Spice: The History of a Temptation
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Maimonides 224
Maine xxx
Maineri, Maino de: Opusculum de Saporibus 138, 140
Mairano, Roman 118
Makian, Moluccas xxviii, 31
Malabar 5
Dutch possession 41
early visitors 18
foreign merchants in 15, 21, 23, 44, 101
pepper of xxxv, 17
pepper trade 65, 344
Roman traders in 65, 69
spice markets 50
malabathron, see cinnamon leaf
Malacca 29, 32, 33, 41, 50
Maldives 93
Mandeville, Sir John: Itinerarium 53, 54
Manuel, King of Portugal 16, 20, 21, 22–5, 34–5
Marbodus of Rennes 216
Marcellus Empiricus 194
Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 190, 192
Margaret, Maid of Norway 151
Mari 62
Marianus Scotus 218
Marius 287
Marlowe, Christopher xxvi
Marseilles 115
Martène, Edmund 172, 323
Martial 73–5, 169, 180, 241–3
Martin V, Pope 323
Martyr, Peter 12, 254
De Orbe Novo xxiii
Martyrdom of Habib the Deacon 285–6
Mary Rose 158
Masefield, John: ‘Cargoes’ xxvi
Massialot, François: Cuisinier royal et bourgeois 348–9
mastic 8, 104, 206
Masudi: Meadows of Gold 30
Matthioli, Pietro I, 209
Mauricius, Byzantine Emperor 97
Mauritius 240, 342–3, 344
Mayans 168fn
Mayeul, St, Abbot of Cluny 106, 185
Mecca 284
medicine xxix, xxxii, 181–99
bad air and disease 200–6, 356
decline in spice use 355–6
disapproval of spices 318–19
early Middle Ages 183–4, 317
eye treatments 195–6
humoral theory 187–9, 219–20, 356
inoculation 202
laudanum 35
magic and superstition in 192–3
medieval 138, 156, 181–2, 187–91, 212, 226
monasteries and 318
pepper 182, 184
pharmacy 356
poison antidotes 191–2
sexual 212–13, 219–31
shock treatments 193–4
spiced wine 131
veterinary 191, 196
see also dietetics
Mediterranean 50, 100, 101, 106, 117, 271
aromatics xxxiv, 62, 268–9, 354
Meinrad, St 293–4
Melegueta pepper xxxv
Melville, Herman xxvi, 204
Moby-Dick 232
Merovingians 97, 99, 107, 174, 300
Mesopotamia xxviii, 18, 117, 271, 276fn
Mesué, Jean 225
Meun, Jean de 243–4
Meyo, Moluccas 335, 337, 340
Michael VII, Byzantine Emperor 190
Middle Ages xxiii, xxvii, xxxii, 110–61, 346
account books 120
bourgeoisie 159
Christianity 287–302
cookbooks 119, 120, 137, 144–5. 155, 158–9
diet of poor 154–7, 160
dietetics 137–44, 187, 189
early Middle Ages 92–108, 128, 183, 287–92, 299
famine 156
food 112, 119, 120–8, 144–6, 346
funerary customs 175–8
gift-giving 97, 151, 184–5
guilds 116
literature 51, 110–11, 151–2
medicine 138, 156, 181–2, 187–91
nobility 148–50, 152, 158–60, 177–8, 179
pepper 112–14, 115, 120, 157–9
perfumery 243
sexual medicine 212–13, 219–23
spice routes 50–1, 116–17
spice trade 115–19
spiced wine and ale 128–35
spicers 142–3, 182
travellers’
tales 52–4
weddings 216
Milton, John 356
Mithridates, King of Pontus 185–6
Modus cenandi 155
Mohammed, Prophet 284
Molinet, Jean 130
Moluccas xxviii, 29, 30–1
Arabs in 30, 101
British occupation 343
cloves 231, 335–6
disapproval of spices of 254
Dutch in 40, 43
in early Middle Ages 99, 106
French interest in 339–1
nutmeg 336–7
Portuguese expeditions to 32–7
rival claims to 32–4, 38, 41, 43
South Moluccas (Bandas) 31–2, 41, 50, 336
and Treaty of Tordesillas 32–4
monasteries 102, 112, 183–4, 226–7, 301, 307–24, 328–9
monks’ pepper 227
Mont-Saint-Michel, abbey of 301
Montaigne, Michel dc 160
morality 310, 358
sin xxx, 97, 215, 226, 311–15, 318, 325–6, 358
More, Thomas 179
Morocco 101, 357
Morton, John, Bishop of Ely 322
Motir, Moluccas xxviii, 31
Mum and the Sothsegger 51, 326–7
mummification 165, 166–8
Muziris 69
Mycenaeans 276–7
Myrc, John: Instructions for Parish Priests 226
Myristica fragrans xxvi
myrrh xxv, 165, 168, 194, 204, 264, 268, 303
perfume ingredient 237, 238
Nabataeans 67–8
Naestved, Denmark 229
Nahray ibn Nissim 114
nard xxv, 65, 99, 288
Nearchus 66
nectar 269–70
Nero, Roman Emperor 81fn, 84, 88fn, 170, 239
Netherlands xxiv, 40–1, 43, 337, 345, 351
see also Dutch East India Company
Nielsen, Kjeld 281
Nile River 47, 48, 70, 117
nobility 103–4, 114, 148–50, 152, 158–60, 177–8, 179, 348–9
nutmeg xxiv, xxix, xxxiv, 9, 50
as aphrodisiac 216, 223, 229
burning of 337
Dutch monopoly of trade 44, 336–7
French interest in 340–2
of Grenada 12
of Mauritius 342
medical uses 189, 190–1, 355
in medieval literature 53, 111
in Middle Ages 119, 128, 154, 155
of Moluccas 29, 31–2, 39, 41, 50, 336–7
nutmeg tree xxxvi, 109
perfume ingredient 254
pomanders 205
price 155
Roman use of 65, 76
sacred use 263, 303
scent of 232
in spiced wine and ale 129, 134
Odilo, St 175, 184
Odoric of Pordenone 53
O’Freill, Jack 338
Ophir 279–80
oregano 62, 76
Oresme, Nicole d’ 295–6
Origen: Exhortation to the Martyrs 284
Orléans 100
Orseolo, Pietro II, Doge of Venice 112
Orta, Garcia da 126, 220fn; Colloquies 346
Ostia 70
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 106, 176
Ovid 228, 277
Heroides 261–2, 276
Metamorphoses 240
on origins of cinnamon 267–8
Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus 128
Opus Agriculturale 93
paprika 348
Paradise 45–9, 51, 55–6, 58, 110–11, 221, 287, 290, 297
grain of 49, 120, 129, 159
Pasteur, Louis 356
Paul II, Pope 192
Pavia, Lombardy 106–7, 108
Pegolotti, Francesco Balduccio xxxiv
Pemba 344
Pendergrast, Mark 359
Pénicher, Louis 357
Pepin the Short, King of the Franks 300
pepper xxiv, 50
adulteration 197
as aphrodisiac 114, 213, 220–1, 223–5, 227, 228, 230, 256
as currency 102–3, 113
dietetics 141
disapproval of 311–12
Dutch dominate trade 44
in early Middle Ages 95, 97–9, 102, 107, 144
fall from grace 158–60, 348
funerary use 165–6, 176
as gift 97, 104, 151, 299
Greek use 63
in incense 263
of Malabar 17
medical use 182–4, 187, 190, 191, 193–6, 198, 355
in Middle Ages 52, 112–15, 119–20, 127, 157–8
modern usage 350
New Age uses 304
pepper rents 102–3, 156
pepper vine xxxv; 1, 92, 163, 259, 333
perfume ingredient 254
poison antidote 192
price 80, 94, 157–8
proliferation of 344
Roman use of 61–2, 72–4, 79, 93–4
sacred associations 301–2
sauces 127, 350
in wine 128
women compared to 233
Pepys, Samuel 42, 132
perfume 180, 235–46
for bad breath 243–5
declining use of spice in 357
disapproval of 242–3, 248–9
modern industry 254
Mycenaean 277
production process 240, 243
Roman athletes’
use of 264
sacred associations 240–1, 262–5, 268,,288
and sexuality 234, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 245–9, 254, 257
see also scent
Perfumed Garden, The (al-Nefzaoui) 246–8, 255–6
Periplus 63–5, 69
Persia 298
Persius 74, 87, 89, 171, 353
Pessagno, Antonio 153
Peter, St 171
Peter Chrysologos, St 128
Peter of Blois 121, 130, 133, 317
Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny 316–17
Petronius Arbiter; Cena Trimalchionis 84–5
Satyricon 228
Pherecrates: Tyrannis 271
Philip of Hainault 292
Philip of Macedon 269
Philostratus of Tyre 227, 264, 265
Phoenicians 168, 268
phoenix myth 169, 173, 289
Pierce the Plowman’s Crede 328
Pierre de la Celle 291, 292
Piper cubeba 110fn; P. nigrum xxxv, 1, 17
piracy 41–2, 64, 106
Pirenne, Henri 107
Pires, Tomé 29
Pistacia lentiscus 8fn; P. terebinthus 268fn
Pius II, Pope: Historia Rerum 55
Pizarro, Gonzalo 11
plague 199–201, 202–8
Plato: The Republic 236
Symposium 236
Plautus 81, 238, 241
Casina 239
Curculio 239
Pseudolus 81, 271
Pliny the Elder 100
on cuisine 72
on Julia 215
Natural History 77, 79, 169
on origin of cinnamon 267
on perfume 239
on Poppaea’s funeral 170
on prices 94, 242, 330
on religious practices 265, 278–9
on spice trade 88, 90
Pliny the Younger 80
Plutarch 63, 72, 180, 201, 238
‘Poem on the Evil Times of Edward 11’ 198
Poivre, Pierre 335, 337–44
Polo, Marco 53
Travels 54, 55
pomanders 204–5
Pomet, Pierre 229, 356
Pons de Melgueil, Abbot of Cluny 316
Poppaea Sabina 170
Portugal: Asian empire (Estado da India) xxiv, 22, 24, 26, 40–1, 44, 346
Brazilian empire 344
and sovereignty over Moluccas 32–3
Treaty of Tordesillas 27–8, 33
voyages of discovery 13–26, 29, 32, 330
Poulsen, Fredrik 277
preservatives 121–2, 167, 169, 175–6
Prester John 19, 53
prices 144, 345
cinnamon 242
mace and nutmeg 155, 337
pepper 80, 94, 157–8
Priuli, Girolami 23
Procopius 207
Proper New Booke of Cookery 347
Pseudo-Hegesippus 282
Ptolemies 66, 67
Punt 273–5, 339
Purchas, Samuel 31
Pyramid Texts 272
pyrether (pellitory) 256
Queen’s Closet Opened, The 348
Queyroz, Fernão de 22, 41
Rabanus Mauras 290–1, 298
Rabelais, François 124
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 343
Ramses II, Pharaoh 165, 166
Ratherius of Verona 215
Raynal, Abbé 343
Red Sea 63, 64, 67, 70, 94, 117, 267
Reginald, Archbishop of Cologne 175–6
religion 170, 174, 261–304
anointing oil 281, 282, 297–8, 300–1, 302–4
early Middle Ages 287–9, 299
Egyptian 272–3, 275–6
disapproval of spices 280, 282–6, 298, 303
Greek 265–7, 269–71
idolatry 282, 285, 298
imperial cult 285
incense and aromatic sacrifice 261–83, 287–9, 358
Middle Ages 287–302
monotheism 279–81
New Age 304
paganism 263–79, 283, 284, 289
perfumes and 240–1, 262, 264
Roman 264–5, 269–71, 278–9
symbolism of spice 290–3, 349– 358
trade and 276fn, 299
see also Christian Church; Islam; Judaism
Renaissance 349
Revelation of Moses 282
Rhadanites 107
Rhazes 222fn
Richard I, King of England 225
Richard II, King of England 159
Robert, Mestre: Libre del Coch 187
Rochester, Lord 351
Rohmer, Sax 296
Romance of Alexander, The 51
Romance of Guy of Warwick 294
Romance of the Rose 51, 244
Romans: banquets 82–5
cinnamon revered by 265, 267–8
cookbooks 75–9
decadence 86–7, 89–91
dietetics 138
distaste for spice 86–91, 108
fall of Empire 71, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97
food 72–87
funerary customs 169–74, 180
games 264
imperial cult 285
luxury trade 251
medicine 190, 192, 193, 201
myths 240–1
pepper use 61–2, 72–6, 79, 93
perfumery 238–42
prices 79–80, 94
religion 262, 264–5, 269–71, 278–9
Saturnalia 73
spice markets and stores 71
trade with India 63–5, 67–70, 88–91, 93, 192, 206
weddings 216
Rouet, Marcel 229–30
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 269fn
royalty 153, 178–9. 348
Rudolph, Abbot of St Trudo 319
Rufinus of Aquileia 249
Ruiz, Juan 233
Run, Moluccas 41, 43
Russell, John 145
Boke of Nurture 126–7
Rutebeuf 198
Ruysch, Dr Frederick 357
Sá de Miranda, Francisco de 330–1
Sade, Marquis de 228
saffron xxxiv, 354
in anti-plague powders 204
Greek use 62
Middle Ages 120, 159
perfume ingredient 237, 239, 264
Roman use 76, 81
sacred associations 268, 288
Said, Edward xxvi
St Gall monastery 112, 184
saints 185, 293–5, 35
8
Salernitan Guide to Health 190, 222
Salerno 187, 189, 212
Sánchez de Arévalo, Don Rodrigo 198
Sappho 266, 299
Sasanids 298
Sassurea lappa 65fn
scent: airborne 246
of beloved 231–3
brain and 269fn; of dead body 293–4
devil’s malodorous smell 294–5
masking of 304
see also perfume
Scotland 351, 354
Scott, Sir Walter 43
Secretum Secretorum 141
Seleucus II, King of Syria 265, 288
Seneca 264
Serapion 227, 312
Serrão, Francisco 32, 33–4
sesame 62, 276
Severus, Sulpicius 312
sex xxix, xxxii, 210–58
aphrodisiacs xxv, 114, 211–21, 223–30, 245, 255–8, 311–12, 357
and baldness 222fn
dangers of overindulgence 222
disapproval of effect of spices on 215–16, 225–7, 310
erotic verse 236
fertility 219–20, 221, 223
handbooks 212
impotence 213, 219, 220, 223fn, 225
magic and superstition 227–31
medieval Church and 217–18, 226–7
passion-coolers 217
penis enlargement 256–8
premature ejaculation 220fn
and scent 234, 235–6, 238, 239, 241, 245, 254, 257
sexual medicine 212–13, 219–31
as sin 215, 226
sodomy 314
spice mixtures (electuaries) 211, 213, 226
stimulation through irritation 228
Seychelles 343
Shakespeare, William 141, 200
Macbeth 216fn
Merchant of Venice 113fn
Midsummer Night’s Dream xxvi
Pericles 166
Romeo and Juliet xxxiv
Twelfth Night 75
Sheba 56–7
Queen of 68, 234, 279, 280
Sidonius 79, 170
Sigebert of Gembloux 218
silphium 81
Sinistrari, Lodovico 296
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 128
Skelton, John: ‘Elynour Rummynge’ 135
social status 97, 103–4, 147–55, 158–9
in death 178
medicine and 198–9
of perfumes 241
Socrates 242
Solomon, King 234, 279, 280, 281–2
Song of Songs xxv, 233–4, 250, 291–2
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex 201
Southern, Richard 106
Spain 1
Central American empire 5, 11, 344
early Middle Ages 99
and sovereignty over Moluccas 32–4, 38–9
Treaty of Tordesillas 27–8, 33–4
voyages of discovery 3–14, 23, 35–7, 330
Sparta 86
Spenser, Edmund: Faerie Queene 353
Spice Girls 254
Spice Islands 5, 11, 28, 33–4, 38–9, 41–2
see also Moluccas
spice-plates 149
Spice Race xxxii, 3–58
spice routes 5–6, 49–51, 298–9
Arab 101, 284
medieval 50–1, 116–17