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The Whisperers

Page 91

by Orlando Figes


  Soviet invasion (1968), 541n, 623

  dachas, 161, 163, 165, 169, 184

  Dallag Gulag complex, 553

  Dalstroi (Far Northern Construction Trust), 117, 215, 602, 632, 633

  dancing, 159

  Daniel, Iulii, 605

  Daniets, Aleksandr, 430–31

  Danilova, Natalia, 253

  Darvina, Anna, 429

  death certificates, fabricated, 582

  Decembrists, 543

  Degtiarev, Aleksandr, 578

  Delibash, Elizaveta, 349–53, 351, 645–8

  Delibash, Nina, 349, 350

  Democratic Party (Norilsk), 531–2

  Denikin, Anton, 218

  denunciation, 35–40, 259, 261–2

  by children, 122–6, 128, 129–30

  denouncers confronted, 583–9

  forgiveness for, 586–7

  for living space, 173

  lovers, unwanted, 265

  motivated by malice, 263–5

  rhetoric of, 137

  Russian culture of, 36

  Diakonov, Volodia, 271

  diary-writing, 255–8, 280, 309

  Dimitrov, Georgi, 229

  disappearances, 87, 272, 276, 278, 280, 305, 646

  ‘dissidents’, persecution, 605

  dissimulation, as survival skill, 472–8, 563–4, 598

  Ditsklan, Aleksei, 210

  divorce, 160, 161, 173, 305

  Dmitrov labour camp, 213

  Dmitruk, Vasilina, 427–9

  Dobriakova, Alina, 184

  Doctors’ Plot (1948), 521, 522, 527, 528, 529, 627

  Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 431, 593&n

  Dolgun, Aleksandr, 634

  Dolmatovsky, Yevgeny, 29, 199, 269–70, 409

  Simonov’s denunciation, 269–70, 369

  Dovzhenko, Aleksandr, 442

  Drabkin, Iakov, see Gusev, Sergei

  Drabkina, Elizaveta, 1–2, 3, 4, 349, 430–31

  Drozdov family, 26, 214–15, 217, 252, 365, 469–70, 526, 565–6, 579, 632–3

  Dubcek, Alexander, 623

  Dubov family, 137–8

  Dudarev family, 305–7, 583

  Dudinka, 427

  Dudintsev, Vladimir, 592, 615

  dug-outs, living in, 100, 101, 110, 173, 189, 397, 457, 576

  Dunsky, Iurii, 529, 566

  Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 283, 284

  Dzhugashvili, Iakov, 411

  Dzhugashvili, Vasily, 395, 402

  Eastern China Railway, 240

  East Germany, Soviet rule, 537

  economy

  agricultural sector, terminal decline, 87

  boom (1950s), 561

  civilian and Gulag, merging, 468

  forced labour in, 467

  market, return to (1921), 5, 6–7

  mixed, 6–7, 65, 71, 466n

  planned, 5–6, 81, 171, 423, 466–7, 471

  post-war, 457–8, 466–7

  prisoners’ contribution, 638, 640

  reform, discussion of, 444

  ruin (1921), 5

  tempo, speeding up, 187

  wartime, 423, 425–31,466

  See also New Economic Policy (NEP)

  ‘economy of favours’ (blat), 172, 182

  education, Bolshevik policy, 20–25

  Ehrenburg, Ilia, 335, 410, 421, 459, 492, 494, 495, 590–91

  attacked, 494, 495n

  and hate campaign (1941), 414

  Simonov and, 591, 625–6

  Eidinov, Aleksandr, 515

  Eikhmans, Fyodor, 210

  Eisenstein, Sergei, 270

  Eismont, N. B., 154

  Elagin family, 478–9

  Eliashov family, 16–18, 188, 462–4

  elite (Soviet),

  children of, 276–7

  dachas granted to, 161, 163, 165

  family and political allegiance, 248

  Party members as, 32–3, 68

  post-war, 470–73

  resentment of, 263–4, 274, 508

  Emergency Measures (1928), 82

  emigrés, return, 482

  ‘enemies of the people’, 91

  belief in, 137, 145, 262, 272, 273, 274–6

  children of, 145, 257, 274–5, 435, 452, 473, 474, 510

  denunciation, 277, 473, 474

  evidence fabricated, 231

  families helped, 292–8

  families ostracized, 285–92

  families separated, 316, 335

  hidden, 278

  purge (1937–8), 352

  See also arrests

  Engels, Friedrich, 155n

  engineers

  acceptance of planned economy, 471

  arrest, 113

  demand for, 118, 153, 471

  purged (1928–32), 153

  Epshtein family, 511–12

  Erofeev family, 626–7

  Estonia, 372–3, 469, 470, 531

  Estonians, post-war arrests, 467, 468, 469

  Etinger, Iakov, 521

  etiquette, 158–9eviction, 57, 107, 115, 141, 174, 219, 250, 256, 266, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 305, 308, 324, 367, 509, 660

  executions (1930s), 238–9, 241, 248, 285, 311

  exiles, 192, 201, 248, 292

  children, 106, 108, 116, 143, 145, 297, 320, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 358–9, 363–4, 462

  escape, 105–10

  and family, value, 218

  ‘kulaks’, 85, 87–91, 93, 94, 95, 99–106, 186

  parcels sent to, 142, 203, 278, 311, 331, 332, 359, 360, 361

  ‘specialists’, 214–15, 216

  factories

  transported east (1941), 388, 423

  wartime destruction, 457

  Factory Apprentice Schools (FZU), 63, 64, 118, 138, 139, 153

  Fadeyev, Aleksandr, 3n, 461n, 482, 494–5&n, 495, 496, 498, 589–90

  Fadeyev, Seryozha, 129

  Faivisovich family, 326, 568–70 (569), 599–600, 644–5

  family

  as basic unit of state, 162

  bourgeois, 8

  collective responsibility for crime, 248–9, 300–307, 308

  disintegration, 99

  egotism of, 82

  eradication, 8–9, 10–11, 160

  patriarchal, 50, 53

  ‘petty-bourgeois’, 20

  as primary unit of production and consumption, 9

  reconstitution (1945–6), 449

  renouncing, 130–32

  restoration, 161–4

  sexual politics, 164

  stability under pressure, 540–48

  trust, Great Terror and, 298–313

  value placed on, 218

  family life

  influences on, 48–50

  prisoners and, 216–17, 220–26

  famine (1921), 5–6, 43, 49 (1932–3), 81, 98, 103–4, 273

  post-war, 457

  Far Eastern Army, 289

  Far Eastern Timber Trust, 289

  farming, see agriculture

  Far North labour camps, 112, 113, 123, 357, 362, 467, 515, 517

  Fascism, struggle against, 37, 192, 200, 230, 236, 373, 374

  fashion, 159

  fear, 255, 603, 652

  children’s, 352

  inherited, 645–51

  and ostracism, 285–92

  of rearrest, 605–6

  survivors’, 643

  February Revolution (1917), 3

  Feuchtwanger, Leon, 482

  Fillipova, Aleksandra, 559‘

  filtration camps’, 469, 531

  Finland, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3

  Finns

  in labour army, 424

  social exclusion, 137

  Firin, Semyon, 192–3

  First World War (1914–18), 57, 175, 227, 236, 491

  Fischer, Markoosha, 263–4

  Five Year Plans, 5–6, 72

  ‘achievements’, 151, 187, 192, 194

  arguments for, 72, 74

  capital, raising, 172

  hopes of, 200

  ind
ustrialization programme, 564

  ‘storm’ production, 187

  targets set, 187, 641 (1928–32), 63, 67, 81, 416; asceticism, 158; construction projects, 111, 152; FZUs, 153; growth rates, 111–12; hardships, complaints about, 154; launch, 137; promise of, 111; propaganda, 91, 92, 111, 114, 131; specialists, demand for, 153; target figures, 83, 111–12, 153; vydvizhentsy, 155 (1933–7), 157; efficiency aim, 159n; slogan, 160 (1946–51), 467; construction projects, 467, 468; propaganda, 467; targets set, 467 (1971–5), 640

  Fomin, Vladimir, 44

  forced labour, 111–12, 151, 467–70

  See also slave labour

  foreigners

  contact with, 493, 558

  fear of, 492–3

  France

  appeasement policy, 371

  719

  declares war on Germany (1939), 372

  negotiations with Soviet Union (1939), 372

  Popular Front government (1936), 230

  Franco, General Francisco, 230

  freedom of expression

  post-war, 458, 459

  ‘thaw’ and, 597–9

  wartime, 437–40, 443–6

  Frenkel, Naftaly, 112, 114, 564, 565

  Frid, Valerii, 26, 242, 259–60, 529, 566

  Froebel, Friedrich, 24

  Frunze Military Academy, 616

  Furmanov, Dmitry, 59

  Fursei, Anastasia, 390, 391

  Fursei, Georgii, 390, 391, 391, 544, 545, 546

  Fursei, Marianna, 389–92, 391, 544–7

  Fursei, Nikolai, 389–90FZU, see

  Factory Apprentice Schools

  Gabaev family, 388–9

  Gaidar, Arkadii, 417

  Gaister, Inna, 326, 360, 474, 605–6, 607

  childhood, 49, 50, 69, 163, 286, 324–5

  domestic responsibilities, 324–5

  Jewish background, 69, 510

  parents’ arrest, 286, 324, 474, 475

  schooldays, 297–8

  at university, 474

  Gaister family, 49, 69, 163, 324, 326, 510, 529

  Galitsky, Pavel, 155n

  games, childrens’, 24–5, 32–3

  Garmash family, 650

  Gavrilov, Boris, 45

  Gefter, Mikhail, 432

  ‘generation of 1941’, 416, 419

  generation split (1920s), 40–41

  German army battle for Stalingrad, 412, 413

  containment, 229

  drive south-east, 410

  hatred of, 414

  Karlshorst, surrender, 446

  retreat, 421–2, 441

  and Russian winter, 393

  siege of Leningrad (1941–4), 334–5, 381, 386–7, 388–9, 419, 444, 648

  Soviet counter-offensive (1941–2), 393

  German family, 389–91, 491, 545

  Germany

  Britain and France declare war (1939), 372

  invasion of Czechoslovakia, 371, 372

  invasion of Poland (1939), 372

  invasion of Russia (1941), 379–87

  Japanese pact (1936), 236

  military aggression, 235

  Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 372, 373, 374, 381

  potential war with, 235–6, 270

  Rhineland occupation, 235

  See also German army

  Gershtein, Emma, 252–3

  Gershtein, Margarita, 253–4

  Ginzburg, Moisei, 10

  Ginzburg, Yevgeniia, 243, 271, 634, 635, 636, 638

  Girl of My Dreams, The (Okudzhava), 552–3

  Gladkov, Fyodor, 15, 484

  glasnost (1980s), 580, 581, 595, 623, 631, 632, 646, 652

  Glavlit, 623

  Gliner, Zina, 390

  Goldenshtein family, 390–92, 544, 546

  gold production, 113, 117, 210

  Golovina, Antonina, 50, 52–3, 79, 81, 94, 586, 655 exiled, 94–5, 99–103

  family reunited, 121, 122

  identity, concealment, 65, 147, 652–3

  returns to Obukhovo (1995), 654–6

  schooldays, 145–7, 147

  at university, 436–7

  Golovin family, 43, 50–53, 76–81, 86&n, 94, 99–103, 113, 121, 145, 417n, 586, 655–6

  exiled, 94–5, 101–3, 121

  forgive denouncer, 586

  reunited, 121–2

  Golovko, Semyon, 429, 533–4

  Golovnia, Anatoly, 166–8, 168, 169, 195, 254, 366–9, 557

  FILMS: The Deserter, 166, 195; Mother, 166; Storm Over Asia, 166

  Golovnia, Liuba (née Ivanova, later Babitskaia), 43, 167–70, 168, 366, 367–9, 557–9

  Golovnia, Oksana, 43, 44, 167, 168, 169, 170, 254, 366–7, 557, 558–9

  Golovnia, Pyotr, 166, 167

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 595, 623

  Gorbatov, Anatoly, 272

  Gorbatov, Boris, 402&n, 502–3

  Gordon, Iosif, 485–6, 574–5

  Gordon, Marianna, 460

  Gordon, Nina, 485–6, 574–5

  Gorky, Maksim, 4, 22, 124, 125, 499

  and labour camps, 194

  and White Sea Canal, 192–3, 194

  Goslitizdat (State Publishing House), 195

  Gosplan, 49, 163, 466

  Gotman, Elfrida, 650–51, 651

  Gotman, Rudolf, 424

  graffiti, anti-Soviet, 154

  grain

  crisis (1927–8), 82

  harvests, 97–8

  hoarding, 78n

  requisitioning, 49, 72, 78n, 81, 82, 92

  shortage (1920s), 72

  state procurement, 72, 97, 98

  grandparents

  child care, 13, 41

  as correspondents, 326

  religious faith, 44–6

  rescue abandoned children, 317, 318–23, 325–7, 336, 350, 351

  as transmitters of traditional values, 41–4

  Grankina, Nadezha, 273

  ‘Great Break’ (1928–32), 84, 136, 153, 160

  ‘Great Patriotic War’, 652

  in collective memory, 637

  commemoration, 617, 618–20

  See also Second World War

  Great Terror (1937–8), 37, 74, 154, 218, 234–66, 268, 272

  collective responsibility of family, 248–9, 300–307, 308

  communication in, 251–5, 255–8, 313

  and family trust, 298–313

  ignorance of, 276–7

  justification of, 239–40, 272, 275–6

  loyalty and, 191

  as mass murder, 234

  military purges, 237–9, 383, 422, 615

  opposition to, 282–5

  origins, 234–6

  and orphan numbers, 335

  people’s view of, 272–81

  propaganda, 261, 273

  recantations in, 268–9

  silent collusion in, 203–4, 266–7

  victims, and Stalin’s death, 525–30

  See also arrests; executions; informers; ‘kulak operation’; labour camps; purges; ‘show trials’

  Grigorevna, Rakhil, 298

  Gromov, Vladimir, 136–7Gromyko, Andrei, 155

  Grossman, Vasily, 409–10, 490n, 494, 619

  Guberman, Samuil, 231n

  Gudzenko, Semyon, 608

  Gulag Archipelago

  (Solzhenitsyn), 634, 635

  Gulag system, 192

  abolition, 529–30, 534, 536

  amnesty (1956), 424

  Arctic, 55, 213

  Beria’s plans for, 527, 530

  change in prisoners’ values and priorities, 218

  children in, 99

  cities, 426

  and civilian economy, merging, 468

  economic motive, 112

  as form of industrialization, 116–17, 214, 467–70

  labour force, 81, 467, 468

  legal justification for, 206

  legitimation of, 193

  letters from, 218, 220–22

  mass release (1945–6), 449

  material incentives in, 468, 470

  memoirs, 63
3–7

  mortality, wartime, 426

  officials, 631, 632–3

  population growth, 208, 234, 467

  relaxation (1950), 516–17

  ‘special installations’, 629

  specialists in, 214

  in wartime economy, 423, 425–31

  See also labour camps; prisoners; ‘special settlements’

  Gumilyvov, Nikolai, 268

  Gurevich, Mikhail, 558

  Gusev, Sergei (Iakov Drabkin), 1–2, 3–4, 36, 430

  Hasek, Jaroslav, 622

  hierarchy, see social hierarchy

  higher education

  entry to, 63, 435–6, 473, 510

  lishentsy barred, 66, 74

  post-war expansion, 471

  unreliables, weeding out, 478–9

  See also universities Hindus, Maurice, 96

  History of European Philosophy (Aleksandrov), 492

  History of the CPSU, The, 343

  Hitler, Adolf, 191, 235, 371–4, 386–7,

  holidays, 12, 46, 159, 161, 163

  homelessness, 99, 457

  ‘honour courts’, 492

  ‘hooliganism’, 575

  housekeepers, 13

  housing

  austerity, 14–19, 161

  ‘condensation’ policy, 9, 174–5

  lishentsy barred, 74

  nationalization, 74

  ownership rights, NEP, 71

  policy change (1930s), 152–3

  postwar crisis, 457, 458

  private family, 153, 160–61, 162–3, 168–9

  private ownership, abolition, 74

  shortage (1930s), 120–22, 172, 174

  See also communal apartments; eviction

  How the Steel Was Tempered (Ostrovsky), 43n

  Hungary, Uprising (1956), 575, 614, 616

  Iagoda, Genrikh, 112, 113, 237, 238

  Iakir, General, 237–8, 272

  Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 595

  Iakovlova, Nina, 38–9

  Iakutsk rebellion (1927), 208

  Ianin, Vladimir, 275

  Ianson, N. M., 113

  Iaroslav jail, 430

  Iaskina, Olga, 641

  Ideology and Utopia

  (Mannheim), 187

  Ielson-Grodziansky family, Dina, 361, 362, 554–5

  Ilin family, 244–5, 449–54, 561–3

  individualism

  eradication, 1, 2, 3–4, 8–9, 30

  peasants, 50

  industrialization, 67, 72, 81, 111, 564

  industrial terror (1928–32), 153

  industry internal market proposal, 444

  labour force, 5, 81, 83, 98, 355, 423–5, 467, 526

  post-war priorities, 458

  wartime reorganization, 422–3

  inflation, 1920s, 72

  informers, 251, 258–71, 478–81

  children, 107, 122–6, 129

  confronted by victims, 583–9

  forced, 259

  material rewards, 265–6

  motives, 39, 259, 261–3, 264–6, 478–80, 587

  recruitment, 144, 259–61, 262, 267

  registered, 258

  ‘reliables’, 258–9

  voluntary, 259

 

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