Thy Will Be Done

by Gerard Colby

  13. Adolf Berle to Allen Dulles, May 11, 1951, Berle Papers.

  17: IN THE WAKE OF WAR—AND THE CIA

  1. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 28.

  2. CIA cables on SIL in 1952, released under the Freedom of Information Act, are in the authors’ possession, courtesy of David Stoll.

  3. Ethel E. Wallis and Mary A. Bennett, Two Thousand Tongues to Go (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966), p. 288.

  4. Ibid., p. 281; and James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 173.

  5. L. Fletcher Prouty, The Secret Team (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), p. 60.

  6. Wallis and Bennett, Two Thousand Tongues, p. 310.

  7. The Director’s Column, Translation magazine (Wycliffe Bible Translators), January 1953.

  8. Central American Bulletin, September 1955, p. 3.

  9. Arbenz offered compensation of $1,185,000, exactly what United Fruit claimed the land was worth when the company paid its taxes.

  10. Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, May 25, 1953, 611–14/5–2553, National Archives.

  11. John Hill to Henry Holland, June 7, 1954, State Department Archives, released under Freedom of Information Act Case 840606 to Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 270–71.

  12. Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983), p. 112.

  13. Ibid., p. 116.

  14. Ibid., p. 126.

  15. David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), p. 49.

  16. Ibid., p. 48.

  17. Harvey O’Connor, World Crisis in Oil (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1962), p. 251.

  18. William Cameron Townsend and Richard Pittman, Remember All the Way (Huntington Beach, Calif.: Wycliffe Bible Translators, 1975), p. 27.

  19. New York Times, October 1, 1953, p. 11.

  20. Ibid.

  21. W. Cameron Townsend, “President Odría’s Visit to Eastern Peru: A New Day for the Jungle,” Peruvian Times, August 7, 1953, p. 3.

  22. Time (international edition), January 6, 1958, p. 25.

  23. Aviation Week, May 5, 1958, p. 120.

  24. El Comercio (Lima), February 28, 1953, pp. 5, 19.

  25. La Prensa (Lima), August 8, 1953.

  26. Ibid., pp. 1, 3.

  27. El Comercio, August 19, 1953.

  28. La Prensa, August 13, 1953, p. 2.

  29. Robert G. Le Tourneau, Mover of Men and Mountains (Chicago: Moody Press, 1967).

  30. Memo, Nelson Rockefeller to Louise A. Boyer, October 20, 1955, RG III B, Papers of Nelson Rockefeller—Personal, AIA-IBEC files, Box 7, Folder 72, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

  31. James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Dawn over Amazonia (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1972), p. 187.

  32. Russell T. Hitt, Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1973), p. 152.

  33. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Memorandum for the Files, October 1954, Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle file, Ann Whitman file, Administrative Series, Box 13, DDE—Papers of the President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

  34. Quoted in William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York: Dial Press, 1977), p. 347.

  18: IKE’S COLD WAR GENERAL

  1. Frank Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 145.

  2. Walter Bowart, Operation Mind Control (New York: Dell, 1978), p. 108.

  3. Robert Chin, CIA associate legislative counsel, to James Mitchie, investigator, Senate Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, October 29, 1975, cited in Senate Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee on the Judiciary, 94th Cong., 1st sess., September 10, 12 and November 7, 1975, Joint Hearings. Biomedical and Behavioral Research (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978), p. 997.

  4. John Collier, letter, Institute of Ethnic Affairs, May 8, 1954; “Statement of the Institute of Ethnic Affairs,” July 8, 1954; “Terminating the American Indian,” February 13, 1954; all in papers of John Collier, Yale University Library, New Haven.

  5. Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association for Economic and Social Development, 1968), p. 96.

  6. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 264.

  7. “Rockefeller’s IBEC,” Fortune, February 1955.

  8. Peter Seaborn Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 77, 91.

  9. New York Times, January 16, 1952, p. 38; August 17, 1953, p. 29; January 27, 1953, p. 29; January 22, 1953, p. 3; January 24, 1953, p. 1; January 31, 1953, sec. 4, p. 2; February 10, 1953, p. 22; and May 13, 1953, p. 36.

  10. See Arthur T. Moses, Case Study of the Agricultural Program of ACAR in Brazil (New York: National Planning Association, 1955). Nelson’s coffee firm in El Salvador was called PROCAFE.

  11. Robert Webb Coghill, “Memo: Personal Notes Relative to the Brazilian Petroleum Problem,” April 15, 1953, O.C, C. D. Jackson, President’s Official File, Box 854, File 164, Brazil (1), Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

  12. New York Times, June 19, 1953, p. 20; June 26, 1953, p. 5; and July 20, 1953, p. 11.

  13. Cited in Marcos Arruda, Herbet de Souza, and Carlos Afonso, Multinationals and Brazil (Toronto: Brazilian Studies, 1975), pp. 79–80.

  14. Shelton H. Davis, Victims of the Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 51. See also Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, “Relationio de Uma Investigacão Sobre Terras em Mato Grosso,” SPI 1954 (Rio de Janeiro, 1955), pp. 173–84.

  15. Tad Szulc, Twilight of the Tyrants (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1959), pp. 95–96.

  16. Harvey O’Connor, World Crisis in Oil (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1962), pp. 175, 96–98.

  17. Dallas Morning News, December 17, 1954.

  18. Adolf Berle, diary entry, January 3, 1955, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

  19. Corell Bell, Negotiations from Strength: A Study in the Policies of Power (London: Chatto & Windus, 1962), p. 91.

  20. Adolf Berle, diary entry, January 3, 1955, Berle Papers.

  21. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence, Book IV, Final Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), pp. 50–51. Nelson was appointed chairman of the OCB’s 5412 Committee. This Planning Coordination Group, or “Special Group” as it came to be called, was composed of Nelson (representing the president), Undersecretary of State Herbert Hoover, Jr. (representing Secretary Dulles), Defense Undersecretary Robert B. Anderson (representing Defense Secretary Wilson), and Allen Dulles (representing the CIA).

  22. William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York: Dial Press, 1977), p. 343.

  23. Stuart H. Leroy, “The CIA’s Use of the Press a ‘Mighty Wurlitzer,’” Columbia Journalism Review, September/October 1974.

  24. Congressional Reference Service catalog of CIA covert actions (CR5 75–50F), entered into the Congressional Record by Rep. Michael Harrington, September 30, 1975, pp. 31023–24.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid.

  27. See Christopher Simson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988).

  28. Robert Winters, “Allen Did Truth Serum Tests for U.S. Military,” Montreal Gazette, February 25, 1984.

  29. Adolf Berle, diary entry, March 27, 1957, Berle Papers.

  30. John D. Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate” (New York: Times
Books, 1979), p. 135. CIA ARTICHOKE program documents A/B, 1,76/4 “Total Isolation” (March 21, 1955); A/B,I, 76/17: “Total Isolation-Supplementary Report No. 2” (April 27, 1955); and A/B,I, 76/12: “Total Isolation—Additional Comments” (May 19, 1955). Copies of these and thousands of other documents were released to researchers, including the authors, by the CIA in 1978 as a direct result of legal pressure by author John Marks and congressional investigators.

  31. Gottlieb’s role is described in the Church Committee Report (1976) and in Marks, Search for the “Manchurian Candidate,” p. 79.

  32. MKULTRA subproject 35–10, May 16, 1955.

  33. Marks, Search for the “Manchurian Candidate,” p. 203. The CIA’s MKULTRA exploded with projects; over $655,000 went into Geshickter’s experiments alone, and his hospital became a medical safehouse for other CIA-funded operations, including the African-American Institute (AAI). Arthur Felberbaum, a former contracts officer for the AAI, told of bringing stressed-out African exchange students to the hospital during the year after CIA funding of AAI was revealed by the New York Times. Interview with Arthur Felberbaum, March 1978.

  34. “CIA Documents Tell of 1954 Project to Create Involuntary Assassins,” New York Times, February 9, 1978, p. A17.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Arthur Bernon Tourtellot, ed., Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), p. 182.

  37. Joseph B. Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976), pp. 268, 271–72.

  38. Ibid., p. 274.

  39. See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 322.

  40. Nelson Rockefeller, memorandum, “How the Planning Coordination Group Should Function,” August 9, 1955, White House Central Files (Confidential File), Subject Series, Box 61, “Psychological Warfare” folder, Eisenhower Library.

  41. Warren Hinckle, Robert Sheer, and Sol Stern, “The University on the Make,” Ramparts Special Collectors Edition (San Francisco: Ramparts Magazine, 1968), pp. 56, 58.

  42. Colonel Edward G. Lansdale, memorandum, “Some Thoughts on a Magsaysay Foundation,” April 12, 1957, pp. 8–9, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Boards, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Box 22, Folder 220: Ramón Magsaysay Award Foundation, 1957–1958 folder, Rockefeller Archive Center Tarrytown, New York.

  43. J. B. Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior, p. 179.

  44. “Philippine Diplomat Explains Why Group Won Awards,” Charlotte News, November 3, 1973.

  45. Harper Woodward’s fellow members of the CAT board included the CIA’s George Doole and Hugh Grundy; Samuel S. Walker, director of Equitable Life Assurance and a board member of the Free Europe Committee, a CIA conduit; Arthur B. Richardson, chairman of Chesebrough-Pond’s (formerly a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey); General Claire Chennault, cofounder (with William D. Pawley) of the Flying Tigers; and Brackley Shaw, an analyst on international aviation who had served under Air Force Secretary Stuart Symington during the Truman administration. See 1956 Aviation Directory listing for Civil Air Transport.

  19: DISARMING DISARMAMENT

  1. Joe Alex Morris, Nelson Rockefeller (New York: Harper & Bros., 1960), p. 300.

  2. James Desmond, Nelson Rockefeller: A Political Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1964), p. 147.

  3. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 275.

  4. Frank Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 176.

  5. C. D. Jackson, “Log: From Quantico to Geneva—June, July, 1955,” C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 72, Quantico Meetings (1) folder, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

  6. Stewart Alsop, Nixon and Rockefeller (New York: Doubleday, 1960), p. 95.

  7. Morris, Nelson Rockefeller, p. 300.

  8. Jackson, “Log: From Quantico to Geneva,” p. 2.

  9. Vernon A. Walters, Silent Mission (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978), p. 289.

  10. Desmond, Nelson Rockefeller, p. 150.

  11. Dwight D. Eisenhower, interview, John Foster Dulles Oral History Collection, Princeton University, cited in Herbert S. Palmer, Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: Macmillan, 1972), p. 406.

  12. Collier and Horowitz, The Rockefellers, p. 274.

  13. “Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy,” Quantico II Final Report to Nelson Rockefeller, November 1955, p. 22; White House Central Files (Confidential File), 1953–1961, Box 61, Nelson Rockefeller (4). Declassified through a Freedom of Information Act review requested by the authors.

  14. Stacy May, “Thresholds of Armament Effort—U.S. and USSR” (Paper 14), C. D. Jackson Papers, Box 73, Quantico Meetings (5) folder, November 1955, Eisenhower Library.

  15. “Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy.”

  16. Harry Rositzke, The CIA’s Secret Operations (New York: Thomas Co., 1977), p. 189.

  17. New York Times, February 27, 1967, p. 2.

  18. The Pentagon’s concerns go back to 1944 and can be found in the Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Records Division, National Archives.

  19. New York Times, April 1, 1955, p. 37.

  20. Texas Instruments’ Director Lloyd V. Berkner was the trustee (and, by 1957, chairman) of the Rockefeller Public Service Awards committee of Nelson Rockefeller’s Public Service Foundation; Berkner had been a member of the Rockefeller-sponsored Byrd expedition to the South Pole. Executive Vice President (and, by 1957, President) Patrick Haggerty would also emerge basking in the Rockefeller glow, as a member of the international advisory committee of David’s Chase Manhattan Bank and executive committee member (with David) of the Rockefeller Medical University and of the Trilateral Commission. Texas Instruments’ then-president, John E. Jonsson, also served with David Rockefeller on the board of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York’s insurance giant.

  21. Peter Seaborn Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 108–9.

  22. New York Times, September 9, 1955, p. 15; September 10, 1955, p. 3; and September 21, 1955, p. 50.

  23. The members of the Special Group were Ventures’ new president, Robert B. Anderson, the recently resigned deputy secretary of defense; Herbert Hoover, Jr., whose United Geophysical Co. had taken seismographic readings in the Sechura for Union Oil; and, of course, Nelson Rockefeller.

  24. Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller, pp. 182–83.

  25. Dwight Eisenhower to Nelson Rockefeller, December 23, 1955, Administration Series (Whitman File), Box 33, Rockefeller—1952–1955 folder, Eisenhower Library.

  26. Morris, Nelson Rockefeller, pp. 304–5.

  20: MESSENGERS OF THE SUN

  1. Accounts vary as to how SIL discovered the Helio Courier. In 1959, Cam told biographers Wallis and Bennett that he chanced upon a flying demonstration at a field near Tulsa and was impressed by the plane’s ability to take off at a sharp angle. By 1974, he was telling biographers Hefley and Hefley that he was returning to Sulphur Springs from Tulsa when suddenly “he saw a single engine plane—not a helicopter—hovering overhead, almost at a standstill! Hurrying to the nearby airport, Cam found and questioned the manager, who told him about the new Helio Courier.” Cam then took Larry Montgomery to the Helio manufacturing plant at Pittsburgh, Kansas. See Ethel E. Wallis and Mary A. Bennett, Two Thousand Tongues to Go (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966); and James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974).

  According to Lynn Bollinger, creator of the Helio, Larry Montgomery was alone when he introduced himself as a former air force officer. After inspecting the plane and making just one test flight, Montgomery allegedly put in a call to Cam and then bought it on the spot. When Bollinger quoted Montgomery a price of $27,500, the pilot pulled out a roll of bills and began peeling off over $12,000. “Put this down,” Bollinger remembered Montgomery’s saying, “and the Lord will provide the rest.” Interview with
Lynn Bollinger, Dallas, Texas, October 17, 1977. Actually, Quaker Oats heir Henry Crowell provided the rest.

  2. Quoted in Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 193.

  3. Office of the Coordinator, September 1940–December 1941, Box 458, RG 229, National Archives.

  4. W. C. Townsend to George Cross, December 20, 1955, Townsend Archives.

  5. Jaime Galarza, “Ecuador: Oil Orgy,” Prensa Latina Features, ES-1657.71, p. 4.

  6. John Camp to Ted Watson, March 8, 1948, AIA files, Camp Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

  7. Quoted in Rosemary Kingsland, A Saint Among Savages (London: William Collins, 1980), p. 97.

  8. Quoted in Life, January 30, 1956, p. 15.

  9. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Language and Faith (Santa Ana, Calif: Wycliffe Bible Translators, 1972), p. 46.

  10. Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 193.

  11. Billy Graham New York Crusade, Inc., Report of Receipts and Expenditures from Inception, May 17, 1956, to December 16, 1957, p. 3, included in Roger Hull, chairman of Billy Graham New York Crusade, Inc., to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and John D. Rockefeller 3rd, December 18, 1957, Protestant Council subseries, Billy Graham Crusade, New York, 1956–60 folder, Religious Interests Series, RG II, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

  12. Elizabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York: Harper & Bros., 1961), p. 63.

  21: THE HIDDEN PERSUADERS

  1. New York Times, April 23, 1956.

  2. “Fundamentalist Revival,” The Christian Century, June 19, 1957, p. 749.

  3. Advance, June 14, 1957, p. 6.

  4. Letter, Lindsley F. Kimball to Dana Creel, August 27, 1956, folder entitled “Protestant Council, Billy Graham Crusade, New York, 1956–60,” Religious Interests Series, RG II, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.

  5. Thomas C. Campbell, Jr., “Capitalism and Christianity,” Harvard Business Review, July/August 1957.

  6. John O. Pollack, Billy Graham (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 116.