Einstein: His Life and Universe
Page 83
Mari, Milos, 89
Markwalder, Suzanne, 37, 38
Marshall, George, 493
Marx, Sam, 491–93
Maschinchen device, 143–44, 161
mass:
energy converted from, 2, 5, 137–39, 272, 348, 469–70, 485
gravitational vs. inertial, 146–47, 468, 548
Newtonian laws of, 90, 91, 130–31
in quantum mechanics, 348–49
relativity and, 250–51, 252, 468, 548
matrix mechanics, 331
Matthau, Walter, 13
Maxwell, James Clerk, 7, 34, 91–92, 97, 110–11, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 126, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 248, 336n–37n, 338, 340, 349, 350, 438
Maxwell equations, 115, 118, 120, 121, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 336n–37n, 338, 549, 578n, 581n
Mayer, Louis B., 491–92
Mayer, Walther, 358, 363, 368, 371, 397, 410, 411, 412, 423, 424, 450, 464
Meaning of Relativity, The (Einstein), 513, 577n
mechanics:
classical, 91, 92, 109, 113, 114, 127–28
laws of, 127–28
matrix, 331
quantum, see quantum mechanics statistical, 67–70, 98, 99, 101, 103–6, 167, 255, 327–29, 333, 341, 345, 347–48, 629n
wave, 329–30, 331, 347, 454–55, 456
Mechanics and Its Development (Mach), 81
Meitner, Lise, 407, 469
Mendel, Toni, 361
Mercury, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n
Mermin, N. David, 459
metals, 68
metric tensors, 194–98, 200–201, 212–22, 254–55, 320, 340–41, 351, 352, 512–13, 590n–91n
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), 491–93
Metropolitan Opera House, 295, 370
Meyer, Edgar, 239
Meyer, Menasseh, 306
Meyer-Schmid, Anna, 153–54
Michanowski, Ethel, 361–62
Michelmore, Peter, 88, 137
Michelson, Albert, 48, 112, 113, 115, 116–17, 297, 300, 354, 372, 579n–80n
microwaves, 111
Mie, Gustav, 592n
Miles, Sherman, 477–78
militarism, 4, 205–9, 240, 275, 371, 373, 375, 381–83, 414–17, 419–20, 488, 494, 498–99, 520
Milky Way, 254, 353
Miller, Arthur I., 116, 135, 280, 578n, 581n, 628n
Miller, Dayton, 300
Millikan, Robert Andrews, 100–101, 212, 315, 321, 373, 380–81, 395–98, 402, 403
Minkowski, Hermann, 35, 132–33, 193, 591n
Missa Solemnis (Beethoven), 536
modernism, 3, 277–80
Modern Times (Johnson), 277
molecules:
attraction of, 56–57
existence of, 43, 56, 67, 70, 103, 104
gas, 43, 56–57, 67–72, 91, 103, 156, 328–29
liquid, 2, 56–58, 68
motion of, 2, 68, 91, 93, 97, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 156, 223, 351, 373, 577n size of, 101–3
momentum, 323, 346, 348–49, 448–53, 459–60, 626n–27n
Monday Evening Club, 469
Monthly Review, 504
Mooney, Tom, 380, 381
moral relativism, 270, 277–80, 602n
Morgenthau, Henry, 430
Morley, Edward, 48, 112, 113, 115, 116–17, 297, 300, 579n
Moscow show trials, 446
Moszkowski, Alexander, 14, 127, 269–71, 601n
motion:
absolute, 320
Brownian, 68, 93, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 351, 373, 577n
laws of, 90–91
molecular, 2, 68, 91, 93, 97, 101, 103–6, 117, 118, 140, 156, 223, 351, 373, 577n
relative, 36, 93, 107–9, 127–31, 133, 134, 135, 145–46, 197, 199–201, 212, 213, 215, 220, 223, 318–20, 467
rotation and, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 510–11, 593/2–94/2, 596n
spontaneous, 69–70
Mount Wilson Observatory, 353–55, 372
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 14, 29, 37–38, 177, 232, 272, 403, 415, 426, 430, 519
Murray, Gilbert, 305
Murrow, Edward R., 531–32, 534
Mussolini, Benito, 443, 517
Muste, A. J., 500–501
mutual influence, 329–30
“My Opinion of the War” (Einstein), 208–9
Nagasaki bombing (1945), 485
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 476, 630/2
Nassau Inn, 445
Nathan, Otto, 240–41, 542, 544, 545, 633/2, 639/2
Nation, 377
National Academy of Sciences, 296
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 505
nationalism, 4, 205–9, 240, 282, 291, 301, 302, 305, 378, 381–82, 386, 479, 482–83, 487–491, 601/2
nature:
atomic model of, 2, 43, 56, 70, 93, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 140, 164, 169, 255
causality in, 1, 81–84, 90–91, 95, 216, 323–26, 332, 333, 334, 345, 347, 460, 461
harmonious arrangement of, 3, 4, 13–14, 20, 37–38, 78, 297–98, 388–89, 548, 549–51
objective reality in, 323–26, 331–35, 352–53, 460–65, 538–39
physical existence of, 169–70, 251–52, 321, 326–33, 337, 345–46, 347, 349, 350, 352–53, 448–70, 538, 625n
simplicity of, 82–83, 99, 349, 512, 549
see also physics
Naturforscber conference (1909), 155
Navy, U.S., 478, 481–82
Nazi Germany, 471–73, 479, 485–86, 498–99, 534
Nazism, 242, 287, 298, 303, 371, 376–78, 386, 399, 403–10, 411, 412, 414–17, 423, 433–34, 437, 444–45, 446, 447, 471–73, 474, 479, 485–86, 498–99, 505–6, 524, 528, 533, 534, 550
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939), 475
NBC, 402, 501
nebulae, 254, 355
“Negro Question, The” (Einstein), 505
Neptune, 199
Nernst, Walther, 167, 168, 174, 178–79, 205, 206–7, 285, 286, 321
Neumann, Betty, 360–61
Neumann, John von, 426, 607n–8n
neurons, 547
neutrons, 469, 472
Newark Sunday Ledger, 429
“New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A” (Einstein), 101–3
New Fatherland League, 207–8, 242
New History Society, 371
New Leader, 526
New Scientist, 459
Newsweek, 485, 491
Newton, Isaac:
“bucket experiment” of, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20
calculus developed by, 93
Einstein compared with, 5, 6, 90–91, 93, 312, 333, 352, 544, 549, 581n
Einstein’s admiration for, 248, 301, 360, 423, 438
gravitational laws of, 2, 57, 81–82, 84, 90–91, 93, 110, 113, 114, 118–19, 125, 128, 130–31, 133, 145, 146–47, 156, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 318–20, 323, 333, 352, 453, 548
Principia of, 125, 128, 199–201, 352
New Yorker, 266–67
New York Evening Post, 294
New York Herald’Tribune, 343
NewYorkPost, 501, 526
New York Times, 264–66, 277–78, 285, 292, 294, 296, 299, 339–42, 343, 344, 358, 370, 398, 400, 411–12, 416, 421, 436, 450, 459, 467, 468, 487, 493, 499–500, 513, 520, 521, 525–26, 528, 529, 532, 545, 631n
New York World Telegram, 404, 420
Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 207, 243–46, 433
Night of the Long Knives, 434
Nobel, Alfred, 310, 490
Nobel Prize, 3, 60, 101, 206, 235, 236, 243, 280, 286, 309–16, 325, 329, 337, 344–45, 349, 373, 383, 387, 407, 490, 516, 606n, 607n
non-symmetrical tensors, 512–13
Norden, Heinz, 633
Norton, John D., 195n, 196, 197, 214, 576n, 594n
Novi Sad, Serbia, 42, 64, 73, 75, 76–77, 86–88, 136, 161, 182, 570n
>
Novi Sad, University of, 136
nuclear fission, 469–72
nuclear weapons, 482–84, 487–95, 539, 541, 631n–32n
Nüesch, Jacob, 72, 73
Oakland, 401
Oberlaender Trust, 401–3
Occam’s razor, 549
O’Connell, William Henry, 388, 389
Office of Scientific Research and Development, U.S., 480
Olympia Academy, 79–84, 85, 93, 125, 131, 135, 143, 164, 274, 317, 462, 513, 536
“On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light” (Einstein), 94–101, 105
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 122–35
“On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light” (Einstein), 190–91, 256
“On the Investigation of the State of Ether in a Magnetic Field” (Einstein), 24–25
“On the Method of Theoretical Physics” (Einstein), 350–53
“On the Molecular Theory of Heat” (Einstein), 97
“On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein” (Einstein), 608n
“On the Quantum Theory of Radiation” (Einstein), 322–24
Oppenheim, Shulamith, 13
Oppenheimer, Frank, 531
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 251, 480, 488–89, 509, 524, 531–32, 534, 540, 631n, 638n
Oppenheimer, Kitty, 531
optics, 98, 114
Oseen, Carl Wilhelm, 313–14
osmosis, 480–81
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 59–60, 70, 310
“Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and a Theory of Gravitation” (Entwurf approach) (Einstein), 198–202, 204, 212, 213–14, 215, 216, 256, 591n, 592n, 594n
Overbye, Dennis, 13, 127, 216, 255, 459
Oxford University, 350–53, 361–62, 396–97, 410, 412, 418–20, 422–24, 431, 432, 549, 591n
pacifism, 4, 23, 58, 205–9, 212, 302, 305, 371, 373, 374–78, 381–83, 396, 399–401, 402, 403, 404–5, 414–17, 421, 483, 490, 498–99, 501, 521, 633n
Pageant, 505
Pais, Abraham, 106, 165, 218, 275, 297n, 466, 509, 514–15, 532, 619n
Panama Canal, 371
Papen, Franz von, 399
paradoxes, 114–15, 130
parietal cortex, 547–48
particle (quantum) theory, 1, 65, 93, 94–101, 105, 110, 120–22, 124, 140, 141–42, 144, 150, 155–57, 165, 168–71, 179, 190, 235, 255, 256, 286, 313–14, 318–20, 321, 326–33, 337n, 539, 580n–81n, 583n, 586n
Pasadena Civic Auditorium, 402–3
Pasteur, Louis, 423
Paterniti, Michael, 546, 640n
Patterson, Cissy, 615n
Paul, Saint, 343
Pauli, Wolfgang, 156, 267, 343–44, 345, 346, 451, 466, 538
Pauling, Linus, 171n, 486
Peacock Inn, 426
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 480
Pearson, Drew, 534
Penrose, Boies, 295
Penrose, Roger, 251, 581n
People’s Books on Natural Science (Bernstein), 18–19, 567n
perihelion, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n
Pernet Jean, 34–35, 54–55
Perse, Saint–John, 549
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 26
Petersschule, 15–16
Philadelphia Inquirer, 528
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 293
philosophy, 20, 52–53, 79–84, 113, 164, 166, 238, 334–35, 387, 388–89, 391, 460–61, 518, 627n
photoelectric effect, 65, 96–101, 105, 207, 235, 286, 309, 313–15, 327, 344, 351, 373
photographic diaphragm, 435
photons, 94, 99, 101, 322–24, 326–33, 349, 459, 466, 576n
Physical Review, 624n
physics:
absolutes in, 2, 37, 82, 84, 111, 124–25, 128, 169, 200, 223, 266, 277, 288, 320, 333, 460
classical, 90–92, 96, 99, 100, 101, 109, 113, 114, 125, 156, 169, 197, 277, 280, 312–13, 317, 322, 323, 324, 332, 333, 347, 461, 463
deductive method for, 116–18
experimental, 34–35, 47–48, 57, 161, 286, 310–11, 312, 314
“German,” 289, 315, 405–10
heuristic approach to, 94, 98, 155
historical development of, 33–34, 90–92
inductive method for, 116–18, 191, 350–52, 579n–81n
“Jewish,” 142, 269–71, 284–89, 311–12, 315
laws of, 17–19, 57, 69–70, 84, 90–91, 107–8, 193, 196–97, 216–17, 220, 223–24, 277, 278, 312–13, 386, 388, 510–11, 549–50
particle, 316, 326–27, 334, 345, 352, 353, 463–64, 512, 538
popular understanding of, 5–7, 18, 263–80, 355, 567n
scientific realism in, 169, 323–25, 333–35, 349, 350–53, 385, 450–51, 455, 460–65, 538–39, 6l2n, 627n, 628n, 635n
theoretical, 33–34, 35, 91–93, 99, 150, 152, 156, 161, 162, 175, 203, 212, 286, 310–11, 312, 314, 348, 407
unified conception of, 3, 4, 13–14, 67, 70–71, 148, 352, 550
see also quantum mechanics; relativity; unified field theory
“Physics and Reality” (Einstein), 462–63
Picasso, Pablo, 3, 5, 280
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 469
Pity of It All, The (Elon), 284
Planck, Max, 5, 32, 95–100, 132, 140–41, 149, 155, 156, 157, 160–61, 163, 168, 169, 170, 178–79, 203, 205, 206–7, 211, 232–33, 260, 267, 269, 288, 304, 310–11, 321, 322, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 344, 337, 339, 344, 406, 407–8, 409, 550, 549, 576n
Planck medal, 348
Planck’s constant (h), 95–96, 99, 155, 157, 327, 331
planetary orbits, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n
Plesch, Janos, 357–58
Podolsky, Boris, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, n–26n
Poincaré, Henri, 81, 125, 133–34, 135, 168, 170, 176–77, 311, 330, 550, 569n–70n, 581n
Poland, 499
polonium, 171
Ponsonby, Arthur, 414–15, 417
Poor, Charles, 277–78
Popovi, Milan, 87
positivism, 82, 350, 460–61, 462, 609n, 627n
Postal and Telegraph Building (Bern), 77, 142
postulates, 118–22, 127–28, 134, 191, 252, 335, 347, 581n
potential energy, 584n
Prague, University of, 162–68, 173, 175–77, 192, 421, 482
“Present State of the Problem of
Specific Heats, The” (Einstein), 169–71
Princeton Country Day School, 440
Princeton Hospital, 545, 546, 547
Princeton University, 289, 297–98, 395, 399, 444–45
Principe Island, 257–58, 261
Principia (Newton), 125, 128, 199–201, 352
Principles of Human Knowledge (Berkeley), 350n
privatdozent appointments, 144–53
probability, 84, 255, 323–25, 328–29, 330, 332, 333–35, 338–39, 345, 347, 349, 353, 392, 454–56, 461, 462, 515, 626n–27n
Prolegomena (Kant), 238
Proust, Marcel, 280
Prussian Academy of Sciences, 100, 179, 203, 214–15, 218, 219–20, 250, 321, 343, 395, 398, 405–7, 408, 411
psi-functions, 457–58
Ptolemy, 518
Pueblo (Colorado) Star-Journal, 528
Pugwash Conferences, 541
Pythagoras, 194
Pythagorean theorem, 17, 195n
quantum mechanics, 320–35, 448–70
“action at a distance” in, 319–20, 330, 346–47, 448–53, 454, 458
Bohr’s contributions to, 324–26, 332–33, 344–49, 448, 451–52, 458, 468–69, 514–15, 626n
causality in, 345, 347, 460, 461
complementarity in, 452–53
Copenhagen interpretation of, 332–33, 347, 349, 424, 449, 453, 455, 457, 459–60, 626n–27n
decoherent histories in, 459–60, 626n–27n
Einstein’s contributions to, 3, 4, 5, 22, 94–101, 140, 144, 155–57, 168�
�71, 211, 234, 235, 238, 316, 321, 322–33, 608n
Einstein’s criticism of, 4, 7, 22, 84, 94, 157, 166, 298, 316, 317, 320–35, 344–53, 385, 421–22, 448–70, 514–15, 538, 609n, 625n–29n, 635n
entanglement in, 454, 455, 458–59
“EPR paper” on, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, n–26n
experimental support for, 329, 333, 458
fixed states in, 455–56
gravitation in, 349, 449, 458
“gunpowder experiment” for, 456, 457–58
incompleteness of, 450–53, 457
locality principle in, 448–53, 454, 458, 461, 512, 626n mass in, 348–49
momentum and position in, 323, 346, 348–49, 448–53, 459–60, n–27n
Newton’s laws and, 323, 333, 453
observation in, 331–33, 345, 349, 448–70, 515, 538, 625n, 635n
physical reality in, 169–70, 321, 326–33, 345–46, 347, 349, 448–70, 538, 625n
probability in, 84, 255, 323–25, 328–29, 330, 332, 333–35, 338–39, 345, 347, 349, 353, 392, 454–56, 461, 462, 515, n–27n
psi-functions in, 457–58
relativity compared with, 5, 168–71, 320–21, 323, 326, 332, 334–37, 346, 347, 453, 459, 460
Schrödinger equation for, 454–55, 626n
“Schrödinger’s cat” and, 453–60
scientific collaboration on, 326–33, 424, 451–52, 453
separability in, 449–50, 453, 454, 461, 609n, 626n
Solvay conference debates on, 344–49, 452, 453, 514, 538, 609n
spacetime continuum in, 348–49, 450, 453, 455, 461–62
“spooky action at a distance” in, 448–53, 454, 458