51. Morton, 270.
52. Astor, 81–82.
53. Astor, 84.
54. Morton, 270.
55. Astor, 80, 81.
56. Morton, 271.
57. Quezon.
58. Morton, 269.
59. Manchester, 256.
60. Rogers; Huff.
61. Romulo, 61.
62. Reminiscences, 128.
63. Connaughton, 240–41.
64. Rogers, 132.
65. Reminiscences, 131.
66. Kelley and Ryan, MacArthur, 56.
67. Perry, 120–21, 139.
68. Manchester, 263.
69. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, RG 13, Box 15, Folder 5, p. 29.
CHAPTER 16: BACK TO THE WALL
1. Morton, Fall, 275.
2. Morton, 277.
3. Morton, 286–87.
4. Morton, 274.
5. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 113.
6. Henry Lee, “Nothing But Praise” (Culver City, CA: Murray & Gee, 1948), 25.
7. E. B. Miller, Bataan Uncensored (Long Prairie, MN: Hart Publications, 1949), 156.
8. Morton, 294.
9. DM to Marshall, 23 January 1942.
10. Astor, Crisis, 99.
11. Perry, Most Dangerous Man, 124.
12. Quezon, Fight, 259.
13. Rovere and Schlesinger, General and the President, 57–58.
14. Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright, 74.
15. Astor, 99.
16. Astor, 108–9.
17. Morton, 412.
18. Morton, 349–50.
19. Connaughton, 272.
20. Astor, 121.
21. Connaughton, MacArthur and Defeat, 274.
22. Donald Knox, Death March: The Survivors of Bataan (New York: Harcourt, 1981), 76.
23. Manchester, 277.
24. Morton, 348.
25. Beck, 90.
26. Romulo, I Saw, 102.
27. Reminiscences, 138.
28. DM to FDR, February 8, 1942.
29. DM to Marshall, February 4, 1942, in Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, 101–2.
30. Eisenhower Diaries, February 8, 1942, 47.
31. Forrest Pogue, George C. Marshall (New York: Viking, 1963).
32. Reminiscences, 139.
33. Perret, Old Soldiers, 271.
34. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 49.
35. Beck, 119–20.
36. DM to Marshall, January 23, 1914, MMA.
37. Bulletin of March 3, 1942, quoted in Connaughton, 285.
38. Quoted in Connaughton, 258.
39. Manchester, 261.
40. Washington Post, January 27, 1942, quoted in Connaugton, 257.
41. Connaughton, 258.
42. Connaughton, 257.
43. Rogers, The Good Years, 137.
44. Connaughton, 285–86.
45. Radiograms from Coordinator Office of Information, Washington, D.C., pertaining to General MacArthur, MMA.
46. Romulo, 217.
47. James, Age of MacArthur II, 66.
48. USAAFE 30; Secret File, 2-11-42, Rogers, 164.
49. “By the President of the Philippines, Executive Order #1,” Fort Mills, Corregidor, January 3, 1942; Petillo, Douglas MacArthur, 204–5; Rogers, 165.
50. Perret, 271.
51. Nigel Hamilton, The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941–1942 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014).
52. Rogers, 165.
53. Perret, 271.
54. Rogers, 166.
55. Rogers, 168.
56. The New York Times, February 12, 1942.
57. Marshall to MacArthur, February 4, 1942, Quezon File, National Archives; quoted in Beck, 89–90.
58. Secret File, 2-11, 2-14; Beck, 117.
59. Sutherland diary, Rogers, 184.
60. Arthur Herman, Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (New York: Bantam, 2008).
61. MMA Secret File, 2-16-42.
62. Eisenhower Diaries, 49.
63. Gavin Long, MacArthur As Military Commander (London and Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1969).
64. Lloyd Ross, John Curtin: A Biography (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1977), 270–73.
65. Curtin to Winston Churchill, February 22, 1942, A816, 52/302/142, National Archives of Australia.
66. Perry, 143.
67. Hurley to FDR, February 21, 1942, quoted in Beck, 121–22.
68. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1948), 505, 509.
69. Beck, 116.
70. Connaughton, 267.
71. Curtin to Winston Churchill, February 22, 1942, A816, 52/302/142, National Archives of Australia; Beck, 122–23.
72. James II, 98.
73. Huff, 50.
74. Radiogram Marshall to DM, February 22, 1942, in Beck, 124.
75. Hunt, Untold Story, 257.
76. Lee and Henschel, Douglas MacArthur, 72.
77. Reminiscences, 140.
78. Reminiscences, 141.
79. Marshall to DM, February 25, 1942, MMA, Secret File.
80. Beck, 127.
81. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 15–16.
82. Romulo, 141.
CHAPTER 17: I SHALL RETURN
1. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 51.
2. James, Age of MacArthur II, 59–60; Morton, Fall, 351.
3. Morton, 352.
4. Morton, 416.
5. Beck, MacArthur and Wainwright, 135.
6. Beck, 135.
7. Huff, 54.
8. Manchester, American Caesar, 291.
9. Rogers, The Good Years, 187.
10. Romulo, I Saw the Philippines Die, 131.
11. Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 135.
12. Beck, 136.
13. Operation Order, The Commandant, Sixteenth Naval District, to The Commander, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three, 10 March 1942, in Beck, 137.
14. Wainwright, Wainwright’s Story, 1–2.
15. Wainwright, 2–4.
16. Wainwright, 4–5; Beck, 139.
17. Reminiscences, 142.
18. Beck, 141.
19. Rogers, 187–88.
20. Rogers, 188.
21. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, folder 6, p. 5.
22. Huff, 55.
23. Huff, 56.
24. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, folder 6, p. 6.
25. Beck, 144; Huff, 56.
26. Beck, 145.
27. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, folder 6, p. 9. Reminiscences, 144.
28. Irwin Alexander, in Memoirs of Internment in the Philippines, 132.
29. Bunker Diary, in Astor, 132–33.
30. Astor, 133.
31. Beck, 146–47.
32. Beck, 147.
33. Beck, 147.
34. Beck, 147.
35. Beck, 148.
36. MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, Folder 6, p. 14; Huff, 17.
37. Huff, 63.
38. Quoted in James II, 88.
39. Huff, 64.
40. Beck, 152–53.
41. Manchester, 301.
42. Beck, 153.
43. MMA, DM to Brett, March 13, 1942, quoted in Beck, 154.
44. Rogers, 190–91.
45. Rogers, 191.
46. Rogers, 192.
47. Huff, 67.
48. MMA, DM to Quezon.
CHAPTER 18: TAKING SUPREME COMMAND
1. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 72.
2. Huff, 67.
3. Huff, 68.
4. Huff, 70; MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, folder 7, p. 15.
5. Huff, 72; MMA, Jean MacArthur interview, folder 7, p. 16.
6. Huff, 71.
7. Perret, Old Soldiers, 283.
8. Huff, 75.
9. James, Age of MacArthur II, 109.
10. Reminiscences, 145.
11. Huff, 78.
12. David Horner, “MacArthur: An Australian Perspective,” in MacArthur and the American Century, 110.
13. Rem
iniscences, 152.
14. James II, 110.
15. Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, 42.
16. Horner, 111.
17. General Order No. 16, War Department, April 1, 1942.
18. Pogue, Marshall II, 353–54.
19. Sydney Morning Herald, March 27, 1942, 4.
20. Eisenhower Diaries, 51.
21. H. P. Wilmott, The Barrier and the Javelin (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 123, 144.
22. Wilmott, 127.
23. Borneman, The Admirals, 240–42.
24. Eisenhower Diaries, entry March 10, 1942, 50.
25. Rogers, The Good Years, 223; Richard Frank, MacArthur (London: Palgrave, 2007), 65.
26. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 144–45.
27. Long, 94.
28. Long, 90.
29. Dudley McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1959), 28–29.
30. Frederick Shedden, Impressions of General MacArthur (January 1943), National Archives of Australia: Shedden interview with Gavin Long, January 31, 1946; in Horner, 116, 113.
31. MMA, RG 3, Curtin to MacArthur, April 15, 1942.
32. Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 136.
33. Astor, 139.
34. Reminiscences, 146.
35. Astor, 140.
36. Irwin Alexander, Memoirs of Internment; quoted in Astor, Crisis, 141.
37. Beck, 193.
38. Rogers, 215–16.
39. Spector, 150–51.
40. Spector, 158.
41. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 33.
42. Horner, 119.
43. Rogers, 243.
44. MMA, RG 79, Akin Papers, S. B. Akin, “Mass Signal Intelligence Service,” 2–6.
45. Drea, 16.
46. Long, 100.
47. Willmott, 186.
48. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Octagon, 1971), 280–81.
49. Quoted in Rogers, 257.
50. Hayes, Pearl Harbor Through Trident, 208–9.
51. Willmott, 186.
52. Perret, 295–96.
53. Samuel Milner and Kent Roberts Greenfield, U.S. Army in World War Two: Victory in Papua (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1957).
54. Rogers, 241.
55. Drea, 37.
56. Drea, 40.
57. Perret, 297.
58. Long, 103.
59. Ronald Spector, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1985), 186.
60. James II, 190.
61. Louis Morton, Strategy and Command: The First Two Years (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1962), 306–7.
62. Milner and Greenfield, 51.
63. Spector, 188.
64. Drea, 41.
65. James II, 191–92.
66. Drea, 42.
67. Long, 103–5.
68. Rogers, 307.
69. Spector, 190.
70. Nimitz File, meeting from September 25, 1942.
CHAPTER 19: GREEN HELL
1. Kenney diary, July 28/29, 1942.
2. Kenney diary, July 29, 1942.
3. Kenney diary, August 2, 1942.
4. Kenney diary, July 30, 1942.
5. Kenney diary, August 3, 1942.
6. Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, 110.
7. Kenney Diary, August 7/9, 1942.
8. Quoted in Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 213.
9. Quoted in Spector, 214–15.
10. Quoted in Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 52.
11. Rogers, The Good Years, 335.
12. Kenney diary, November 20, 1942.
13. Kenney diary; George Kenney, General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1937).
14. Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 184–85.
15. Rogers, 336.
16. Robert Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo: America’s Hard-Fought Battle for the South Pacific (1950: Uncommon Valor Press, 2014); Perret, 322–33.
17. General Kenney Reports, 158.
18. J. Luvaas and J. F. Shortal, “Robert L. Eichelberger,” in William Leary, ed., We Shall Return!: MacArthur’s Commanders and the Defeat of Japan (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 162.
19. James, Age of MacArthur II, 264.
20. Rogers, 338.
21. James II, 268.
22. Rogers, 341.
23. James II, 269.
24. Rogers, 341.
25. James II, 269.
26. James II, 269–70.
27. James II, 271.
28. MMA, DM to Marshall.
29. MMA, Diller interview.
30. James II, 271.
31. Rogers, 341–42.
32. Eric Bergerud, Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific (New York: Viking, 1996), 438–39.
33. Reminiscences, 168.
34. Spector, 220.
35. JPS to JCS, February 15, 1943; James II, 306.
36. E.g., Kenney diary, August 7/9, 1942.
37. Daniel Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations, 1943–1945 (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1969), 18–19.
38. Barbey, 20.
39. Barbey, 20, 25.
40. Barbey, 21–22.
41. Reminiscences, 172.
42. Drea, 64.
43. Thomas Griffith, MacArthur’s Airman: General George C. Kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1998), 98.
44. Drea, 65.
45. Drea, 67.
46. Kenney diary, February 25; Griffith, 105.
47. Kenney diary, Feburary 28, 1943.
48. Spector, 227–28.
49. Drea, 71.
50. General Kenney Reports, 205–6.
51. Drea, 71.
52. General Kenney Reports, 210–11.
53. Kenney diary, February 28, 1943.
54. Kenney diary, March 13, 1943.
55. James II, 308.
56. MMA, RG 4, DM to JCM, March 25, 1943.
57. General Kenney Reports, 218.
CHAPTER 20: DOING CARTWHEEL
1. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 81–82.
2. Huff, 84.
3. Huff, 87.
4. Manchester, American Caesar, 366.
5. Reminiscences, 135–36.
6. General Kenney Reports, 224.
7. James, Age of MacArthur II, 311.
8. General Kenney Reports, 236–37.
9. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 72.
10. General Kenney Reports, 227.
11. Griffith, MacArthur’s Airman, 115.
12. Drea, 73.
13. Reminiscences, 174–75; Griffith, 115.
14. Drea, 73.
15. Drea, 73.
16. Borneman, The Admirals, 111.
17. William F. Halsey and J. Bryan, Admiral Halsey’s Story (New York: Da Capo, 1976), 154–55.
18. James II, 316–17.
19. MMA, RG 4, DM to GCM, June 20, 1943; DM to GCM, June 12, 20, 24, 1943.
20. James II, 312–13.
21. Horner, “MacArthur and Blamey,” in Leary, ed., We Shall Return!, 42.
22. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 233.
23. Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, 67.
24. Reminiscences, 177.
25. Spector, 233.
26. Reminiscences, 177.
27. General Kenney Reports, 253.
28. Quoted in Herman Wolk, “George C. Kenney, MacArthur’s Premier Airman,” in Leary, ed., We Shall Return, 104.
29. Wolk, 104.
30. Griffith, 120.
31. Arnold to Kenney, September 25, 1943; quoted in Wolk, 104–5.
32. Reminiscences, 179.
33. Astor, Crisis, 194–95.
34. Spector, 237.
35. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 388.
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36. Philip Bradley, On Shaggy Ridge: The Australian Seventh Division (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2004).
37. “Employment of Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area,” quoted in Drea, 95.
38. Quoted in James II, 349.
39. Quoted in Reminiscences, 183.
40. James II, 349–50.
41. Drea, 91–92.
42. Drea, 93.
43. Spector, 239.
44. Drea, 97.
45. Drea, 97.
46. James II, 381.
47. General Kenney Reports, 360.
48. James II, 380.
49. Reminiscences, 137–38.
50. Kenney diary, February 26, 1944.
51. Quoted in Perret, Old Soldiers, 375.
52. General Kenney Reports, 361; James II, 383.
53. Roger Egeberg, The General: MacArthur and the Man He Called “Doc” (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1983), 25.
54. Egeberg, 26.
55. Egeberg, 27; James II, 383.
56. James II, 385.
57. Egeberg, 33.
58. Barbey, 154.
CHAPTER 21: STEPPING-STONES TO VICTORY
1. Halsey and Bryan, Halsey’s Story, 186–90; James, Age of MacArthur II, 390; Perret, Old Soldiers, 378.
2. Bergerud, Touched with Fire, 247.
3. James II, 392, 393–94.
4. James II, 391.
5. MMA, RG 4, JCS to DM, March 12, 1944.
6. General Kenney Reports, 341–42; 371.
7. Herman, Freedom’s Forge, 300.
8. Reminiscences, 189.
9. Drea, MacArthur’s ULTRA, 105–6.
10. General Kenney Reports, 377.
11. James II, 450.
12. Reminiscences, 190.
13. James II, 452.
14. Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, 173; Egeberg, The General, 53.
15. MMA, RG 4, GHQ communiqué, April 24, 1944.
16. James II, 449.
17. Drea, 120.
18. MMA, S. Akin, “MacArthur’s Signal Intelligence,” 15; Drea, 120–21.
19. MMA, RG 4, Box 14, Chief of Staff Files, “For MacArthur from Marshall,” June 11, 1944.
20. Eichelberger, Jungle Road, 121–22.
21. Drea, 135.
22. James II, 455–56.
23. Drea, 137.
24. Drea, 130–31.
25. Reminiscences, 192.
26. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 290.
27. Spector, 292.
28. Perret, 398; MMA, RG 4, SWPA GHQ commos May 28 and June 3, 1944.
29. Astor, Crisis in the Pacific, 209.
30. Ibid.
31. Astor, 211.
32. James II, 460–61.
33. Drea, 145.
34. Reminiscences, 194; Drea, 150.
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