32. Hunt, Untold Story, 301–2.
33. Reminiscences, 270.
34. Rhoades, Flying MacArthur, 446.
35. James II, 775.
36. Egeberg, 197.
37. James II, 784.
38. Quoted in Reminiscences, 270.
39. Rhoades, 446; Egeberg, 197.
40. Borneman, The Admirals, passim.
41. Whitney, MacArthur, 213.
42. Reminiscences, 270.
43. Reminiscences, 270–71.
44. James II, 785.
45. Manchester, American Caesar, 521.
46. General Kenney Reports, 575.
47. General Kenney Reports, 575.
48. Egeberg, 201.
49. Egeberg, 198.
50. Quoted in Harvey, 309.
51. Egeberg, 202.
52. Reminiscences, 271.
53. Manchester, 524.
54. Egeberg, 202.
55. Egeberg, 205.
56. Egeberg, 205.
57. Reminiscences, 271–72.
58. James II, 787–88.
59. Reminiscences, 272.
60. Ibid.
61. Perret, Old Soldiers, 476.
62. Details are in MMA RG 15, Box 81, folder 3, “Papers of Colonel H. B. Whipple.” Whipple was MacArthur’s liaison with the U.S. Navy for the USS Missouri ceremony.
CHAPTER 26: BRIEF ENCOUNTERS
1. Egeberg, MacArthur and the Man, 209–10.
2. Egeberg, 93.
3. Quoted in Manchester, American Caesar, 525.
4. Rhoades, Flying MacArthur, 452.
5. Soldier Speaks, 153.
6. Reminiscences, 278.
7. Egeberg, 212.
8. Harvey, American Shogun, 310.
9. Quoted in Reminiscences, 274.
10. General Kenney Reports, 577.
11. Perret, Old Soldiers, 479.
12. Soldier Speaks, 152.
13. Quoted in Reminiscences, 277.
14. John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: Norton, 1999), 22.
15. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969), 449.
16. James, Age of MacArthur III, 70.
17. James III, 69.
18. Reminiscences, 279–80.
19. Reminiscences, 285.
20. Reminiscences, 285.
21. Harry S. Truman, Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, Robert Ferrell, ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 47; Leary, ed., quoted in Robert Harvey, American Shogun: MacArthur, Hirohito, and the American Duel with Japan (London: John Murray, 2006).
22. Leary, 290–91.
23. James III, 12–13.
24. James III, 14.
25. James III, 17.
26. James III, 17–18.
27. MMA, RG 10, Wood to DM, September 4, 1945, quoted in Hunt, Untold Story.
28. James III, 18.
29. James III, 18–19.
30. James III, 18.
31. DM to Marshall, September 17, 1945, FRUS 1945 vol VI, 717–18.
32. Mashbir, I Was an American Spy, 315.
33. Quoted in Reminiscences, 277.
34. Quoted in Harvey, 14.
35. James II, 38–39.
36. JCS Directive to DM, September 6, 1945, in SCAP, Political Reorientation, II, 327.
37. James III, 38–39.
38. Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, 2–3.
39. Tanaka, 135–59.
40. Dower, 492.
41. Harvey, 15.
42. Harvey, 15.
43. Reminiscences, 288.
44. James III, 105.
45. Reminiscences, 288.
46. Harvey, 18.
47. Reminiscences, 288; Harvey, 16–17.
CHAPTER 27: BEING SIR BOSS
1. James, Age of MacArthur III, 323.
2. Reminiscences, 282.
3. Reminiscences, 282.
4. Takemae Eijii, Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy (New York: Continuum, 2002), 103–5; James III, 41.
5. Rhoades, Flying MacArthur, 523.
6. Rhoades, 523.
7. Quoted in James III, 43.
8. Eijii, 164–65.
9. James III, 277.
10. Reminiscences, 282.
11. Ikuhiko Hata, “The Occupation of Japan, 1945–52,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, 315.
12. Quoted in Schaller, “MacArthur’s Japan: The View from Washington,” American Century, 297.
13. Quoted in Dower, Embracing Defeat, 285.
14. Dower, 282–83.
15. William J. Sebald, With MacArthur in Japan: A Personal History of the Occupation (New York: Norton, 1965), 103–4.
16. Dower, 91–93.
17. Dower, 92.
18. James III, 156.
19. Quoted in Dower, 93–94.
20. Hiroshi Masuda, MacArthur in Asia: The General and His Staff in the Philippines, Japan, and Korea (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013), 202.
21. Soldier Speaks, 155.
22. Masuda, 202.
23. See Richard Frank, MacArthur: A Biography (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 134.
24. James III, 111.
25. Reminiscences, 293.
26. James III, 114.
27. Reminiscences, 304–5.
28. Reminiscences, 300.
29. Oral interview with Charles Kades, quoted in Masuda, 214.
30. James III, 124–25.
31. Harvey, American Shogun, 360.
32. Quoted in Harvey, 361.
33. Quoted in Dower, 384–85.
34. Reminiscences, 305.
35. James III, 94.
36. James III, 94.
37. Quoted in Reminiscences, 295–96.
38. James III, 95, 97.
39. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 (New York: Random House, 1970), 294.
40. Soldier Speaks, 160.
; 41. Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 544.
42. James III, 100.
43. Soldier Speaks, 161–62.
44. Reminiscences, 295.
45. Dower, 229.
46. Dower, 231.
47. Dower, 206.
48. James III, 117.
49. Frank, 136.
50. Harvey, 347.
51. Quoted in James III, 225.
52. Reminiscences, 308.
53. James III, 25; Harvey, 368.
54. Quoted in Harvey, 357.
55. James III, 170.
56. James III, 170.
57. Newsweek, January 27, 1947.
58. James III, 172.
CHAPTER 28: HEADWINDS
1. Soldier Speaks, 191–93.
2. Soldier Speaks, 175–76.
3. See his comments in Soldier Speaks, 187–89.
4. Masuda, MacArthur in Asia, 220–21.
5. Bowen Dees, The Allied Occupation and Japan’s Economic Miracle (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press and Japan Library, 1997), esp. 227–34.
6. Dees, 32; Reminiscences, 286–87.
7. Charles Weiner, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, April 1978.
8. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 112–13.
9. James, Age of MacArthur III, 61.
10. James III, 61–62.
11. Sebald, With MacArthur, 104, 107–8.
12. Sebald, 111–12.
13. Harvey, American Shogun, 385.
14. Quoted in Harvey, 386.
15. Harvey, 389.
16. George Kennan, Memoirs 1925–1950 (New York: Pantheon, 1983), 383.
17. Kennan, 384.
18. Kennan, 386–87.
19. Kennan, 388–89.
20. James III, 235.
21. Masuda, 236–37.
22. Hunt, Untold Story, 445.
23. Sebald, 178–79.
24. James III, 392.
25. Sebald, 179; Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” MacArthur and the American Century, 255.
26. Hunt, Untold Story, 446–47.
27. Sebald, 181.
28. Soldier Speaks, 199–200.
29. Allan Millett, Their War for Korea (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2002), 159–60.
30. Sebald, 179.
31. Hunt, Untold Story, 447.
32. Sebald, 142.
33. Harvey, 365.
34. Reminiscences, 318.
35. Harvey, 367.
36. Quoted in Harvey, 367.
37. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 450.
38. Harvey, 371, 373.
39. Quoted in Harvey, 374.
40. Dower, 459.
41. Foreign Relations United States State Department (FRUS), 1948, 6:707–9, 794.
42. Sebald, 168–69.
43. Sebald, 169.
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