by Gerard Colby
34. Authors’ interview with Timothy Plowman, Cambridge, Mass., November 1977.
35. Quoted in Marks, Search for the “Manchurian Candidate,” p. 202.
36. Homer V. Pinkley, “Plant Admixtures to Ayahuasca, the South American Hallucinogenic Drink,” Lloydia 32, no. 3 (September 1969). Pinkley presented this paper to the tenth annual meeting of Schultes’s Society for Economic Botany, held at Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, home of the famed Longwood Gardens, the estate of Pierre S. du Pont II, the late munitions and chemical millionaire. Pinkley acknowledged the assistance of SIL’s M. “Bub” Borman and Carolyn Orr, translators among, respectively, the Kofán and Quichua Indians (p. 313). Pinkley also drew upon previous linguistic work by SIL’s Rachel Saint, Glen Turner, John Lindskoog, Bruce Moore, and Orville Johnson (translators for the Huaorani, Shuar, Cayapa, Colorado, and Secoya tribes, respectively), and the botanical work of former SIL anthropologist Ken Kensinger.
37. Army Research Task Summary, fiscal year 1961 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1961), Vol. 1, p. 222. Taylor’s contract was DA-108-405-735.
38. Margaret B. Kreig, Green Medicine: The Search for Plants That Heal (New York: Rand McNally, 1964), p. 130.
39. Ibid., p. 122.
40. “Expert Hunts Secrets of Old Witchdoctors,” Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1959.
41. Technical Abstract Bulletin, 67–11, June 1, 1967, Defense Documentation Center, Department of Defense, Alexandria, Virginia. (The bulletin was published biweekly.)
42. Ibid.
43. Technical Abstract Bulletin, April 15, 1966.
44. Authors’ interview with former ANDCO employee, 1977.
33: DEATH OF A CONTINENTAL REVOLUTION
1. Shelton Davis and Robert O. Mathews, The Geological Imperative: Anthropology and Development in the Amazon Basin of South America (Cambridge, Mass.: Anthropological Resource Center, 1976), p. 72.
2. La Crónica, February 21, 1964.
3. Sherman Kent, Office of National Estimates, Central Intelligence Agency, Special Memorandum No. 19–65, Subject: Prospects in Peru, July 29, 1965, National Security File, Country File—Peru, folder: Peru—Cables Vol. 6 (11/63–11/65), Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
4. Armando Artola, ¡Subversion! (Lima: Editorial Juridica, 1976), pp. 22–23.
5. Che Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare (New York: Vintage Books, 1961), pp. 30–35, 80–81.
6. Authors’ interview with Christopher Roper, London, February 25, 1978.
7. Authors’ interview with confidential source, Lima, November 9, 1976.
8. “Gestapo Official Is Linked to U.S. Intelligence,” New York Times, February 8, 1983.
9. El Espectador (Bogotá), December 8, 12, 1963.
10. Victor Daniel Bonilla, “The Destruction of the Colombian Indian Groups,” in The Situation of the Indian in South America, ed. Walter Dostal (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), p. 58.
11. El Espectador, December 8, 1963.
12. Ibid., December 17, 1963, p. 8-A.
13. St. Petersburg Times, May 5, 1988, p. 4a.
14. Testimony of Mike Tsalickis before the First Colombian-Brazilian Universities Scientific Conference on Investigations of the Amazon, 1974; addenda No. 2 and No. 3.
15. St. Petersburg Times, May 5, 8, 1988.
16. Roberto Fabrico, “To Die in Cuba,” Tropic (Sunday magazine of the Miami Herald), November 6, 1977, p. 23. The headquarters for the raid, code-named JMWAVE, were located at the former Richmond Naval Station at the University of Miami South Campus near Perrine, Florida. Fabrico’s main source for his article was paramilitary expert Bradley Ayers, who claimed to have met “Colonel Roselli,” Mafia assassin John Roselli, during the mobster’s visits to the base to recruit sharpshooters for an assassination team—allegedly to kill Castro.
17. For more on Barbie and Bolivia, see Charles Ashman and Robert J. Wagman, The Nazi Hunters (New York: Pharos Books, 1988), pp. 146–51; Albert Bran, “Barbie robe colecta nacional en Bolivia,” Diario La Republica (La Paz), May 15, 1987, p. 20.
18. Michael F. Brown and Eduardo Fernández, War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1991), p. 93.
19. Ladislas Farago, Aftermath (New York: Avon, 1975), pp. 89–92, 220, 274, 467.
20. “Pombo’s Diary,” September 28, 1966, in Daniel James, ed., The Complete Bolivian Diaries of Che Guevara and Other Captured Documents (New York: Stein & Day, 1968).
21. Robert Scheer, ed., The Diary of Che Guevara (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), entry for July 1, 1967.
22. Ibid., entry for January 19, 1967, pp. 50–51.
23. Washington Post, May 17, 1975.
24. The Diary of Che Guevara, p. 120.
25. Ibid., p. 121.
26. Ibid., entry for May 29, 1967, p. 118.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., entry for March 31, 1967, p. 86.
29. Quoted in Richard Gott, Rural Guerrillas in Latin America (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1973), p. 525.
30. Ibid., p. 527.
31. On JAARS’s “transport,” see David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), pp. 150–51. On the 1961 willingness to engage in “espionage,” see Jerry Elder to Cameron Townsend, December 4, 1962, Townsend Archives. Stoll also quotes SIL’s James Wroughton; SIL’s Eugene Loos subsequently sent Stoll his own denial: “We know of no [SIL] flights made in that area at that time, and none of our linguistic personnel were working in that area at that time.”
32. Diary of Che Guevara, entry for September 18, 1967, p. 178.
33. Andrew St. George, “How the U.S. Got Che,” True magazine, April 1969.
34. Diary of Che Guevara, entry for September 26, 1967, p. 182.
35. Michele Ray, “In Cold Blood: How the CIA Executed Che,” Ramparts magazine, 1969, pp. 147–48.
36. Felix Rodriguez and John Weisman, Shadow Warrior (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), p. 163.
37. Ibid., p. 164.
38. Ibid., p. 168.
39. Ibid., p. 171.
40. Ibid., p. 172.
41. Ibid., pp. 174–75.
42. Ibid., p. 178.
43. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 125.
34: THE ENEMY WITHIN
1. Washington Post, September 9, 1979.
2. Ralph de Toledano, RFK: The Man Who Would Be President (New York: New American Library/Signet, 1968), p. 339.
3. Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance That Lost Its Way (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1970), p. 151. Levinson and de Onis interviewed Thorbine Reid, II, the former deputy director of the Peace Corps in Peru, who was in an auto with Kennedy and Ernesto Siracusa, the U.S. deputy chargé d’affaires, and witnessed the confrontation.
4. Ibid.
5. Cable, J. Wesley Jones to Robert F. Kennedy, November 15, 1965, National Security File, Country File—Peru, folder: Peru—Cables Vol. 6 (11/63–11/65), Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
6. Memorandum, “Subject: Peruvian Oil Problem,” Grant G. Helleker (acting executive secretary, State Department) to McGeorge Bundy, July 6, 1965, National Security File, Country File—Peru, folder: Peru—Memos and Misc. Vol. 1 (11/63–11/65), in ibid.
7. Levinson and de Onis, The Alliance That Lost Its Way, p. 159.
8. El Comercio (domincal sup.), November 14, 1965. Quoted also in Jones cable to Kennedy. Also, Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 417.
9. El Comercio (domincal sup.), November 14, 1965. Also, Jones cable to Kennedy.
10. Quoted in Collier and Horowitz, The Rockefellers, p. 417.
11. Memorandum, William Bowdler to McGeorge Bundy, October 16, 1965, with attached copies of Jones’s cable. The USIA director passed along a copy of the cable to President Johnson’s aide Marvin Watson. National Security File, Country File—Peru folder: Peru�
�Cables Vol. 6 (11/63–11/65), Johnson Library.
12. Quoted in de Toledano, RFK, p. 352.
13. Jack Newfield, Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), p. 95.
14. Quoted in de Toledano, RFK, p. 329.
15. Quoted in ibid.
16. Quoted in ibid., p. 330.
17. Quoted in Newfield, Robert Kennedy, p. 56.
18. Quoted in ibid., p. 122.
19. Quoted in ibid., p. 128.
20. Quoted in ibid., p. 137.
21. Billy Graham to Lyndon Johnson, December 29, 1963, Name File, Billy Graham folder, Johnson Library.
22. Billy Graham to Lyndon Johnson, April 10, 1964, in ibid.
23. R. W. Komer, Memorandum for the President, August 1, 1966, with attached note: “Note that the President wants Billy to visit Vietnam for Christmas, 1966,” in ibid.
24. Memorandum on Graham’s appearance on Bible Study Hour, no author, April 28, 1967, in ibid.
25. Memorandum, Rev. Calvin Thielman, May 8, 1967, in ibid.
35: APOCALYPSE NOW: THE TRIBES OF INDOCHINA
1. IBEC, annual reports of various years. See also Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., United States Business Performance Abroad: The Case Study of the International Basic Economy Corporation (Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association, 1968).
2. Reeve Hankins, ROLIBEC International (Thailand) Ltd., to Leo Denlea, Jr., May 15, 1971, IBEC series, Box 74, ROLIBEC International folder, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
3. Operational Chart for ROLIBEC Far East, in ibid.
4. ROLIBEC International (Thailand), Ltd., Monthly Operation Report, September 1972, in ibid.
5. Reeve Hankins to A. B. Palmer, September 13, 1971, in ibid.
6. Hankins to Denlea, November 30, 1971, IBEC series, Box 74, ROLIBEC International folder, in ibid.
7. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, speech before the National Governors Conference, Seattle, Washington, August 4, 1953.
8. Quoted in Robert Boyd, “N.C. Minister Renews Friendship with LBJ,” Charlotte Observer, September 19,1965.
9. Calvin Thielman to Lyndon B. Johnson, July 17, 1967, attached to Marvin Watson to the President [Lyndon B. Johnson], August 25, 1967, EXFG999, Container 430, folder 3/1/67–9/13/67, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
10. Ibid.
11. Memorandum for the Record, May 8, 1967, White House Central Files, EXFG105-4, CD 291, Billy Graham folder, in ibid.
12. James C. Hefley, By Life or by Death (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1969), p. 45; Richard Pittman to W. C. Townsend, June 9, 1962, Townsend Archives.
13. W. C. Townsend, “Wycliffe’s First Martyr,” article for Translation magazine (Wycliffe Bible Translators), written March 20, 1963, Townsend Archives.
14. W. C. Townsend to Richard Pittman, August 26, 1964, in ibid.
15. Memorandum, LJM [Lawrence J. Montgomery] (via NL) to CB [Chick Barquin], April 9, 1964. A copy is in the authors’ possession. Montgomery, on Barquin’s request, provided the address of the Missionary Aviation Fellowship in Fullerton, California, the names of the MAF’s top officers (Grady Parrot, president, Jim Truxton, vice president, Charles Mellis, secretary-treasurer, and Betty Greene, director), as well as MAF’s areas of operations: Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador, Congo (Leopoldville), Sudan, Britain, Ethiopia, Philippines, New Guinea, and Brazil. He also provided C&MA’s Andrianoff’s address in Vientiane. The memorandum indicates that Montgomery’s relationship with the CIA, whether as a witting or unwitting contracted agent and asset, nevertheless continued after he was phased out of the Southeast Asia contract that sent his trainee, Sam Mustard, to Laos in 1962.
16. Kenneth Pike and Ruth M. Brend, eds., The Summer Institute of Linguistics: Its Work and Contributions (The Hague: Mouton, 1977), pp. 46–47, 50.
17. See Robert L. Mole, The Montagnards of South Vietnam: A Study of Nine Tribes (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1970).
18. See Howard Sochurek, “Slow Train Through Viet Nam’s War,” National Geographic, September 1964; and Howard Sochurek, “American Special Forces in Action in Viet Nam,” National Geographic, January 1965.
19. Quoted in Howard Sochurek, “Viet Nam’s Montagnards,” National Geographic, April 1968, p. 448.
20. Ibid., p. 401.
21. Ibid., p. 487.
22. Quoted in ibid.
23. Clifton R. Wharton, Jr., to Nicolaas G. M. Luykx, II, July 5, 1967, Agricultural Development Council Archives, RG III, B1.23, Box 8, Folder 89: Michigan State University, Luykx, Nicolaas G. M., II, Rockefeller Archive Center.
24. “Research Proposal,” attached to letter, Nicolaas G. M. Luykx, II, to Clifton R. Wharton, Jr., July 16, 1967, in ibid. See also Luykx to Wharton, November 4, 1968, in ibid.
25. John H. Bodley, Victims of Progress (Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield Publishing, 1982), pp. 73–74.
26. Alfred W. McCoy and Cathleen B. Read, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 135–36, 140–42.
27. The financial linkage began with the Thai border police, whose training and arming was carried out by the CIA through a front, Sea Supply, Inc. Based in Bangkok, Sea Supply was headed by Willis Bird. In 1962, Bird was indicted in the United States for allegedly seeking to defraud the government in Laos. Bird chose to take up permanent residence in Bangkok. See McCoy and Read, The Politics of Heroin, pp. 130, 138, 141, 144; Christopher Robbins, Air America (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1979), p. 253.
From Bangkok, the money thread led back to Miami. Sea Supply’s counsel was Miami lawyer Paul L. E. Helliwell, former OSS chief of intelligence in China, who directed a network of CIA proprietaries in Latin America and the Far East (Washington Post, March 24, 1980, pp. A21–A22). Helliwell’s Miami office doubled as Thai Counsel General. See also First Principles (published by Journal of the Center for National Security Studies, Washington, D.C.), June 1980, p. 9.
28. McCoy and Read, The Politics of Heroin, p. 352. The Youngs’ story is told on pp. 265–66, 297–307, 310–15, and 339–42.
29. Ibid., pp. 304–8.
30. These mineral resources were identified for readers of National Geographic in a map. See Peter T. White, “Hopes and Fears in Booming Thailand,” National Geographic 132, no. 1 (July 1967), pp. 76–125. The map is on p. 82.
31. Testimony of Lieutenant General Austin W. Betts, House Appropriations Committee, Department of Defense Subcommittee, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970, Part V (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969), p. 182.
32. Technical Abstract Bulletin, June 1, 1967, Defense Documentation Center, Department of Defense, Alexandria, Virginia.
33. Ibid., May 1, 1967, and June 1, 1967.
34. Cited in Subliminal Warfare: The Role of Latin American Studies (New York: North American Congress on Latin America, 1970). This report by NACLA, which alerted the authors to the Technical Abstract Bulletins cited above, remains the best and, to this day, only serious, well-researched critique of American social sciences studies funded by the Pentagon.
35. Technical Abstract Bulletin, June 15, 1967, Defense Documentation Center, Department of Defense, Alexandria, Virginia.
36. For a fictional European account of the practical worth of these sensory devices, see Pierre Boulle, Ears of the Jungle (New York: Vanguard Press, 1972). For a factual review, see the Armed Forces Journal, February 15, 1971.
37. Executive Secretary, American Advisory Council for Thailand, “Trip on Behalf of the American Advisory Council for Thailand to Thailand, November 22–December 17, 1968,” p. 1. Cited in Eric R. Wolf and Joseph G. Jorgensen, “Anthropology on the Warpath in Thailand,” The New York Review, November 19, 1970, p. 28.
38. Jason Study Minutes, July 3, 1967, p. 308, as cited by Drs. Eric R. Wolf and Joseph Jorgensen, members of the Ethics Committee of the American Anthropology Association and of the faculty of the University of Michigan, in “Antropologia en Pos de Guerra,” América Indígena 31, no. 2 (April 1971), p. 437.
39. One example is Stanford
Research Institute’s 1965 “Special Study of Mobility in the Mekong Delta Area of South Vietnam.” SRI’s chairman, Ernest Arbuckle, was a director of Castle and Cooke, 50 percent owner of the Thai-America Steel Company, and owner of Dole (pineapples) Philippines; Arbuckle was also a director of Utah Construction and Mining Company, which built B-52 bases in Thailand. He was dean of the Stanford University Business School.
40. Arthur Bernon Tourtellot, ed., Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 120–21.
41. Ibid., p. 195.
42. Figures from 100 Companies and Their Subsidiary Corporations, listed According to Net Value of Military Prime Contract Awards, Fiscal Year 1968 (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Comptroller, Directorate for Information Operations).
43. Jules Henry, “Capital’s Last Frontier,” The Nation, April 25, 1966.
44. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 418.
45. McCoy and Read, The Politics of Heroin, pp. 166–81.
46. Ibid., p. 163.
47. New York Times, July 19, 1966.
48. Harry Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), p. 176.
49. Henry, “Capital’s Last Frontier.”
50. McCoy and Read, The Politics of Heroin, pp. 275–99.
51. Don A. Schanche, Mister Pop (New York: David McKay, 1970) p. 303.
52. “Conversing with the CIA,” Christianity Today, October 19, 1975, pp. 62–63.
36: “NATION-BUILDING” THROUGH WAR
1. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 245.
2. Quoted in Gordon Thomas, Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse (New York: Bantam Books, 1989), p. 246.
3. Ibid., p. 259.
4. Pamphlet for conference, “Investment Conditions in Vietnam,” New York City, February 28, 1958, p. 67, Papers of John D. Rockefeller 3rd, Asia Society, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
5. Ibid., pp. 70–71, 73.
6. “Founder Denies Language Institute Is Tied to CIA,” Washington Post, July 20, 1979.
7. See Gerald C. Hickey, The Highland People of South Vietnam: Social and Economic Development (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1967), pp. iv, 16–23. Hickey was a member of the U.S. Mission Council Subcommittee for Highland Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. All of Hickey’s linguistic classifications were based on SIL’s research: “Long discussions with informants also were made possible by the linguistic assistance of a group of the Summer Institute of Linguistics” (p. 11). Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance also assisted Hickey in his discussion with informants. Hickey’s ARDA contract number was DAHC15 67 C0142.