by Gerard Colby
8. W. C. Townsend to Rev. Calvin Thielman, February 28, 1967, Townsend Archives.
9. Senate Committee on Government Operations, 93rd Cong., 2nd sess., Disclosure of Corporate Ownership (Metcalf Committee Report) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 121.
10. “Wycliffe Bible Translators May Leave County,” Santa Ana Register, August 25, 1967.
11. Dallas Morning News, May 24, 1967.
12. Ibid., September 16, 1967.
13. Philip Knightly, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt, 1975), pp. 381 and captions of photographs, pp. 390–95.
14. “Wycliffe World News,” Translation magazine (Wycliffe Bible Translators), Spring 1966.
15. Les Troyer to W. C. Townsend, February 14, 1967, Townsend Archives.
16. Of the top twenty of AID’s service contractors, a fifth were CIA conduits: Air America, the African-American Institute, the American Institute for Free Labor Development, the Asia Foundation, and the Pathfinder Fund. Two other organizations among the top twenty AID contractors, the Population Council and the International Executive Service Corps, were headed by Nelson’s brothers John D. Rockefeller 3rd and David Rockefeller. Top 20 Institutions in Value of Technical Services Contracts (Washington, D.C.: Agency for International Development, 1971).
17. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 370.
18. Robert Purcell to Nelson Rockefeller, April 14, 1964, RG III, 4B, Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller—Personal, AIA-IBEC files, Box 26, Robert Purcell folder, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
19. Howard Kresge to W. C. Townsend, April 12, 1968, Townsend Archives. Kresge, who advised Cam on AID’s standardized accounting procedures and other matters of concern to SIL, was given the Christian Service Award by the Church World Services in 1971.
20. William Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1976), p. 108.
21. Ibid., p. 315.
22. Howard Sochurek, “Viet Nam’s Montagnards,” National Geographic, April 1968, p. 444.
23. Ibid., p. 463.
24. Memorandum, John P. Roche to Douglas Cater, February 23, 1967, White House Central Files, Box 193, Lyndon B. Johnson Library. Roche had been national chairman of the liberal Americans for Democratic Action and was an adviser to Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
37: TET: THE YEAR OF THE MONKEY
1. Vine Deloria, Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins (New York: Macmillan, 1969), p. 192.
2. Ibid.
3. Rex Weyler, Blood of the Land (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), pp. 149–50. See also, Beth Wood, “LDS Placement Program, To Whose Advantage,” Akwesasne Notes, Winter 1978, p. 16.
4. New York Times, December 15, 1967, p. 11.
5. Jack Newfield, Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), p. 48.
6. Four Texans were named in Senate Rules Committee hearings in connection with payoffs and loans to Baker: Thomas E. Webb, Clint Murchison, Jr., Robert H. Thompson, and Bedford Wynne. Webb was involved in a Florida land-development loan from Hoffa’s Teamsters Pension Fund, and Murchison’s Tecon Corporation allegedly paid Webb to negotiate the loan (see John Masher, “Murchison Associate Reveals Baker Tieup in Joint Venture,” Dallas Morning News, January 29, 1964). Webb and Murchison employee Thompson were also involved in questionable loans to Baker arranged by Dallas banker Robert H. Stewart. Finally, Wynne took a “salary” from Murchison’s Sweetwater Development Company that was criticized in an army audit of Sweetwater’s construction of a North Carolina desalination plant built with federal con tracts. Baker, after recommending Wynne hire the law firm of New York Congressman Emmanuel Celler to help in the project, received $2,500 of the $10,000 Sweetwater paid the Celler firm in legal fees (“Didn’t Know Firm, Murchison States,” Dallas Morning News, February 5, 1965). Both Stewart and Wynne were directors of the Great Southwest Corporation, a venture in real estate holdings located between Dallas and Fort Worth, in which Nelson Rockefeller and his brothers had a large stake through Rockefeller Center, Inc. This was part of Nelson’s growing business ties with conservative Texan oil and financial principals, including Robert B. Anderson, a major stockholder in Delada Oil, controlled by Bedford Wynne’s uncle, T. L. Wynne (and after Anderson’s sellout to return to the Eisenhower administration, 50-percent-controlled by Nelson’s IBEC), and real estate developer Trammel Crow, a director of Great Southwest. Control of Southwest, according to congressional investigators, “was tightly centered in the Rockefeller and Wynne families” (House Committee on Banking and Currency, Staff Report, The Penn Central Failure and the Role of Financial Institutions [Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970], part III, p. 30; see also Congressional Record, January 26, 1965, p. 1313, and Senate Committee on Rules, Construction of the District of Columbia Stadium [Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964], pp. 859–87). On Stewart, see Senate Committee on Rules, Financial or Business Interests of Officers or Employees of the Senate (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964), p. 987ff. On Delada, see Bernard B. Nossiter, “Ex-Treasury Chief Received Oil Funds,” Washington Post, June 16, 1970.
In 1966, Baker was convicted of fraud and taking bribes and was subsequently imprisoned. Wynne, Murchison, and Webb denied any wrongdoing and were not charged with any crime.
7. Mary Bishop, Billy Graham: The Man and His Ministry (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), p. 61.
8. James C. Hefley By Life or by Death (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1964), p. 160.
9. Ibid., p. 145.
10. Quoted in Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention (New York: David McKay, 1969), p. 145.
11. Quoted in ibid., pp. 129–30.
12. Richard Pittman to W. C. Townsend, February 18, 1968, Townsend Archives.
13. Newfield, Robert Kennedy, pp. 205–6.
14. Kennedy first thought he would announce his candidacy at a March 10 rally for Cesar Chavez in California. Chavez was failing to persuade farmworkers to adhere to nonviolence. But then Kennedy thought better of it. He did not want to exploit his friendship with Chavez or his support for the Mexican American field workers. Chavez had already lost thirty-five pounds, and his doctors had called Kennedy to ask him to persuade Chavez to give it up. So Kennedy delayed announcing his candidacy.
15. Ben Elson to W. C. Townsend, March 11, 1968, Townsend Archives.
16. Hoopes, Limits of Intervention, p. 195.
17. Johnson had already been shaken in December by the loss of $900 million in gold, the greatest loss for any month up to that date, but the loss of another $1 billion in the first ten days of March sent him into a panic.
18. New York Times, March 13, 1968.
19. Joseph Califano to Lyndon Johnson, March 1, 1968, Name File, Nelson Rockefeller folder, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
20. Quoted in Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 343.
21. Quoted in Hoopes, Limits of Intervention, p. 185.
22. Ibid., p. 213.
23. Quoted in ibid., p. 219.
24. White House diary entry, March 31, 1968, Diary File, Box 14, Johnson Library.
25. Ibid.
26. See David Landau, Kissinger: The Uses of Power (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), pp. 193–97.
27. White House diary entry, April 23, 1968, 7:30 P.M., Diary File, Johnson Library.
28. Dallas Morning News, January 28, 1979.
38: NELSON’S LAST CHARGE
1. Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), p. 571.
2. Quoted in Mark Lane and Dick Gregory, Code Named Zorro (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), p. 52.
3. James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 253.
4. L. J. Davis, “An American Fortune: The Hunts of Dallas,” Harper’s (April 1981), p. 86.
5. Jack Newfield, Robert Kennedy: A Memoir (New York: E. P. Du
tton, 1969), pp. 302–3.
6. Remarks of Governor Rockefeller and the President, June 10, 1968, Diary File, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
7. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 76.
8. Quoted in Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), p. 359.
9. Quoted in Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller, p. 81.
10. Dallas Morning News, January 29, 1979.
11. Quoted in Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 18.
12. Quoted in ibid.
13. Quoted in ibid. Nixon had first learned of Kissinger’s willingness to spy on the Paris talks on September 10 through his own top foreign policy researcher, Richard Allen. Nixon’s thirty-two-year-old aide had been a great admirer of Kissinger’s hard line toward the Soviet Union and had worked out with Kissinger the compromise on the Vietnam plank that avoided a floor battle at the Miami convention. On September 12, Kissinger called Allen at Nixon’s research headquarters at the former American Bible Society offices in Manhattan and explained that he had friends at the Paris negotiations and “had a way to contact them.” Allen informed Mitchell, stressing the importance of “protecting the source.” On September 22, Allen briefed Nixon directly in a confidential memorandum. Ibid., p. 13.
14. Quoted in ibid., p. 20.
15. Quoted in ibid.
16. Ibid., p. 21.
17. Quoted in ibid, p. 23.
18. William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside Look at the Pre-Watergate White House (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975), p. 33.
39: INVASION OF THE AMAZON
1. Speech, Lyndon B. Johnson, April 23, 1968, National Security File, Subject File, “OAS” folder, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
2. In May 1967, Secretary General José A. Mora of Uruguay allowed the OAS’s director of administrative affairs to move against U.S. control of the OAS’s finances. Lawrence W. Acker, formerly deputy comptroller at the U.S. Defense Department, was informed of this fact as OAS treasurer, as were Acker’s principal assistants, Oscar C. Lightner and Edwin Barrett, both Americans. Two other division chiefs in the treasurer’s office were rumored to be scheduled for reassignment as well. Reports by the OAS General Secretariat to the OAS Council about the organization’s financial condition were described as “misrepresentations” in State Department memorandums that ended up in the National Security Council’s files. “An unanswerable question at present is, ‘Why remove the financial staff unless it is for shifting the control of financial matters from U.S. influence or returning it to its former undisciplined state with its questionable fiscal control of funds.’” Memorandum, Edward S. Little to Barbara Watson, “Serious Developments in the Organization of American States,” June 22, 1967, National Security File, in ibid.
3. Memorandum, Sol Linowitz to Dean Rusk, June 21, 1967, National Security File, Subject File, “AID” folder, in ibid.
4. Sol Linowitz to Dean Rusk and Covey Oliver, June 27, 1967, in ibid.
5. Galo Plaza to W. C. Townsend, March 13, 1968, Townsend Archives.
6. Alexandra Moreano, “Capitalismo y Lucha de Clases en la Primera Mitad del Siglo XX,” Ecuador: Pasado y Presente (Quito: Editorial Universitaria, 1975), p. 173.
7. David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), p. 296.
8. Rosemary Kingsland, A Saint Among Savages (London: William Collins, 1980), p. 127.
9. Quoted in Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires?, p. 296.
10. OAS Press Release, Galo Plaza address, May 18, 1983; see also memorandum (with attachment), Walt Rostow to the President, June 24, 1968; both in National Security File, Subject File, “OAS” folder Vol. II, Johnson Library.
11. OAS press release, “Berle Warns of Hemisphere ‘Empire’ Unless OAS Gets Needed Backing,” January 14, 1969.
12. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 100.
13. The IRI’s experiments were also conducted at Fazenda Jangada and Capin Colonião in São Paulo, at Fazenda Aroeira Bonita near São Joaquim da Barra, Minas Gerais, at IBEC’s SASA farm at Jacarezinho, Paraná, at fields near Anápolis, Minas Gerais, and at Fazenda Ubatriba at Apucarana, Paraná. See IRI—Brazil, Progress Reports to IRI trusts, RG III, 4B, Box 7, Folders 60–61 and Folder 65 (Coffee Research in Brazil), Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
14. Robert Russell (executive vice president of the IRI) to Nelson Rockefeller, March 29, 1957, RG III, 4B, Box 8, “AIA/IBEC,” Robert Russell folder, in ibid.
15. Robert Russell to Nelson Rockefeller, August 12, 1957, in ibid.
16. Robert Russell to Nelson Rockefeller, March 15, 1958, in ibid.
17. Quoted in Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association of Economic and Social Development, 1968), p. 167.
18. IBEC Research Institute description, RG III, 4B, Box 7, Folder 47, Rockefeller Archive Center.
19. Robert Purcell to Nelson Rockefeller, August 15, 1963, RG III, 4B, Box 26, Robert Purcell folder, Rockefeller Family Archives, in ibid.
20. Elizabeth A. Cobbs, “Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy: Nelson Rockefeller and the Development of the Brazilian Capital Market,” Business History Review 63 (Spring 1989), p. 113.
21. Richard Aldrich and Humberto Monteiro to Marshall Humberto de Castelo Branco, January 19, 1965, Broehl Papers, Box 7, Rockefeller Archive Center.
22. Quoted in Cobbs, “Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy,” p. 111.
23. Quoted in ibid.
24. Deltec International, Annual Report, 1978. Deltec’s investment in Anápolis real estate was through a subsidiary, Companhia City de Disenvolvimento.
25. New York Times, March 1, 2, 12, July 11, 1991; March 20, 1992.
26. Berent Friele to Adolf Berle, February 7, 1961, New York office, AIA Archives, Box 7, Folder 59, Brazil, Rockefeller Archive Center.
27. John R. Camp, “Suggestions for Rural Development in Brazil,” November 1960 proposal to the International Cooperative Administration, attached as “Exhibit 1, Preliminary Report of the Planalto Pre-Survey Group,” AIA Archives, Box 7, Folder 58, in ibid.
28. Walter Crawford to Berent Friele, February 6, 1963, AIA Archives, Box 7, Folder 63, in ibid.
29. Berent Friele to Walter Crawford, December 16, 1964, AIA Archives, Box 7, Folder 50, in ibid.
30. Walter Crawford to Berent Friele, February 6, 1963, AIA Archives, Box 7, Folder 63, in ibid.
31. “Condensed Progress Report, April–June, 1962,” p. 5, AIA Archives, Box 15, Folder 134, in ibid.
32. Dalrymple, AIA Story, p. 172.
33. By 1967, IBEC had 119 subsidiaries and principal affiliates in 33 countries. In Brazil alone, IBEC owned ranches, factories, retail subsidiaries, and the country’s largest mutual fund.
34. “Brazilians Cry ‘Plot over Amazon Plan,’” Washington Post, June 6, 1965, p. 8.
35. Ibid.
36. National Security File, Agency File, Boxes 3 and 4, Alliance for Progress, Vols. I and II, particularly Bowdler to McGeorge Bundy, July 28, 1965, in Alliance for Progress, Vol. II, Johnson Library.
37. Brazil Division to the Coordinator [Nelson Rockefeller], September 16, 1942, RG 229, Box 78, Country File, Brazil, National Archives.
38. New York Times, November 26, 1942.
39. Fato Novo, June 10, 1970.
40. Jornal do Brasil, December 1967; statement by Patrick Holt, general counsel, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in Jan Knippers Black, United States Penetration of Brazil (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), pp. 89–90.
41. Carlos Lacerda, Brasil Entre a Verdade e a Mentira (Rio de Janeiro: Block Editores, 1965). Cited in Black, United States Penetration of Brazil, p. 71.
42. Keith L. Storrs, “Brazil’s Independent Foreign Policy, 1961–1964,” unpublished Ph.D
. dissertation, Cornell University, 1973. Cited in Black, United States Penetration of Brazil, p. 69.
43. Washington Star, April 17, 1967.
44. Time, December 16, 1966.
45. Adolf Berle, diary entry, October 2, 1968, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
46. Adrian Cowell, The Decade of Destruction (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), p. 157.
47. “How the Big Find Was Made,” in “Carajas: Staggering Iron Ore Reserves in Isolated Splendor,” Engineering and Mining Journal, November 1975, p. 151.
48. Charles J. V. Murphy, “The King Ranch South of the Border,” Fortune, July 1969, pp. 132–36.
49. Ernest McCrary, “The Amazon Basin—New Mineral Province for the 80s,” Engineering and Mining Journal, February 1972, p. 82.
50. Shelton Davis, “The Indian Situation in Brazil Today,” Indígena magazine (Berkeley, Calif), 1973; Cenpes e Gremio Piltlecnico (Brazil), May 1973; and Memorandum, Report on “Tembé and Urubu-Kaapor Indians” (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972). See also “La Política de Genocidio Contra los Indios de Brasil,” report by Brazilian anthropologists to the Forty-first International Congress of Americanists, Mexico City, 1974, p. 9.
51. Murphy, “The King Ranch South of the Border,” p. 144.
52. Deltec International, Ltd., 10K report to the Securities and Exchange Commission, 1969. All of International Packers, Ltd.’s debentures were retired, IPL becoming in March 1969 a wholly owned subsidiary of Deltec International, Limited, the new parent company resulting from the merger of Deltec Panamerica S.A. and IPL. Deltec International, Ltd., also became the parent of Deltec Panamerica’s Deltec Banking Corporation, Deltec’s Bahamas-based investment bank, which held about 20 percent of Banco de Investimento do Brasil (BIB) in partnership with Nelson Rockefeller’s IBEC, Walther Moreira Salles’s Unãio de Bancos Brasileiros (in which IBEC also had a holding), and smaller European and Canadian (Brascan, Ltd.) investors. BIB was folded into Deltec’s organizational directory in Deltec’s 1970 10K report, as was Deltec Banking and Companhia Swift do Brasil. Moreira Salles, IBEC and Unãio director, was given a seat on the board of the parent company, Deltec International, Ltd., overseeing Deltec’s vast empire, including Swift do Brasil’s cattle ranch joint venture with King Ranch in Pará, Companhia Agro Pecuario do Pará. This meant that IBEC and Nelson in particular, through IBEC’s representation on Deltec’s board by Walther Moreira Salles, shared responsibility for decisions made by Deltec’s board concerning Swift’s cattle ranch in Pará and were indirectly involved in the vast Swift-Armour beef processing operations in Argentina and Brazil. Furthermore, beyond IBEC’s board interlock with Deltec through Moreira Salles (who could hardly be described by Nelson as a disinterested party or remote associate in Brazil), BIB itself was very active in raising capital for some twenty-eight new projects in the north and northeastern regions, where most of the Amazon investments were taking place.