by Gerard Colby
7. New York Times, December 8, 1957.
8. Billy Graham New York Crusade, Inc., Report of Receipts and Expenditures from Inception, May 17, 1956, to December 16, 1957, included in Roger Hull, chairman of Billy Graham New York Crusade, Inc., to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and John D. Rockefeller 3rd, December 18, 1957, and Protestant Council subseries, Billy Graham Crusade, New York, 1956–60 folder, Religious Interests Series, RG II, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
9. Adolf Berle to W. Averell Harriman, January 4, 1956, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
10. Robinson Rojas, Estados Unidos en Brazil (Santiago, Chile: Prensa Latinamerica, 1965), pp. 62–66, cited in Jan Knippers Black, United States Penetration of Brazil (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), p. 38n.
11. Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association for Economic and Social Development, 1968), pp. 57–58.
12. Richard M. Greenbaum to W. B. Dixon Stroud, November 16, 1956, Fazenda Bodoquena folder, Box 4, Public Relations Series, RG II, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
13. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, April 30, 1956, Papers of Nelson Rockefeller, Personal File, Country Series, General (1945–1971) folder, in ibid. (with clippings from the New York Times, April 30, 1956, entitled “Survey Disavows Brazil’s Oil Policy”).
14. See Engineering and Mining Journal, November 1975, p. 151.
15. Kenneth Kadow to Nelson Rockefeller and Berent Friele, March 14, 1947, Brazil IBEC folder, Box 7, IBEC Subseries, RG II, Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
16. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, April 7, 1953, RG III, 4B, Box 24, Folder 254, in ibid.
17. Robin Hanbury-Tenison, Report of a Visit to the Indians of Brazil (London: Survival International/Primitive Peoples Fund, 1971), p. 13.
18. Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, O Processo da Assimilação dos Terêna (Rio de Janeiro: Museo Nacional, 1960), pp. 130–32, 146–47.
19. Nelson Rockefeller to Walther Moreira Salles, March 7, 1956, Moreira Salles folder, Box 17, RG III, 4B, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
20. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, June 25, 1956, Box 24, RG III, 4B, in ibid.
21. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, April 7, 1953, in ibid; and Nelson Rockefeller to Walther Moreira Salles, March 7, 1956, Moreira Salles folder, Box 17, in ibid.
22. Nelson Rockefeller to Berent Friele, 1956, Folder 254, Box 24, RG III, 4B, in ibid.
23. Nelson Rockefeller to Walther Moreira Salles, May 25, 1956, Moreira Salles folder, Box 17, RG III, 4, in ibid.
24. Walther Moreira Salles to Berent Friele, December 31, 1955; and Nelson Rockefeller to Moreira Salles, January 13, 1956, Box 17, RG III, Moreira Salles folder, in ibid.
25. Richard Greenbaum to W. Dixon Stroud, November 16, 1956, Fazenda Bodoquena folder, Box 4, Public Relations Series, in ibid.
26. Richard Aldrich, news report, November 19, 1950, RG IV, Public Relations Series, Box 4, Brazil-R. Aldrich, Reports folder, in ibid.
27. For more on União and Gulf, see Peter Seaborn Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 51, 110, 114, 119–21; on João Moreira Salles, see “Who Is Who in the Banco Moreira Salles,” Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Personal File, countries series, Folder 123, in Rockefeller Archive Center.
28. George Washburne, report, November 28, 1955, pp. 36–37, Funds—Brazil—IFI folder, Box 7, IBEC subseries, Wayne G. Broehl Papers, in Rockefeller Archive Center.
29. Frank Jamieson to Henry Bagley, February 21, 1957, Fazenda Bodoquena folder, Box 4, in ibid.
30. IBEC Press Release, in ibid.
31. Henry M. Bagley to Francis M. Jamieson, February 20, 1957, in ibid.
32. These companies, backed by Chase’s CIT Finance Corporation, arranged one- to five-year loans for purchasing American equipment. Using Point IV credits for old-fashioned profit making, IBEC became involved in a wider range of Third World operations, including mining in apartheid Rhodesia, a cement factory in Thailand, and an auto plant in Brazil.
33. Willard Price, “The Amazing Amazon,” Reader’s Digest, September 1952, p. 6.
34. Richard Aldrich to John D. Rockefeller 3rd, February 27, 1959, Japan Society File, Rockefeller Family Archives, cited in Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), pp. 706–7.
22: THE BROTHERHOOD
1. Quoted in Stephen R. Graubard, Kissinger (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), p. 108.
2. Frank Gervasi, The Red Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 195.
3. Nelson Rockefeller to Alberto Lleras Camargo, August 9, 1958, Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Personal Files, Box 24, Folder 108, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
4. Dallas Morning News, November 5, 1958.
5. Joe Alex Morris, Nelson Rockefeller (New York: Harper & Bros., 1960), p. 330.
6. Adolf Berle, diary entry, January 29, 1958, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
7. See Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983), pp. 236–38.
8. Adolf Berle, diary entry, December 4, 1958, Berle Papers.
9. Adolf Berle, diary entry, April 3, 1958, in ibid.
10. Adolf Berle, diary entry, October 16, 1958, in ibid.
11. John T. O’Rourke, “Our Man in Havana, William D. Pawley,” Washington Daily News, February 20, 1961, p. 3.
12. Oren Root, Persons and Persuasions (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), p. 143.
13. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, April 17, 1959, Berent Friele folder, RG IV, Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Personal Files, Box 16, Series E, Rockefeller Archive Center.
14. Adolf Berle, diary entry, May 17, 1956, Berle Papers.
15. Confidential Memorandum, “João Belchior Marques Goulart,” April 25, 1956, Department of State, Division of Biographic Information, Whitman File, Box 4, Brazil (10) folder, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
16. Ibid.
17. Shelton H. Davis, Victims of the Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 113.
18. Adolf Berle, diary entry, July 16–30, 1956, Berle Papers.
19. Adolf Berle, diary entry, August 1, 1945, in ibid.
20. Adolf Berle, diary entry, September 17, 1957, in ibid.
21. Lucien Bodard, Green Hell (New York: Outerbridge & Dientsfrey, 1971), p. 267.
22. Ibid., p. 262; Davis, Victims of the Miracle, p. 3; and Darcy Ribeiro, A Política Indigenista Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Minesterio da Agricultura Serviço de Informação o Agricola [Atvalidade Agrâria, 1], 1962). (An abbreviated English-language version of this last work can be found in International Labor Review 85 [1962], entitled “The Social Integration of Indigenous Populations in Brazil.” It is quoted in Walter Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian in South America [Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972], pp. 449–50.) Brazilian constitutions after 1910 explicitly incorporated Indian land-tenure rights enacted in the legislation of that year, which created the Service for the Protection of the Indian.
23. Bodard, Green Hell, pp. 262–63.
24. Dale W. Kietzman, “Tendências de Ordem Lexical de Aculturação Lingüística em Terêna,” Revista de Antropologia (São Paulo), no. 6, pp. 15–21. Abstract in International Journal of American Linguistics, no. 27 (1961), p. 160. Kietzman’s technical study preceded by seven years the publication of booklets and a reader by the SIL team working full-time among the Terêna. See Alan C. Wares, ed., Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, vol. 1, 1935–1975 (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1979), pp. 57, 138.
25. The SIL team, Muriel Perkins and Muriel Ekdahl, were sent to the SPI post at Cachoerinha
, a Terêna village about fifty miles northwest of Aquidauana. Ethel E. Wallis and Mary A. Bennett, Two Thousand Tongues to Go (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966), p. 249.
26. Samuel Guy Inman, New Day in Guatemala (Milton, Conn.: Worldview Press, 1957), p. 13.
27. Edward A. Jameson, “The Indian Conference Hear from Some Guatemalan Indians,” memorandum of May 21, 1959, enclosure in Elmer F. Bennett, “Classified Report of the United States Delegation to the Fourth Inter-American Indian Conference, Guatemala City, Guatemala, May 16 to May 25, 1959,” June 9, 1959, Papers of Elmer F. Bennett, Box 6, folder entitled “Guatemala Trip, Aug. 12–29,” Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
28. Jameson, “The Indian Conference,” p. 3.
29. Bennett, “Classified Report of the United States Delegation,” p. 1.
30. Ibid., pp. 4–5.
31. Ibid., p. 5.
32. Ibid.
33. Doris Stone to Elmer Bennett, May 27, 1959, Papers of Elmer F. Bennett, Box 6, “Guatemala Trip, Aug. 12–29,” Eisenhower Library.
34. W. C. Townsend, press release, June 8, 1959. Papers of Elmer F. Bennett, Box 7, in ibid.
35. C. D. Jackson to Dwight D. Eisenhower, August 13, 1954, White House Central Files (Confidential File), Subject Series, Box 61, in ibid.
36. William Cameron Townsend, “Friendship Flight of the ‘Marshall Rondon,’” manuscript, October 1959, Papers of Elmer F. Bennett, Box 6, in ibid.
37. James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 209.
38. H.R. 776, “Townsend’s bill,” introduced by Representatives Jarman and Allott and backed in the Senate by South Dakota’s William Langer, a former Rockefeller Foundation fellow and CIA officer, amended the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949.
39. Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 210.
23: ASCENT OF THE HAWK
1. “Negro Protests Close Local Diners,” and “Merchants, Police Confer on Lunch Counter Service,” Charlotte Observer, February 10, 1960.
2. Charlotte Observer, November 13, 1956.
3. Quoted in James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), pp. 200, 205.
4. “Billy Graham Speaks at Belk Devotional,” Charlotte News, October 23, 1958.
5. Dallas Morning News, July 4, 1960.
6. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 92.
7. Quoted in Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), pp. 39–40; and Alleged Assassination Plots, pp. 93–94.
8. Quoted in Thomas Kanza, Conflict in the Congo (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1972), p. 241.
9. Greg Lanning with Marti Mueller, Africa Undermined: Mining Companies and the Underdevelopment of Africa (New York: Penguin, 1979), pp. 239, 242.
10. Alleged Assassination Plots, p. 235.
11. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 298.
12. Alleged Assassination Plots, p. 235.
13. Ibid., p. 18.
14. Ibid., p. 55.
15. Ibid., p. 52.
16. Ibid., p. 21.
17. Quoted in Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 211–12.
18. Alleged Assassination Plots, p. 21.
19. See Rayburn Library folder, in files of Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
20. Dallas Morning News, December 19, 1959.
21. James Desmond, Nelson Rockefeller: A Political Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1964), p. 241.
22. Nelson Rockefeller, speech before World Affairs Council of Philadelphia, April 22, 1960, Rockefeller 1959–1960 folder, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
23. Nelson Rockefeller, Law Day Speech at University of Chicago, May 1, 1960, in ibid.
24. Quoted in G. Bernard Noble, Christian A. Herter (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1962), pp. 80–81.
25. Quoted in L. Fletcher Prouty, The Secret Team (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973), p. 378.
26. Quoted in Desmond, Nelson Rockefeller, p. 261.
27. Ibid., p. 264.
28. Houston Chronicle, July 13, 1960.
29. Quoted in Collier and Horowitz, The Rockefellers, p. 342.
30. Quoted in Desmond, Nelson Rockefeller, p. 282.
31. Adolf Berle, diary entry, July 25, 1960, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
32. Collier and Horowitz, The Rockefellers, p. 329n.
33. Interview with Roswell Gilpatric, Oral History Project, p. 3, John F. Kennedy Library.
34. Henry Kissinger to Adolf Berle, October 17, 1960, Berle Papers.
35. N. Rockefeller to A. Berle, October 25, 1960, in ibid.
36. Rockefeller Foundation, “International Relations,” December 1960, in ibid.
37. Frank Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 241.
38. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972; reprint, Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1973), p. 46 (page citations througout these notes are to the reprint edition).
39. Alleged Assassination Plots, p. 48.
40. Memorandum, Lynn Bollinger to International Cooperation Administration, Office of Transportation: Ready to Go: A Low Cost Proven Air and Radio Communications System for Underdeveloped Countries, March 9, 1961. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
41. Authors’ interview with confidential source, New York City, November 12, 1977.
42. Letter, Ronald Holden to Herbert L. Fenster, “RE: GAC Claim Against CIA; My Client: Jungle Aviation and Radio Service,” March 2, 1977, p. 3. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
43. Memorandum, Nathan C. Fitts to Laurence R. Houston, June 5, 1962, “Subject: Contract with General Aircraft Corporation Inc. Involving Services of Laurence J. Montgomery.” A copy is in the authors’ possession.
44. Authors’ interview with Laurence J. Montgomery, Cross Anchor, S.C., September 12, 1977.
45. Memorandum, Larry Montgomery to Lynn Bollinger, August 21, 1961. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
46. L. Fletcher Prouty, “Precis: Project Eagle. A Plan for the Development of the Continent of Africa,” March 1961. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
47. G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 138.
24: DEADLY INHERITANCE
1. Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), pp. 139, 100.
2. For a fuller account of Helms’s role, see Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979).
3. Wyden, Bay of Pigs, pp. 109–10, 139.
4. Jordan A. Schwarz, liberal: Adolph Berle and the Vision of an American Era (New York: Free Press, 1987), p. 326.
5. Adolf Berle, diary entry, January 9, 1961, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
6. Adolf Berle, diary entry, February 27, 1961, in ibid.
7. “U.S. Assistance to Colombia in Combatting Guerrillas: Secret Position Paper Prepared for the State Visit by Colombian President Lleras; April 5–16, 1960.” Department of State, declassified by a request of the authors under the Freedom of Information Act, Box 7, Whitman Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
8. Ibid.
9. Adolf Berle, diary entry, February 27, 1961, Berle Papers.
10. Ibid.
11. Adolf Berle, diary entry, March 2, 1961, in ibid.
12. Jan Knippers Black, United States Penetration of Brazil (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), p. 39.
13. Adolf Berle, diary entry, March 2, 1961, Berle Papers.
14. Wyden, Bay of Pigs, p. 147.
15. CIA Information Report No. C5-3/470, 587, cited in ibid., p. 169.
16. William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York: Dial Press,
1977), pp. 383–85.
17. Quoted in Wyden, Bay of Pigs, p. 271.
18. Quoted in ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 168.
20. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 92–93, 97. Attorney General Robert Kennedy also was not informed; nor was Bissell’s former student at Yale University, National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy. See ibid., pp. 118–19, 121–23.
21. Ibid., pp. 96–98.
22. Ibid., pp. 81–82.
23. Ibid., p. 81. The committee reported that “the support chief recalled that Colonel J. C. King, head of the Western Hemisphere Division, gave him $50,000 in Bissell’s office to pay the Cuban if he successfully assassinated Castro.”
24. Wyden, Bay of Pigs, pp. 271–72.
25. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 288.
26. Quoted in Wyden, Bay of Pigs, p. 209.
27. Quoted in Joseph B. Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976), p. 351.
28. Quoted in Paul B. Fay, Jr., The Pleasure of His Company (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), pp. 174–75.
29. Quoted in Wyden, Bay of Pigs, p. 306.
30. Interview with Roswell Gilpatric, p. 17, Oral History Project, John F. Kennedy Library; and Philip Yancey, “Wycliffe: A Mission in Search of a Future,” Christianity Today, February 19, 1982, p. 21.
31. Interview with Gilpatric, p. 40.
32. Richard Alan White, The Morass: United States Intervention in Central America (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 87.
33. William R. Kintner, New Frontiers of War: Political Warfare Present and Future (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1962), p. 287.
34. See Philip Agee, Inside the Company (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1975), pp. 156–205.
35. Ibid., p. 172.
36. Diario del Ecuador (Quito), September 21, 1958. The Cubans were photographed by reporters investigating the disappearance of Dr. Robert Tremblay, a Canadian psychiatrist and fortune seeker who then committed suicide or was killed by the Huaorani during an expedition into their oil-rich territory.
37. The two companies, Norsul Oil and Mining of Albany, Georgia, and Phoenix Ecuador Oil of Toronto, actually fronts for Texaco and Gulf, respectively, got the concession in August.