by Gerard Colby
4. Quoted in Rashke, “CIA Funded Missionaries.”
5. “Proposal for Socio-Linguistic and Education Research Project,” Academy for Educational Development (La Paz, 1976), p. 2. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
6. Ibid., p. 7.
7. Ibid., p. 21.
8. James C. Hefley and Edward E. Plowman, Washington: Christians in the Corridors of Power (Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House, 1975), pp. 155–56.
9. Ibid., p. 63.
10. Quoted in Laurie Nadel and Hesh Wiener, “Would You Sell a Computer to Hitler?” Computer Decisions (February 1977), p. 25.
11. Jeff Stein, “CIA’s ‘Secret Army’ Moves from Thailand to Bolivia,” Latinamerica Press (Lima), Pacific News Service, December 21, 1978, pp. 7–8.
12. Hefley and Plowman, Washington, p. 157.
13. Quoted in Stein, “CIA’s ‘Secret Army.’”
14. “Slave Camp Denounced in Bolivia,” El Excelsior (La Paz), June 23, 1977.
15. Gerhard Pieters, “Bolivia Here We Come,” Sunday Times (London), March 12, 1978.
16. “Union Oil Venture in Bolivian Jungle Is First Under New Hydrocarbon Law,” Business Latin America, April 5, 1973, p. 112; “Getty Oil Unit Gets Stake in Texaco-Bolivian Contract,” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 1976, p. 15.
17. See Jürgen Riester, “Indians of Eastern Bolivia: Aspects of Their Present Situation,” IWIGIA Document No. 18 (Copenhagen: International Work Group in Indigenous Affairs, 1975), pp. 32–43; “Hoy es el Día de la Integratión National,” El Diario (La Paz), October 18, 1976, p. 1.
18. Authors’ interview with Ronald D. Olson, Tumi Chucua, Beni, Bolivia, October 19, 1976. Olson was quite expansive about his beliefs about the Cold War, Guevara, Allende, the lack of democracy in Bolivia, and that “man is inherently evil, not good.” Unfortunately, as with almost all the interviews conducted with SIL over the years, the space requirements of this book prohibit an exposition of Olson’s particular views.
19. El Excelsior, June 23, 1977.
20. Riester, “Indians of Eastern Bolivia,” p. 55.
21. These denials were also heard by the authors during their visit to an SIL team working with Africans in a Bantustan near Johannesburg, South Africa, 1978.
22. Roger Michael, “Missionaries Get ‘Miracle’ Copters,” Charlotte Observer, April 15, 1974.
23. Stein, “CIA’s Secret Army.’”
24. Washington Star, January 8, 1976.
25. Ibid.
26. During their six months of travels in 1976 through five Amazon basin countries (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia), two Central American countries (Guatemala and Panama), and Mexico, the authors heard and read criticisms of SIL from a wide range of sources, including Indian leaders and peas ants, university professors in various fields, ethnologists, botanists and anthropologists in the field, Red Cross officials, attorneys, businessmen, labor organizers, soldiers, journalists, government officials, and missionaries. There was also praise for SIL from many of the same types of sources, particularly military officers, businessmen, Fundamentalist Christian missionaries, and government officials. Most of the latter, however, expressed their opinions as defenses of SIL against a much wider base of opposition, and this was reflected to some degree in the press in 1975 in most of these countries (with the notable exceptions of Guatemala and Brazil, where ultrarightists, military dictatorships, and death squads made open criticism less prudent).
In Peru, the forty-four articles and editorials containing criticisms of SIL or calls for its expulsion were printed during the period November 19 to December 16 in El Comercio, La Crónica, El Expreso, La Prensa, and El Correo, Peru’s leading sources of printed news and opinion. See particularly El Correo, December 7 (a number of articles in the newspaper’s Sunday supplement, “Suceso”) and three earlier denunciations on September 28 and October 9 and 17; editorials in La Crónica, November 29 (“SIL and Ideological Penetration”), December 2 (“The Ideology Which SIL Transmits”), December 7 (“Native Communities Face the SIL”), and December 24; El Expreso, December 15; El Comercio, November 26, as well as earlier denunciations on February 29 and March 1; “Professors and Students of Linguistics of the U.N.M.S.M. to Public Opinion,” Lima, September 22 (mimeographed statement); “Critique of the Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics,” San Marcos University, Department of Linguistics, October 2 (mimeographed statement); and Latinamerica Press (Lima), December 18.
In Mexico, see El Excelsior, April 22, 1976 (most criticisms in Mexico came later in the decade). In Bolivia, see Jürgen Riester, “Indians of Eastern Bolivia: Aspects of Their Present Situation,” IWIGIA Document No. 18 (Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1975). In Panama, see Prensa Latina, September 24, 1975, and “Acerca del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano,” April 1976, position paper by the Frente de Trabajadores de la Cultura (Cultural Workers Front). The latter is an analysis that describes SIL as a “case of cultural penetration”; the position paper was approved by the Second Central American Sociology Congress held in Panama City that month; the full text was published in El Día (Mexico City), May 29, 1976. In Colombia, see El Puebla (Cali), October 26, 1975; Alternativa (Bogotá), June 30, 1975; and the debates in the Colombian Congress in Anals de Congreso, October 4 (p. 940), 15 (pp. 953, 957–58), 21 (pp. 9, 14, 15, 21, 991–95), and November 20 (pp. 927, 938–43, 950–58, 990–98, 1169–1182, and 1249–1250).
In Ecuador, see Gonzalo Oviedo, “La Education Bilingüe,” El Mercurio, February 1975; “Denuncian que Instituto Lingüístico Busca Dividir a Comunidades Indígenas,” Ultima Noticias (Quito), February 17, 1975; “Misioneros en el Ecuador: Cientificos o Colonialistas?” Nueva (Quito), no. 19, May 1975, pp. 56–64; El Pionero (Santo Domingo de los Colorados), April 12, 1975; and “Misiones Protestantes para el Impero: El Caso del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano,” Asociación Escuela del Departamento de Antropología, Pontífica Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, April 1975 (this last is essentially a translation of the report on SIL published earlier by the North American Congress on Latin America; ironically, the chairman of NACLA’s board, Princeton theologian Richard Shaull, had once been considered by Cam as a possible contact for support for SIL).
Many, but not all, of the above sources are also cited, with some recounting of the stories, in David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), in chapters 6 and 7, pp. 165–236.
27. Philip Agee, Inside the Company (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1975), p. 192.
28. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 269.
29. Agee, Inside the Company, p. 614.
30. Cable, AMEMBASSY BOGOTA (Viron Vaky) to SECSTATE [Henry Kissinger], October 14, 1975. Declassified. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
31. Ibid.
32. Cable, AMEMBASSY BOGOTA (Viron Vaky) to SECSTATE, November 20, 1975. Declassified. Cited in Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires?, p. 184.
33. Cable, AMEMBASSY LIMA (Dean) to SECSTATE, November 20, 1975; cited in ibid., p. 204.
34. Dean had been the State Department’s liaison to the Department of the Army’s assistant chief of staff for intelligence in 1961, where the director of intelligence for the Joint Chiefs of Staff was General Robert Breitweiser, the same general who later paid a visit to Peru around the time the U.S. Marine Corps helicopters were sent into the Peruvian Amazon in 1964. That year, Dean was in neighboring Brazil working as a political officer in Brasília during the CIA/Pentagon-backed military coup. It was Dean who reported President Goulart’s hurried flight in and out of the capital and Darcy Ribeiro’s brave stand as brief head of Goulart’s besieged and abandoned government.
35. Interview with Stefano Varese, Oaxaca, Mexico, July 1976.
36. The leading voices of the Peruvian critique were Marcel D’Ans, anthropologist at the Manu National Park (a reserve set up for the Machiguenga Indians), and linguist Alfredo Tore
ro. See Marcel D’Ans, “Encounter in Peru,” in Peter Aaby and Soren Hvalk of, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs/London: Survival International, 1981), pp. 148–62, and Torero’s comments in El Expreso (Lima), January 31 and February 6, 1972.
37. “CIA: We’ll Continue to Use Clergy,” Miami Herald, December 13, 1975, p. 2-AW.
38. David Butler, The Fall of Saigon (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), p. 58.
39. Quoted in Carolyn Paine Miller, Captured! (Chappaqua, N.Y.: Christian Herald Books, 1977).
40. Butler, The Fall of Saigon, p. 53.
41. Quoted in Miller, Captured!, p. 34.
42. Philip Buchen, Counsel to President Ford, to Senator Mark Hatfield, November 5, 1975. A copy is in the authors’ possession.
43. Nelson understood that, bitterly describing the appointment as having “given George Bush the deep six by putting him in the CIA.” Robert Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, December 2, 1988, p. 42, Cannon Papers, Box 35, Gerald Ford Library.
44. Quoted in Miller, Captured!, p. 266.
45. Quoted in ibid., p. 273.
46. See Kenneth A. Briggs, “Churches Angered by Disclosures, Seek to Ban Further CIA Use of Missionaries in Intelligence Work,” New York Times, January 29, 1976.
47. Washington Star, January 8, 1976.
46: THE BETRAYAL
1. New York Times, December 4, 1974, p. 29.
2. New York Times, August 29, 1975.
3. Quoted in Peter Lisagor, “The Rockefeller Nod,” New York Post, June 17, 1975.
4. Quoted in Robert J. Donovan, Confidential Secretary: Ann Whitman’s Twenty Years with Eisenhower and Rockefeller (New York: Dutton, 1988), pp. 187–88.
5. Robert Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, December 2, 1977, p. 37, Cannon Papers, Box 35, Gerald Ford Library.
6. Bruce Johansen and Roberto Maestras, Wasi’chu: The Continuing Indian Wars (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), p. 128; Rapid City Journal, April 24, 1977.
7. Rex Weyler, Blood of the Land (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), p. 177; Ron Ridenhour with Arthur Lublow, “Bringing the War Home,” New Times 5 (November 1975), no. 11, p. 18.
8. Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, pp. 20–21.
9. Ibid., p. 21.
10. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 272.
11. Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, p. 22.
12. Trevor Armbrister, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, October 21, 1977, pp. 20–21, Gerald Ford Library.
13. Ibid., p. 26.
14. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies (London: Futura Publications, 1979), p. 19. Stockwell was chief of the CIA’s Angola Task Force.
15. Quoted in Persico, Imperial Rockefeller, p. 271.
16. Armbrister, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, pp. 37–38.
17. Michael Turner, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, December 21, 1977, p. 45, and Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, pp. 44–45, Gerald Ford Library.
18. Hartmann, interview with Nelson Rockefeller, pp. 44–45.
19. Ibid., p. 41.
20. Ibid., pp. 67–68.
47: THE GREAT TRIBULATION
1. AMEMBASSY (Robert Dean) to SECSTATE (Kissinger), May 20, 1976. Declassified; a copy is in the authors’ possession.
2. Correo (Lima), April 26, 1976; La Prensa (Lima), May 25, 1976.
3. Jerry Elder to W. C. Townsend, December 4, 1962, Townsend Archives.
4. Cables, Robert Dean to Henry Kissinger, June 2, April 28, 1976, released under the Freedom of Information Act to David Stoll and quoted in his Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), p. 206.
5. See ibid., p. 204, including letter from Lambert Anderson to Jimmy Carter, June 7, 1977.
6. Cable, Robert Dean to Henry Kissinger, March 10, 1976, June 21, 1976, in ibid.
7. In Other Words, March 1977, p. 2.
8. In the fall of 1976, the authors found SIL translators working feverishly at the Pôrto Velho base with New Tribes missionaries preparing for the glorious advance for the Lord. A year later, the military junta ordered SIL’s expulsion from the tribes by December 1977.
9. Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamö: The Fierce People (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968).
10. Napoleon Chagnon, Philip le Quesne, and James M. Cook, “Yanaomamö Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings,” Current Anthropology 12 (February 1971), no. 1, p. 72n.
11. In Other Words, February 1977, p. 5.
12. O Estado de São Paulo, March 1, 1975.
13. Quoted in O Estado de São Paulo, February 8, 1975.
14. Manchete, July 24, 1976, pp. 66–77.
15. Authors’ interview with Yasushi Toyotomi, sheriff of FUNAI, Pôrto Velho, Brazil, October 22, 1976.
16. Translation, September-October 1973, p. 6.
17. Authors’ interview with David Judd, business manager, SIL base, Pôrto Velho, Brazil, October 22, 1976.
18. Ibid.
19. Authors’ interview with William Cameron Townsend, Waxhaw, N.C., September 1977.
20. Miguel Chase Sardi, “The Present Situation of the Indians in Paraguay,” in The Situation of the Indian in South America, ed. Walter Dostal (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), p. 184.
21. Quoted in Mark Münzel, “The Aché Indians, Genocide in Paraguay,” in Richard Arens, ed., Genocide in Paraguay (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), p. 10.
22. New York Times, January 20, 1975, p. 41.
23. “Pamela Woolworth in Stock Deal for Cattle Venture in Paraguay,” New York Times, Papers of Nelson A. Rockefeller, Personal File, Countries series, Box 55, Folder 499, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
24. Sardi, “The Present Situation of the Indians in Paraguay,” pp. 175, 203–5, 210–11.
25. AIA Report, April-June 1967, p. 8, American International Association for Economic and Social Development (AIA) Archives, Quarterly Series, Box 15, Rockefeller Archive Center. For more background on AIA’s role in bringing Brazil into colonization schemes and expanded agribusiness in eastern Paraguay, see AIA Quarterly Reports for January-March and October-December 1964, January-March 1965, and July-September 1966; and Walter Crawford (AIA), “Observations and Suggestions on Rural Development in Paraguay,” report to John P. Wiley (U.S. AID Director for Paraguay), April 21, 1963, and letter of May 13, 1963; Crawford to Flor Brennan (AIA, New York Office), July 25, 1963; Walter Crawford, “Agricultural Production and Credit in Paraguay,” memorandum, September 1963; Crawford to John Camp (AIA, New York Office), September 23, 1963; all in AIA Archives, Box 8, Folder 67, Rockefeller Archive Center.
26. Mark Münzel, “Manhunt,” in Arens, ed., Genocide in Paraguay, p. 33.
27. Norman Lewis, “The Camp at Cecilio Baez,” in ibid., p. 62.
28. Quoted in New York Times, March 7, 1975, and cited in Chaim F. Shatan, “Genocide and Bereavement,” in Arens, ed., Genocide in Paraguay, p. 102.
29. Ignatius Suharno and Kenneth L. Pike, eds., From Baudi to Indonesian (Irian Jaya: Cenderawasih University, Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1976).
30. International Petroleum Encyclopedia, 1983 (Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Publishing Company, 1983), p. 236.
31. New York Times, October 24, 1974, p. 20.
32. New York Times, December 31, 1976, p. 6.
33. Wall Street Journal, July 18, 1977, p. 8.
34. Quoted in William Shawcross, The Shah’s Last Ride (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 141.
35. New York Times, August 24, 1977, p. 17.
36. Ibid., March 9, 1978, sec. II, p. 9.
37. Shawcross, The Shah’s Last Ride, p. 28.
38. Ibid., p. 285, citing documents produced by the Iran Central Bank in December 197
9.
39. IBEC 10-K-l filing, Securities and Exchange Commission. Rodman Rockefeller’s salary was $106,667 in 1979.
40. Mary and Laurance Rockefeller, “How South America Guards Her Green Legacy: Parks, Plans, and People,” National Geographic, January 1967, p. 104. Laurance conveyed to readers some sense of the global scope assumed so casually by corporate conservationists like the Rockefellers, when he recalled their first encounter with the Iguaçu Falls: “When Mary and I saw it, we exclaimed simultaneously, ‘The Congo!’”
41. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 154.
42. Dallas Morning News, February 17, 1979.
48: THY WILL BE DONE
1. “Philippine Diplomat Explains Why Group Won Award,” Charlotte News, November 3, 1973.
2. Quoted in Walden Bello and Severina Rivera, eds., The Logistics of Repression: The Role of U.S. Assistance in Consolidating the Martial Law Regime in the Philippines (Washington, D.C.: Friends of the Filipino People, 1977), p. 55.
3. Jon Landabaru, “The Double-Edged Sword: The SIL in Colombia,” Survival International Review, cited in David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empires? The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (London: Zed Press, 1982), p. 252.
4. Elmer F. Bennett, “Classified Report of the United States Delegation to the Fourth Inter-American Indian Conference, Guatemala City, Guatemala, May 16 to May 25, 1959,” June 9, 1959, Papers of Elmer F. Bennett, Box 6, “Guatemala Trip, Aug. 12–29,” Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. See also Edward A. Jameson, “The Indian Conference Hear from Some Guatemalan Indians,” memorandum of May 21, 1959, enclosure in ibid.; and Boletín lndigenista 19, no. 2 (June 1959), p. 67.
5. Guillermo Bonfíl Batalla, ed., Indianidad y Descolonización in America Latina: Documentos de la Segunda Reunion de Barbados (Mexico City: Nueva Imagen, 1979), pp. 397–400.
6. Inter-American Indian Institute, Anuario lndigenista (Mexico City: 1980), pp. 219–20.
7. Newsweek, October 25, 1976, p. 70.
8. “Evangelical Vote Is a Major Target,” New York Times, June 29, 1980.
9. “Thunder on the Right: An Unholy War Breaks Out over Evangelical Politics,” People, October 13, 1980, p. 34.