by Gerard Colby
71. Olimpio Alves Machado, “Indian Guard Trained in Brazil,” IPA Review 4 (October 1970), pp. 9, 14.
72. Jornal do Brasil, August 27, 1972, cited in Ben Muneta, “Agent Exposes Secret Concentration Camp in Crenaque, Brazil,” Wassaja, November 1973.
73. Cited in Don Bonafede, “Guards Turned Slaughterers of Brazil’s Indians,” Washington Post, June 9, 1966.
74. Correio Brasiliense, October 15, 1970, also cited in Adrian Cowell, The Tribe That Hides from Man (New York: Stein & Day, 1974), p. 205.
75. Norman Lewis, “Genocide: From Fire and Sword to Arsenic and Bullets—Civilization Has Sent Six Million Indians to Extinction,” Sunday Times (London), February 23, 1969, p. 41.
76. “Visita del Doctor Galo Plaza al Instituto Indigenista Interamericano,” América Indígena 28, no. 4 (October 1968), p. 1153.
77. Foundation Directory (New York: Foundation Research Center, 1970). That year, the Woodward Foundation also gave $150,000 to the Moody Bible Institute and $25,000 to the Evangelical Alliance Mission. The Woodward Foundation was controlled by R. Beavens Woodward, Jr. See New York state corporate filing for Woodward Foundation and obituary of Harper Woodward, New York Times, April 17, 1981.
42: IN THE AGE OF GENOCIDE
1. Richard Arens, ed., Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976).
2. Ibid., pp. 184–87.
3. Philip Knightly and Callin Lambert, “The Killing of a Colombian Indian Tribe,” Atlas magazine (New York), January 1971, pp. 47–48.
4. Victor Daniel Bonilla, “The Destruction of the Colombian Indian Groups,” in The Situation of the Indian in South America, ed. Walter Dostal (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), p. 68.
5. El Espectador (Bogotá), January 29, 1968.
6. The concessions granted by the Lleres Restrepo government were huge: Cities Service was given four exploratory blocks totaling 967,342 acres of land. Texaco, which already owned producing fields to the south on both sides of the Colombia-Ecuador border, was granted six blocks totaling another 1.4 million acres.
7. Bonilla, “The Destruction of the Colombian Indian Groups,” pp. 67–68.
8. El Espectador, February 27, 1970.
9. This essay and those that follow are in Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian in South America.
10. Confidential report by Colombian government investigators, drawing on interviews of Forest Zander, director of SIL’s Colombia branch, January 1971. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
11. “The Declaration of Barbados: For the Liberation of the Indians,” in Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian, pp. 376–81.
12. See Edward Dozier’s classic study of the Hano-Tewa people’s use of language to resist assimilation by the Hopi people, “Resistance to Acculturation and Assimilation in an Indian Pueblo,” American Anthropologist 53 (1951), pp. 56–66; and Hane: A Tewa Indian Community in Arizona (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966).
13. Perhaps the strongest criticism of the ambiguities of SIL’s bilingual education program in Latin America and its admitted goal of Hispanization was by Bolivian anthropologist Xavier Albó. See his “The Future of Oppressed Languages in the Andes,” in David L. Browman and Ronald A. Schwarz, eds., Peasants, Primitives, and Proletariats: The Struggle for Identity in South America (New York: Houston Publishers, 1979), pp. 267–88.
14. Wade Coggins, “Study Attracts Mission Work Among Latin American Indians,” Evangelical Missions Quarterly (Summer 1972), p. 203.
15. Editorial, Christianity Today, October 8, 1971.
16. A. R. Tippett, “Taking a Hard Look at the Barbados Declaration,” Evangelical Mission Quarterly (Summer 1972).
17. Quoted in Edward B. Fiske’s article on Graham in the New York Times Magazine, June 8, 1969.
18. Ibid.
19. “La Misión de Bardesio ena Preparar la Llegada de B. Graham, en 1977,” El Día (Mexico City), July 17, 1976; “Esta en México Nelson Bardesio, Afirma un Periódico Canadiense,” El Día, July 11, 1976.
20. A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors: The Truth About U.S. Police Operations in Latin America (New York: Pantheon, 1978), pp. 234–39, 245–46. See also North American Congress on Latin America, Report, January 1974.
21. Langguth, Hidden Terrors, p. 252. Kidnapped by Tupamaros guerrillas in 1972, Bardesio confessed on tape, giving details of assassinations and of the Brazilian junta’s and the CIA’s ties to death squads then murdering Uruguayan senators, even across the border in Argentina.
22. “Dallas Minister Attends Briefings on World Policy,” Dallas Morning News, August 12, 1971.
23. Mary Bishop, Billy Graham: The Man and His Ministry (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), pp. 54–57.
24. Ibid., p. 57.
25. The tribes were the Guararo and the Piratapuyo. See David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), pp. 175–76.
26. Ibid., p. 152; authors’ interviews in Lima, 1976.
27. “Se inicia explotacion petrolera en los Llanos,” El Tiempo (Bogotá), March 12, 1971, pp. 1, 9.
28. Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian, pp. 392–96.
29. Map, “Areas de Colonizacíon Frente (a Regiones de Frontera Socio Economicas),” in La Colonizatión en Colombia: Una Evaluatión del Proceso (Bogotá: Subgerencia de Ingenieria, Division de Colonizaciones, 1973). The Division of Colonization was an agency of INCORA, the Colombian Institute of Agrarian Reform. A copy of this map is in the authors’ possession.
30. “Importante Convenio con la Continental Petroleum y la Shell,” Inter Press Service, January 29, 1972.
31. Peruvian Times, May 25, 1973, and December 7, 1973, p. 13.
32. Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian, pp. 392 (map), 395.
33. Jonathan Kendell, “Peru: River of Expense, Trickle of Oil,” New York Times, October 12, 1975.
34. New York Times, January 6, 1971, p. 4; January 11, 1971, p. 10; January 12, 1971, p. 14; “Bolivia: Brazil’s Geopolitical Prisoner,” North American Congress on Latin America, Latin America and Empire Report 8, no. 2 (February 1974), p. 25.
35. June Nash, “Ethnology in a Revolutionary Setting,” in Michael A. Rynkiewich and James P. Spradley, eds., Ethics and Anthropology: Dilemmas in Fieldwork (New York: Wiley, 1976), p. 161.
36. Presencia, August 8, 1971.
37. Visão, May 24, 1971.
38. Jornal do Brasil, July 6, 1971.
39. Memorandum, William N. Radford (foreign affairs analyst, Congressional Research Service), November 14, 1974, p. 3, Hutchinson Papers, Box 295, “Rockefeller, Nelson—Activities in Latin America,” Gerald R. Ford Library. See also Village Voice, October 24, 1974.
40. Washington Post, August 28, 29, 1971. The U.S. military attaché was Major Robert J. Lundin, U.S. Air Force.
41. New York Times, August 25, 1971, p. 3.
42. June Nash, We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), p. xl.
43. Richard Patch’s study, Attitudes Toward Sex: Reproduction Patterns of Aymara and Quechua Speaking People (Hanover, N.H.: West Coast American Service, 17, March 1970), took a Malthusian approach toward poverty, charging it was linked to machismo in Latin American culture and bestial “sexual activity, either heterosexual or homosexual” that produces an ideal male who “is unworried, pugnacious and violent.” Patch was a veteran of Cornell University’s Vicos project in Peru.
44. Forjando un Mañana Mejor, pamphlet (La Paz: n.p., 1975), probably published by Ministerio de Education y Cultura, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (SIL).
45. Shelton Davis, “Custer Is Alive and Well in Brazil,” Indian Historian (Winter 1973), p. 12.
46. W. Jesco Von Puttkamer, “Brazil Protects Her Cintas Largas,” National Geographic (September 1971), p. 421.
47. Davis, “Custer Is Alive.”
48. James C. Hefley and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam (Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1974), p. 244.
&nb
sp; 49. Townsend did not back down, despite criticisms. See William Cameron Townsend, “The USSR as We Saw It,” Christian Herald, October 1975.
50. Hefley and Hefley, Uncle Cam, p. 259.
51. “Biennial Report” (Mexico City: Wycliffe Bible Translators/SIL, May 1971), pp. 1–3.
43: CRITICAL CHOICES
1. New York Times, December 8, 1971.
2. Foreign Affairs, January 1972.
3. Deltec International, Annual Report, 1971.
4. Wayne G. Broehl, Jr., United States Business Performance Abroad: The Case Study of the International Basic Economy Corporation (Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association, 1968), p. 123.
5. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 140.
6. Official Report of the New York Special Commission on Attica (New York, 1972), pp. 325, xi.
7. Richard Reeves, “The Nationwide Search for Nelson Rockefeller,” New York, September 2, 1974, p. 8.
8. Persico, Imperial Rockefeller, p. 243; New York Times, October 15, 1974, p. 1.
9. See Armando Uribe, The Black Book of American Intervention in Chile (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975), pp. 30–33.
10. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 317.
11. Ibid., p. 112. The official was Roger Morris, who earlier had worked on African affairs under Walter Rostow.
12. New York Times, December 4, 1974, p. 29. The witness was A. Russell Ash, who was head of staff security in the NSC.
13. Hersh, The Price of Power, pp. 462–63n.
14. Joseph B. Frantz, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, February 21, 1974, pp. 15–16, Oral History Project, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
15. Elizabeth A. Cobbs, “Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy: Nelson Rockefeller and the Development of the Brazilian Capital Market,” Business History Review, no. 1 (Spring 1989), p. 116.
16. Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico Brasíleiro, 1930–1983 (Rio de Janeiro: Forensa Universitaria, 1984), p. 3047 (entry for Walther Moreira Salles).
17. Shelton H. Davis, Victims of the Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 82.
18. Quoted in Martin Mayer, The Bankers (New York: Ballantine Books, 1974), pp. 482–83.
19. Arthur Bernon Tourtellot, ed., Toward the Well-Being of Mankind (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday 1964), p. 147. Columbia’s Russian Institute was founded in 1946 with a $250,000 Rockefeller Foundation grant.
20. Robert J. Donovan, Confidential Secretary: Ann Whitman’s Twenty Years with Eisenhower and Rockefeller (New York: Dutton, 1988), p. 190.
21. Persico, Imperial Rockefeller, p. 236.
22. Edward Teller, Energy: A Plan for Action (New York: Commission on Critical Choices, 1975), p. 28.
23. Nelson Rockefeller, Vital Resources (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1972), p. 44.
24. Rex Weyler, Blood of the Land (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), pp. 144–49.
25. Suzanne Gordon, Black Mesa—The Angel of Death (New York: John Day, 1973).
26. Jonathan M. Samet, Daniel M. Kutvirt, Richard J. Waxweiler, and Charles R. Key, “Uranium Mining and Lung Cancer in Navajo Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 310, no. 23 (June 7, 1984).
27. Mark and Judith Miller, “The Politics of Energy vs. the American Indian,” Akwesasne Notes, Spring 1979, p. 20.
28. See Jeff Gillenkirk and Mark Dowie, “The Great Indian Power Grab,” Mother Jones, January 1982.
29. “An Empty Black Pit,” Akwesasne Notes, Early Autumn 1973, p. 4.
30. Weyler, Blood of the Land, p. 71.
31. Marguerite Merington, The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General George A. Custer and His Wife Elizabeth (New York: Devin-Adair, 1950), p. 234.
32. Weyler, Blood of the Land, p. 74.
33. Sixty-one violent deaths were documented at the reservation between March 1973 and March 1976, a rate of 170 per 100,000. Denver’s murder rate in 1974 was 20.2 per 100,000; the U.S. average was 9.7. Bruce Johansen and Roberto Maestras, Wasi’chu: The Continuing Indian Wars (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), p. 83, citing FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975).
34. Quoted in James D. Theberge and Roger W. Fontane, Latin America: Struggle for Progress (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1977), p. 23.
35. Robert Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, December 2, 1977, p. 7, Cannon Papers, Box 35, Gerald Ford Library.
36. Persico, Imperial Rockefeller, p. 245.
37. Ibid., p. 10.
44: HIDING THE FAMILY JEWELS
1. New York Times, October 19, 1974, p. 1. Loan to Henry Kissinger is described in Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Hearings, The Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York to Be Vice President of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974), p. 883; on Rockefeller’s cronies, see ibid., pp. 529 ff., 634–40.
2. AIA: $1,626,751; Center for Inter-American Relations: $50,878; Government Affairs Foundation: $1,026,180; IBEC Research Institute: $140,416; IRI Research Institute: $60,251; Lincoln Center: $7,565; Museum of Modern Art: $2,563,420; Museum of Primitive Art: $6,592,179; Rockefeller Brothers Fund: $830,510; Rockefeller University: $13,463. Total: $12,911,613.
3. AIA: $1,626,751; Center for Inter-American Relations: $50,878; IBEC Research Institute: $140,416; IRI Research Institute: $60,251; U.S. Government-Latin American Mission: $760,481. Total: $2,638,777.
4. University of the Andes Foundation: $56,218; Pan American Foundation: $6,240; Puerto Rico Flood Relief Fund: $10,000; Puerto Rican-Hispanic Sports Council: $5,175; Nicaraguan Relief Fund: $25,535. Total: $103,168.
5. Totals are from a list in the New York Times; October 20, 1974, p. 66.
6. New York Times, October 13, 1974, p. 1.
7. New York Times, December 4, 1974, p. 29.
8. See House Committee on Armed Services, Report of the Special Subcommittee on Intelligence, Inquiry into the Alleged involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Watergate and Ellsberg Matters (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973).
9. Quoted in Carl Oglesby, The Yankee and Cowboy War (Kansas City, Kans.: Sheed Andrews & McMeel, 1976), p. 48.
10. Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), p. 300.
11. Quoted in Oglesby, The Yankee and Cowboy War, p. 48.
12. See Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), pp. 111–15.
13. Cited in Oglesby, The Yankee and Cowboy War, p. 273.
14. Senate Intelligence Committee, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, p. 288, n85a.
15. Memorandum, William V. Broe to William Colby, “Subject: Potential Flap Activities,” May 21, 1973, p. 60; the Central Intelligence Agency declassified a highly sanitized version of that report on August 15, 1975. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
16. See Seymour Hersh, “Hunt Tells of Early Work for a CIA Domestic Unit,” New York Times, December 31, 1974, p. 1.
17. See Tad Szulc, “Why Rockefeller Tried to Cover up the CIA Probe,” New York, September 5, 1977.
18. The CIA’s Morse Allen, who headed project ARTICHOKE, conducted “Manchurian Candidate” (i.e., programmed assassin) experiments in 1954. In December, the same month Rockefeller was appointed to the Special Group, Director Allen Dulles shifted the project to Sidney Gottlieb’s MKULTRA team. Rockefeller was briefed on all covert operations by Dulles in March 1955 and subsequently approved the MKULTRA’s use of a floor of Georgetown University Hospital’s new research wing as a source of “human patients and volunteers for experimental use.” See John D. Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate” (New York: Times Books, 1979), pp. 182–92 and 202–3n.
19. Michael Turner, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, December 21, 1977, p. 34, Cannon Papers, Box 35, Gerald Ford Li
brary.
20. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
21. Rockefeller University was one of the CIA’s illegal storage sites for the poisons. Botulism toxia was secretly stored for the CIA by Dr. William Beers; shellfish poison was kept by Drs. Bertil Hille, Martin Rizack, and Edward Reich. The continued storage was in violation not only of federal law, but of the Geneva Convention of 1925 and the recent joint Washington-Moscow-London Convention of 1972, signed by President Nixon. For the 1972 convention’s text and a list of collaborators in the CIA’s illegal stockpiling, see Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Hearings, Volume 1: Unauthorized Storage of Toxic Agents (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), Exhibits 10 and 11 (pp. 212–29).
22. Nicole Maxwell, Witch Doctor’s Apprentice (Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Publishers, 1990), p. 368.
23. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 338.
24. Ibid., p. 193n. See other references to J. C. King on pp. 81, 94, 97, 115, and 338. King signed a sworn affidavit of his testimony on July 29, 1975.
25. Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1977.
26. “Colby Reads Ten Names That Colby Sought to Omit,” New York Times, November 21, 1975, p. 54.
27. See Adolf Berle, diary entry, September 21, 1956, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
45: SIL UNDER SIEGE
1. Quoted in Jim Catelli, “The Church and the CIA,” National Catholic News Service, June 13, 1975. See also Gary MacEoin, “U.S. Mission Efforts Threatened by CIA ‘Dirty Tricks,’” The St. Anthony Messenger, March 1975.
2. See Ed Plowman, “Some Missionaries Help CIA,” The National Courier, October 7, 1975, p. 4; James Robison, “Spy Role of Missionaries Told,” Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1975, sec. 2, p. 11; Richard F. Rashke, “CIA Funded, Manipulated Missionaries,” National Catholic Reporter 2 (August 1, 1975), p. 1.
3. See David Mutchlin, The Church as a Political Factor in Latin America (New York: Praeger, 1971).