by Gerard Colby
Mussolini, Benito, 98, 134
Mussolini, Bruno, 134
Mustard, Sam, 562, 564n
Mutual Fund, Ltd., 863n17
Mutual Life Insurance, 293n
Mutual Securities Act, 228, 349
Mutual Security Agency, 230, 256
My Lai massacre, 582
Napalm, 466, 472, 492, 869n17
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 275–76, 279
Nation building, 667, 824
National Agrarian Confederation, Peru, 801
National Association of Evangelicals, 123
National Association of Manufacturers, 383
National Aviation, 793
National Bank for Economic Development, 437
National Bilingual Education Program, 483, 746n
National Commission on Critical Choices, 710
National Committee for the Alliance for Progress, 474
National Congress of American Indians, 577
National Council for the Protection of the Indian (CNPI), 500
National Council of Churches, 745, 748, 819
National Defense Council, 160
National Foundation for the Indian. See FUNAI National Geographic magazine, 522, 552, 575, 698, 794
National Indian Institute, 103, 107, 126, 144, 206, 239, 677, 809
National Information Service, 450, 639
National Institutes of Health, 256, 265, 740
National Integration Plan, Brazil, 652
National Intelligence Service, Peru, 515
National Iranian Oil Company, 787
National liberation movements: Colombia, 392, 684; Guatemala, 811–12; Peru, 489, 493, 525, 533–34; Philippines, 800; Vietnam, 547, 552, 567, 581, 583, 709
National Petroleum Council, Brazil, 190
National Research Council, 615
National Security Agency, 339, 372
National Security Council: in Eisenhower administration, 251, 263, 274–75; formerly SNWCC, 192; in Johnson administration, 530; in Kennedy administration, 327, 331, 338, 357, 398, 437; wiretaps on, 708. See also Special Group
Nationalist party, Puerto Rico, 224–25
Native American Rights Fund, 720
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natural gas deposits: in Peru, 462; in Southeast Asia, 561n
Natural Resources Planning Board, 559
Navigators, 123, 202, 290
Negociación Azucarera Nepeña, S.A., 456
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 53, 238, 370
Nelson Rockefeller Collection, Inc., The, 779
Neves, Luis, 623
New Deal, 160, 249, 357, 400
New Federalism, 711
New Peoples Army, Philippines, 800
New Tribes Mission, 500, 773, 775, 777–78
Newfield, Jack, 542, 577, 591–92
Ngo Dinh Diem, 238, 267, 410, 560
Ngo Dinh Nhu, 410
Nguyen Cao Ky, 562, 570, 571, 587
Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 582
Nguyen Van Thieu, 564, 587, 709
Nicaragua, 218, 635
Nickel: in Amazon, 669; in Cuba, 363
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 292, 408
Niemeyer, Oscar, 315, 638
Nitze, Paul, 115
Nixon, Richard M.: and CIA, 730, 731; duplicity of on Vietnam, 709–10; and Fundamentalist support, 288, 689; and Latin America, 6, 635, 664, 702; 1960 campaign, 329, 330, 334–35, 336; 1968 campaign, 536, 578–79; paranoia of, 280, 645, 708–9; resignation of, 691, 700–710, 721–22; trip to China, 709; as vice-president, 274, 315
Nobel Peace Prize, 268, 580, 677, 830
Noriega, Manuel, 813
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 830. See also Free Trade Zone
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 5, 273
North Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Northern Baptist Convention, 11, 24, 26
Nova Ruiz, Gen. 394
Noval, Joaquin, 320
Nuclear arms policies, 405–6, 409
Nyman, Will, 64
O, For a Thousand Tongues, 208
OAS. See Organization of American States
Obregón, Alvaro, 70
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 341n
O’Brien, Lawrence, 731
Occidental Petroleum, 692, 756
O’Donnell, Kenneth, 415
Odría, Manuel: and Cam, 199, 244, 249; coups involving, 206, 247, 311, 397; and Ecuador/Peru border dispute, 277; and U.S. companies, 278, 458, 496
O’Dwyer, William, 211
Oettinger, Anthony, 873n32
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. See CIAA
Office of Population, 475
Office of the Presidential Assistant for Community Development, Philippines, 267
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 113, 130, 182, 184, 221, 358
Office of War Information, 130
Oil: in Amazon generally, 360, 720; in American West, 460, 717; in Angola, 738; in Bolivia, 428, 750; in Brazil, 133, 182, 188, 214, 360, 443, 446, 499, 868n53; in Colombia, 387, 395, 522; in Ecuador, 359, 482, 603; in Far East, 548, 561, 561n, 759; in Guatemala, 244, 809; in Mexico, 94, 97; in Middle East, 192, 716; in Peru, 120, 192, 245, 458–61, 482, 513–14; strategic importance of, 97, 98, 192, 205–6, 276, 788. See also Arab oil; OPEC
Olin Mathieson, 608
Oliveira, Gen. Ismarth de Araújo, 773
Oliver, Covey, 521
Olsen, Betty, 581
Olson, Ronald D., 750
O’Meara, Gen. Andrew, 445, 471
O’Neal, Edward, 166
OPEC, 514, 603, 763, 783. See also Arab oil
Open Door trade policy, 95, 171, 185, 188–89
Open Skies proposal, 270–71, 332
Operation Amazon, 628, 632, 835n2
Operation Auca, 283–89
Operation Bloodstone, 264
Operation Bootstrap, 224, 356, 475
Operation Brother Sam, 446
Operation Brotherhood, 268, 757
Operation Deep Freeze, 718
Operation MONGOOSE, 266. See also Castro, Fidel
Operation Pan American, 315
Operation Phoenix, 565, 566, 582, 707n
Operation Zapata, 321. See also Bay of Pigs
Operations and Policy Research, Inc., 501, 503, 625
Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 263, 278
Oreamuno, Rafael, 163
Organization of American States (OAS): adjuncts of, 219, 339, 606; chiefs of: 168, 208, 601; founding conference, 179, 203, 205–6, 273; and Guatemala, 243;and oil, 278, 607; precursors of, 5, 172; and U.S., 348, 399, 452, 602–3, 606, 645, 881n2
Orne, Dr. Martin X, 873n32
Orr, Carolyn, 874n36
Ortiga, José, 675–76
Osborn, Frederick, 475
OSS. See Office of Strategic Services
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 416, 864n48
Ovando, Gen. Alfredo, 534
Overseas Economic Administration, 226, 230
Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 548
Packard, Rev. Arthur, 294
Padilla, Ezéquiel, 161, 163, 168, 170, 174, 178
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 732, 783, 788
Pakistan, and SIL, 798
Palacios, J. E., 130
Pan American Airways, 118, 119, 181
Pan American Conference, 5, 99
Pan American Council of Chicago, 283, 387
Pan American Highway, 116, 438
Pan American Society, 158, 160, 178
Pan American Union, 92, 172
Panama, 517, 635
Panama Canal Zone, 199, 204, 287, 805
Panero, Robert, 616
Panzós massacre, Guatemala, 806
Papadopoulos, George, 264
Paraguay, 158, 529, 775, 777
Paribas Corporation, 573
Paris Summit (1960), 328, 331
Partners in Progress, 226–28, 848n5
Pathfinder Fund, 879n16
Patiño min
ing interests, 98, 153, 157, 662, 888n66
Pawley, William, 199, 204, 313, 739
Paz Estenssoro, Victor, 276, 472, 528, 693, 695, 696
PDS. See Social Democratic party
Peabody Coal, 717
Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 136, 320, 364, 366
Peasant Leagues, Brazil, 441
Peeke, Catherine, 606
Peixoto, Alzira, 299
Peixoto, Ernani do Amaral, 299
Peñaranda, Gen. Enrique, 153–54, 157
Penkovsky Oleg, 374
Pennsylvania Oil (Pennzoil), 775
Pentagon Papers, 708
People of the Forest Alliance, 900n68
“People’s Capitalism,” 275, 343
Pereira, Ataide, 1–3, 622
Perez Jiménez, Marcos, 219, 257, 277, 312
Perkins, James, 474, 572, 611, 789
Perón, Juan: and Eva, 278; excluded from foreign ministers conference, 163; as minister of war, 158; regime of, 168, 171, 178, 261, 776; removal of, 278, 312; and U.N. founding conference, 172, 174
Perot, Ross, 761
Persinos, Georgia, 497
Peru: coups in, 311–12, 397–98, 412, 516, 529, 666, 756, 770, 772; development of Amazon, 136, 459; economy of, 192–93, 245–46, 490; Ecuador border war, 119–20, 144, 281; landslide in, 770; and missionaries, 121, 754; Nazi refugees in, 516; relations with U.S., 397–98, 458, 635; workers in, 153, 467, 470
Peruvian Amazon Corporation, 120
Peruvian-American Association, 120
Peruvian-American Committee on Cultural Cooperation, 198, 200
Peruvian-American Cultural Institute, 539
Peruvian Oils and Minerals Company, 278, 284, 287
Petrobrás: and Amazon development, 316, 360; and Bolivia, 30; established, 258; exploration monopoly of, 276, 300; and independence from foreign oil, 260, 304, 625; purged, 450
Petroperu, 692
Pew, J. Howard, 40, 435, 454, 486
Pew family, 408, 435, 569n, 718, 822
Pfizer Chemicals, 510, 608
Phelps Dodge, 293n
Philippines, 54, 207–8, 232, 743
Phillips, David Atlee, 347–48
Phillips Petroleum, 451, 692
Phillips Uranium, 719
Phoenix Ecuador Oil, 859n37
Pike, Kenneth: and Cam, 282, 820; in Far East, 208, 779; and Iran, 798; in Latin America, 68, 121, 123–24, 318; learns languages, 68, 125, 126. See also Summer Institute of Linguistics
Pine Street Fund, 885n7
Pinheiro, Manuel dos Santos, 676
Pinkley, Homer, 509
Pinochet, Augusto, 707n
Pioneer Mission Agency, 47, 51, 60, 73, 123
Pittman, Richard, 236, 268, 289, 583
Plan Inca, 516
Plan Victoria, 663
Plaza, Galo. See Galo Plaza
Plowman, Timothy, 509
Pocantico, New York, 11, 211, 286, 780
Point Four Program, 6, 209, 223, 247, 249, 286, 508, 608
Population control, 428, 475–76, 498, 547, 681, 692, 696, 775
Population Council, 308, 475, 696, 879n16. See also Rockefeller, John D. 3rd
Porter, Gen. Robert, 530, 639, 832
Powers, Joshua, 664n
Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 119–20, 197, 312, 396, 458, 516, 703
Pratt, Charles, 191
Predial Bank, Brazil, 611
PRI. See Institutional Revolutionary Party
Primitive art, 54, 364, 367, 796. See also Museum of Primitive Art
Primitive People’s Fund, 677
Prio, Carlos, 739
Problems of Indian Administration, The, 30, 67
Program to Combat Racism, 678, 680
Project ARTICHOKE, 256
Project Camelot, 479, 503
Project Eagle, 342–43
Project Halo, 521
Project Heatwave, 474
Protestant Council of New York City, 294
Prouty, L. Fletcher, 342, 490
Provincial Reconnaissance Units, 567–68
Psychological warfare, 235–36, 241, 242, 310, 321, 376, 393
PTB. See Brazilian Labor Party Public Advisory Council, Point IV, 225
Public Law 280, 257
Puerto Rican Industrial Development Corporation, 224
Puerto Rican nationalism, 223–25
Punta Alegre Sugar Corporation, 313, 362, 456
Purcell, Robert W., 372, 806, 863n17
Putnam, Sam, 364
Quadros, Jânio, 350, 360, 423, 436, 441
Quantico II, 270, 273–74, 279
Queiróz, Adhemar de, 450
Queiroz Campos, José de, 624, 651
Querino, Elpido, 235
Radar Amazon (RADAM), 671, 675, 821
Radê tribe, Vietnam, 571, 580, 581n, 757
Radio Free Europe, 263, 264, 321, 861n8
Ramírez, Pedro, 158
Ramírez, Rafael, 63, 66
Ramón Magsaysay Award, 799
RAND Corporation, 568, 611, 615
Rankin, Herbert, 199
Rayburn, Sam, 112, 139, 329
RBI. See Rockefeller Brothers, Inc.
Reagan, Ronald: administration of, 280, 803, 810, 823; as California governor, 593; Fundamentalist support for, 489, 760, 797, 804
Redfield, Dr. Robert, 68
Reed, Charles H., 746n
Refinaria Exploração de Petrólio União, S.A., 189, 303, 304, 428, 447, 660
Reich, Dr. Edward, 892n21
Reid, Thorbine, III, 876n3
Reily Coffee Company, 864n48
Reis, Arthur Ferreira, 615
Reis de Magalhães, Paulo, 660
Religious Roundtable, 803
Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), 238, 289, 347, 349, 358, 552, 556–75, 585, 594, 709
Republican party: in Eisenhower administration, 230–31; in FDR administration, 171; Fundamentalism and, 764–65, 797; in New York, 310; and 1960 election, 329, 333–34; and 1964 election, 406, 409; and 1968 election, 588, 594; and 1972 election, 646–47, 706; and 1976 election, 760–61, 764, 766–68; in North Carolina, 385; Young Republicans, 333, 409
Research Analysis Corporation, 558
Rethinking Missions, 39–40
Revolutionary Liberal Movement party, Colombia, 753
Revolutionary Workers Party, Peru, 470
Reyes, Cornelio, 753
Rhee, Syngman, 221
Rhoads, Charles J., 30
Rhodesia, IBEC in, 855n32
Ribeiro, Darcy, 318–20, 432, 433, 448, 501, 686–87
Richardson, Arthur B. 852n45
Rickenbacker, Eddie, 116, 293n
Riester, Jürgen, 686, 751
Riley, Rev. William, 22, 25
Rio Conference of Americanists, 277, 318
Rio Tinto Zinc Mining Company, 619
Ríos Montt, Gen. Efraín, 809–10, 816, 818
River blindness, 773, 773n
Rivera, Diego, 57–60, 75
Robertson, Hugh, 59
Robertson, Pat, 386, 816, 817, 819
Robinson, Jim, 804
Robinson, Scott, 685–86
Robinson Bible Institute, 47
Roche, John P., 575
Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich (Nelson’s mother), 11, 17, 27, 32, 57, 158, 210, 794
Rockefeller, Abby “Babs” (Nelson’s sister), 211, 212, 454, 859n44
Rockefeller, Anne-Marie, 368
Rockefeller, David: and AID, 474, 572, 573; and Alliance for Progress, 474, 539; and Brazilian military dictatorship, 474, 823–24; as Chase president, 6, 212, 789, 792; and Cold War ideology, 665; and Latin America, 312, 380, 411, 459, 475, 823–26, 886n27; launches Trilateral Commission, 715; and Manhattan development, 295n; and Nelson, 257, 368, 407, 454, 795; in Saigon, 562–64; youth of, 18. See also Bodoquena; International Basic Economy Corporation; Ludwig, Daniel K.
Rockefeller, Godfrey, 859n44
Rockefeller, J. Stillman, 312, 459, 562, 669, 859n44
Rockefeller, John
D., Jr.: business activities of, 158, 192, 844n30; education of, 12; and Eisenhower, 230; and Fundamentalists, 85, 293, 294; and Nelson, 54, 78, 158, 178, 213, 257, 723; personal characteristics of, 9, 12, 16, 24, 156, 794; philanthropies of, 67, 191, 220; retirement and death of, 210–11, 330–31, 407; and U.N. site, 211
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 6, 18, 19, 24, 81, 454, 662, 723
Rockefeller, John D. 3rd: death of, 787; interest in Asia, 308, 547, 559; and Lincoln Center, 295n; and population control, 475, 498; and Rockefeller Foundation, 211, 266, 560; and SWNCC, 192, 220, 221; youth of, 9, 10. See also Agricultural Development Council; Southeast Asia Development Advisory Group
Rockefeller, Laura Spelman, 13, 24, 68
Rockefeller, Laurance: and aircraft industry, 116, 268–69, 339, 372, 847–48n1; conservation work of, 793; in Latin America, 116, 118, 152, 897n40; and Nelson, 115, 212, 302, 407, 716, 724; other business ventures of, 226, 257, 326, 372, 718; youth of, 10, 18, 27
Rockefeller, Margaretta “Happy,” 407, 454–55, 587–88, 636, 711, 722, 783, 795–96
Rockefeller, Mark and Nelson, Jr., 795
Rockefeller, Mary (Mrs. Laurance), 897n40
Rockefeller, Mary (Nelson’s daughter), 363, 368, 407
Rockefeller, Mary Todhunter “Tod,” 53, 93, 108, 171, 311, 367, 407, 795
Rockefeller, Michael, 311, 363–64, 366–68, 455, 792, 796
Rockefeller, Nelson:
—and Amazon development, 133–53, 228, 232, 249, 607–20, 632–34, 659–62, 668–69, 670–71, 792
—and Brazil: agricultural interests in, 215–16, 304, 318; and Brazilian leaders, 138–39, 154, 181, 297, 306; other business ventures in, 298–308, 634; reputation in, 181, 215, 299, 614, 639–40; and wartime rubber, 119, 135–37, 147–49
—and CIA, 267–68, 278, 736, 740
—and destruction of Rivera mural, 57–60
—in Eisenhower administration: chairs Committee on Government Organization, 255–56; chairs Special Group, 251, 268, 278, 851n21; as special assistant for Cold War affairs, 262, 263, 270–75
—and Far East, 53, 55–57, 268, 308, 368, 547, 592, 709
—in Ford administration: chairs commission on CIA abuses, 735–40; and Domestic Council, 761–62; and National Security Council, 765; leaves office, 766–69; as vice-president, 696, 722, 723–29, 734;
—and Fundamentalism, 293, 330, 408
—as governor of New York, 310–11, 312, 385, 537, 706, 716
—and IBEC, 212, 573, 782
—and Indians, 10–11, 15–16, 31, 78–81, 103, 107–8, 128, 143–47, 150–54, 157, 168, 198, 300–301, 318, 430, 638, 650–51, 673–75, 740, 780
—and Johnson, 473, 537, 538, 587, 711
—and Kennedys: criticizes JFK administration, 403, 406, 409, 453; and Cuban missile crisis, 355, 399; influences early JFK administration, 335–39, 371–72, 375–77, 380–81, 398; on Johnson as vice-president, 422; opposes Robert Kennedy, 577, 591