by Gerard Colby
38. Quoted in James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 223.
39. See Peter Seaborn Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 125–28, 136–37.
40. Adolf Berle, diary entry, May 23, 1961, Berle Papers.
41. Quoted in deLesseps S. Morrison, Latin American Mission: An Adventure in Hemisphere Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), p. 86.
42. Quoted in ibid.
43. Quoted in Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance That Lost Its Way (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 71–72.
44. Freeport Sulphur was controlled by the Whitneys, the Standard Oil heirs whose scion, John Hay Whitney, was one of Nelson’s closest friends. “Jock” Whitney had headed Freeport Sulphur. Rockefeller Foundation trustee Robert Lovett and later Jean Mauzé (third husband of Nelson’s sister Babs) represented the Rockefeller holdings on Freeport’s board. Nelson’s second cousin, Godfrey Rockefeller, also sat on Freeport’s board, representing the interests of the William Rockefeller branch of the family in New York’s First National City Bank, then headed by Godfrey’s brother, James Stillman Rockefeller.
45. Quoted in Milt Machlin, The Search for Michael Rockefeller (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), p. 242.
46. Quoted in ibid.
47. During World War II, De Bruyn had served as an Allied intelligence officer in Japanese-occupied New Guinea, living among the tribes while reporting on Japanese troop movements.
48. Adrian A. Gerbans, The Asmat of New Guinea: The Journal of Michael Clark Rockefeller (New York: Museum of Primitive Art, 1967), p. 43.
49. Machlin, The Search for Michael Rockefeller, p. 9.
50. Time, December 1, 1961, p. 17.
51. Life, December 1, 1961.
52. Machlin, The Search for Michael Rockefeller, p. 225.
53. Frank Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), p. 246.
25: BUILDING THE WARFARE STATE
1. New York Times, February 22, 1960.
2. New York Times, March 5, 1960.
3. Jack Newfield, “The Case Against Nelson Rockefeller,” New York, March 9, 1970.
4. New York Times, November 21, 1974.
5. William R. Kintner, “The Scope of U.S. Actions, Abroad,” p. 11, Joseph Dodge Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
6. Time, November 3, 1961, p. 14.
7. IBEC Annual Report, 1959 (see reference to Fluid Power Division), 1961 (see Bellows-Valvair division description), and 1963.
8. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Kennedys (New York: Summit Books, 1984; reprint, New York: Warner Books, 1985), p. 265 (page citations throughout these notes are to the reprint edition).
9. Seymour Melman, Pentagon Capitalism: The Political Economy of War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970) p. 78.
10. Adolf Berle, Diary File, Box XXII, December 29, 1961, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
11. Adolf Berle to Richard Goodwin, November 28, 1961, in ibid.
12. Adolf Berle, diary entry, July 7, 1961, in ibid.
13. A. A. Berle, “Psychological Offensive in Latin America” [Confidential], June 29, 1961, Box XXII, p. 3, in ibid.
14. Ibid., pp. 16, 5, 4.
15. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
16. Cable, A. Berle to N. Rockefeller, October 19, 1961, Box 220, Berle Papers.
17. Roger E. Boulton, Defense Purchases and Regional Growth (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1966), pp. 9, 153,169.
18. The official story of AIA’s operations can be found in Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association for Economic and Social Development, 1986); the AIA’s credit operations for agriculture in Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described in Arthur T. Mosher, Case Study of Agricultural Program of ACAR in Brazil (New York: National Planning Association, 1955).
19. Elizabeth A. Cobbs, “Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy: Nelson Rockefeller and the Development of the Brazilian Capital Market,” Business History Review 63 (Spring 1989), p. 113.
20. “Latin American Information Committee, Programing Session, Arden House, May 15 and 16, 1961,” attachment to letter from M. J. Rathbone (Standard Oil of New Jersey) to C. D. Jackson (Time, Inc.), LAIC file, C. D. Jackson Papers, Eisenhower Library.
26: MIRACLES DÉJÀ VU
1. James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 224.
2. Charlotte Observer, February 6, 1962.
3. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), pp. 582–83.
4. “State Visit by Colombia President Lleras, April 4–16, 1960. Position Paper: U.S. Assistance to Colombia in Combatting Guerrillas,” Secret, Department of State, Colombia file, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. Declassified in August 1982 and released to the authors pursuant to their request for mandatory review under the Freedom of Information Act.
5. Helio Courier Owners List, July 8, 1975, provided to the authors by Theodore Dinsmoor, attorney for Lynn Bollinger, president of General Aircraft.
6. Charlotte Observer, October 14, 1961.
7. Charlotte got the inside track because Joseph Robinson, Charlotte branch manager of the Wachovia Bank and head of the city’s Belk-dominated Chamber of Commerce, raised $50,000 for the fair. Robinson looked to New York for Charlotte’s future. He made six trips to New York that year to induce companies to move to Charlotte, more trips than he made to any other city. Robinson was closely allied with John Belk, who was elected vice president of the Chamber of Commerce that December. In 1964, when Wachovia Bank assigned Robinson to its Winston-Salem office despite his protests, the Belks would come to his rescue with a job, so he could remain in Charlotte.
By 1962 Charlotte’s Chamber of Commerce would be led by veterans from Rockefeller interests. Former Chase Manhattan Bank vice president Patrick Calhoun was chairman of the chamber’s education committee and vice president of the North Carolina National Bank, where Tom Belk was director. B. L. Ray, director of Standard Oil of New Jersey, chaired the chamber’s aviation committee. It was he who welcomed one of Laurance Rockefeller’s new Eastern Airlines jetliners to Charlotte’s airport in February 1962. The Eastern jet also sported a new name that “was symbolic of the importance that the Rockefeller-owned airline placed on the home of the Belks: “The City of Charlotte: Spearhead of the New South.” Charlotte Observer, February 6, 1962.
8. John Belk would become mayor of Charlotte. In 1961 Irwin was already a rising politician-businessman; a sitting member of North Carolina’s House of Representatives, he had been a delegate to the 1960 Democratic Convention with then-Governor Luther Hodges. And like Sanz de Santamaría, Irwin Belk was committed to the Cold War, serving on the regional board of the CIA’s [Radio] Free Europe Committee.
9. This point was originally made by David R. Goldfield in Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
10. “JFK Tells Division, ‘I’m Proud of You,’” Charlotte Observer, October 13, 1961.
11. Ibid.
12. Victor Daniel Bonilla, Servants of God or Masters of Men? (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1972), pp. 224–36. On Texaco’s board, and privy to many of its secrets, was Augustus Long, a member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. Long was also a director of Freeport Sulphur, the former owner of Cuban nickel that was currently hopeful of exploiting New Guinea copper. In the world of high finance and global mining, it seemed almost a small circle of friends.
13. Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 225.
14. Bonilla, Servants of God, pp. 207–11, 225.
15. Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 225.
16. Ibid., p. 226.
17. Robert G. Schneider to Robert Forbes Woodward, October 10, 1961, letter with attached proposal, “An Idea for Inter-American Friendship,” John F. Kennedy Library (originally released under the Freedom of Information Act to
David Stoll).
18. Interview with Roswell Gilpatric, Oral History Project, Kennedy Library, p. 46.
19. Philip Agee, Inside the Company (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1975), pp. 233–34, 279–81, 283, 292–94.
20. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, p. 767.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 768.
23. Agee, Inside the Company, pp. 279–80, 283–95.
24. Ibid., pp. 151, 229.
25. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Book II, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), pp. 85, 77, citing Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Federal Data Banks, Computers and the Bill of Rights: Hearings Before the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971), p. 1137 (specifically, letter on army intelligence reports and daily summaries from Deputy Attorney General Warren Christopher to Major General William P. Yarborough, Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, May 15, 1968), and pp. 1123–38.
26. Survey Report of General William P. Yarborough, February 26, 1962, National Security File, Box 319, Special Group Meetings—Fort Bragg (6) folder, Kennedy Library.
27. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Attempts Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 195.
28. Ibid., pp. 200–201, 206.
29. Survey report by General Yarborough.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., “Observations and Suggestions Bearing Upon Improvement of Counter Insurgency Capabilities,” p. 2.
32. Ibid., p. 3.
33. Ibid., p. 4.
34. Chart, “Organization for Treatment of Counterinsurgency Matters in the Department of Defense,” in ibid. Lansdale, as assistant to the undersecretary of defense, was the top “focal point” in this chart.
35. Ibid., Section 3: Survey Team Activities—Colombia, p. 8.
36. Ibid., “Secret Supplement—Colombian Survey Report.”
37. Ibid., p. 5.
38. “El Institute Linguistico de Verano,” Boletín de Antropología (Medellín, Colombia: University of Antigua, 1976), pp. 9–13.
39. APCO map of Macarena Mountains, purchased in Colombia, in the authors’ possession.
27: CAMELOT VERSUS POCANTKO: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF JOHN F.KENNEDY
1. White House statement, July 19, 1962.
2. Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance That Lost Its Way (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970), p. 82.
3. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 123.
4. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 803.
5. The CIA officer was William Harvey. The attorney general’s intervention won the enmity of many in King’s old-boy network, including Harvey. See Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975) p. 148n.
6. New York Times, July 16, 1961, p. 3.
7. David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: Random House, 1964), p. 325.
8. Quoted in Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), pp. 497–98.
9. Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), pp. 36–37; and Gregg Herken, Counsels of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), p. 364.
10. Adolf Berle, diary entry, October 29, 1962, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
11. Adolf Berle, diary entry, November 20, 1962, in ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, p. 635.
14. Quoted in George F. McManus, The Inside Story of Steel Wages and Prices, 1958–1967 (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1967), p. 48.
15. Ibid., p. 192.
16. Life, July 6, 1962, p. 33.
17. In 1960, Rockefeller Brothers, Inc.’s J. Richardson Dilworth presided over the union of American Overseas Finance Company, controlled by IBEC and CIT Financial Corporation, and the Transoceanic Development Corporation, Ltd., controlled by Kuhn, Loeb (Dilworth’s former employer), First Boston Corp. and S. G. Warburg & Co. of London. The resulting company, Transoceanic AOFC, Ltd., held a portfolio of $26.6 million worth of holdings in twenty-nine countries and was majority controlled by A. O. Investing Company, which, in turn, was controlled by IBEC.
IBEC also directly had holdings in foreign investment banks and private development companies such as Lima’s Inversiones Abancay, S.A.; Bogotá’s Compañia Administradora Finibec, Ltda.; the Middle East Development Corporation (with offices in Beirut, Cairo, and the Hague); the Industrial and Mining Bank of Iran (one of the Shah’s favorites); and the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of Pakistan.
IBEC directors and Rockefeller confidants sat on the boards of similar foreign financial holding companies and mutual funds. In 1958, IBEC Chairman Robert Purcell was also a director of Canada’s Mutual Fund, Ltd.; Investor International Mutual; and the Anelex Corporation. In addition, Nelson’s IBEC, which went public in 1962 and began selling shares as a company with over $100 million in assets, had its Crescinco mutual funds investing in companies throughout Latin America, including in Brazil alone over 100 companies.
18. Newsweek, November 19, 1962, pp. 34–35; and U.S. News and World Report, November 19, 1962, pp. 50–52.
19. See Myer Kutz, Rockefeller Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), p. 222.
20. Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), p. 100.
21. Quoted in Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Kennedys (New York: Warner Books, 1985), pp. 304–5.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 303.
24. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1973), p. 360.
25. Adolf Berle, diary entry, September 25, 1962, Berle Papers.
26. Adolf Berle, diary entry, February 4, 1963, in ibid.
27. Adolf Berle, diary entry, March 12, 1963, in ibid.
28. Houston Chronicle, April 1, 1963.
29. Interview with Roswell Gilpatric, Oral History Project, pp. 93–94, John F. Kennedy Library.
30. New York Times, May 10, 1963.
31. Quoted in Frank Gervasi, The Real Rockefeller (New York: Atheneum, 1964), pp. 253–56.
32. Ibid., p. 255.
33. Houston Observer, September 3, 1963.
34. Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1963.
35. Associated Press report by Jack Bell, October 21, 1963.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Maxwell Taylor, Swords and Plowshares (New York: W.W. Norton, 1972), p. 301.
39. Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, p. 360.
40. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 132.
41. Wise and Ross, Invisible Government, p. 254.
42. Gilpatric, Oral History, p. 94.
43. Houston Chronicle, November 17, 1963.
44. On Argentina, see Joseph B. Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976), p. 373; on Ecuador, see Philip Agee, Inside the Company (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1975), pp. 283–96.
45. Miami Herald, December 24, 1966.
46. Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Press/Doubleday 1983), pp. 243–44.
47. New York Times, April 28, 1963; Richard Gott, Rural Guerrillas in Latin America (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1973), p. 85.
48. According to author Peter Dale Scott, Standard Fruit director Seymour Weiss was a charter member of the Information Council of the Americas (INCA). An IRS i
nvestigation of Weiss for an alleged money-laundering scheme with mobster Meyer Lansky and payoffs to politicians was dropped after the murder of Weiss’s alleged partner, Governor Huey Long, a presidential hopeful and probably the prime target of these federal investigations during the Roosevelt administration. Weiss was subsequently jailed for fraud in 1940. See T. Harry Williams, Huey Long (New York: Bantam, 1969), pp. 865–67; William Ivy Hair, The Kingfish and His Realm (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), p. 286; New York Times, July 18, 1939, and November 20, 1940; Hank Messick, Lansky (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971), p. 83; Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 97–99.
In 1940, Standard Fruit’s vice president, Lucca Vaccaro, was indicted, along with Long’s brother and the entire New Orleans dock board, for extortion and embezzlement. See Scott, Deep Politics, p. 100; New York Times, July 24, 1940; Charles Rappleye and Ed Becker, All-American Mafioso: The Johnny Roselli Story (Garden City, NX: Doubleday, 1991), p. 151. Carlos Marcello’s rise in New Orleans crime was based on his partnership in gambling, drugs, and protection rackets with Lansky, Frank Costello, and Lucky Luciano. He and John Roselli, who was involved in CIA assassination plots against Fidel Castro, reportedly ensured labor “peace” for Standard Fruit on the docks of New Orleans, New Jersey, and New York. They also ensured that casino gambling concessions in Guatemala, where Standard Fruit purchased bananas, would be continued despite the opposition of President Castillo Armas of 1954 coup fame; the president’s opposition ended shortly after Roselli visited Guatemala City: Castillo Armas was assassinated by one of his own guards, in the classic mode of an inside job.
Other INCA members with ties to Standard Fruit were Eberhard Deutsch, Standard Fruit’s general counsel, and William I. Monaghan and Manuel Gil, both of whom were Standard Fruit employees. Monaghan, a former FBI agent, resigned to join the Reily Coffee Company, where Lee Harvey Oswald also was employed at the time. The coffee company was owned by Eustis Reily, an INCA member, and William B. Reily, a supporter of the Free Cuba Committee, a conduit for donations to the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC), of which Gil was a leader in New Orleans. See Scott, Deep Politics, p. 95; and Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans (New York: Canyon Books, 1967), p. 362.