by John Lynch
26. Ruben Vargas Ugarte, Historia general del Perú, 6 vols (Barcelona, 1966), VI, 240.
27. San Martín to Guido, 18 December 1826, Documentos del Archivo de San Martín, VI, 503.
28. Bolívar to San Martín, Guayaquil, 25 July 1822, o’Leary, Memorias, XIX, 338.
29. Bolívar to Santander, Guayaquil, 29 July 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 243.
30. Bolívar to Santander, Quito, 6 December 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 282.
31. Bolívar to Fernando Toro, Cuenca, 23 September 1822, Obras completas, I, 683–5.
32. O’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 23–6, 37.
33. Earle, Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 164–5.
34. Decrees, 13 January 1823, Decretos del Libertador, I, 273–5.
35. Bolívar to Santander, Ibarra, 23 December 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 288.
36. Bolívar to Santander, Quito, 6 December 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 283.
37. Bolívar to Santander, Tulcán, 31 December 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 290–1; o’Leary, Narración, II, 182–4.
38. He later said to friends that he had no heirs, ‘for his wife died very early, and he did not marry again, but that did not mean he was sterile, for he had proof to the contrary’. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 96.
39. Bolívar to Bernardina Ibáñez, Cali, 5 January 1822, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 212–13.
40. Alfonso Rumazo González, Manuela Sáenz: La libertadora del Libertador (6th edn, Caracas, 1962); Cornelio Hispano, Historia secreta de Bolívar, su gloria y sus amores (Medellín, 1977); Blanca Gaitán de Paris, La mujer en la vida pública del Libertador (Bogotá, 1980); Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, The Four Seasons of Manuela: The Love Story of Manuela Saenz and Simon Bolivar (London, 1966) are a few examples of the tendency to mix fact and fiction. In preference see Bernardo J. Caicedo, ‘El supuesto rapto de Manuelita Sáenz’, BAGN, 71 (1981), 130–5, Jorge Villalba Freire, Manuela Sáenz en la leyenda y en la historia (Caracas, 1988), Manuela Sáenz, Epistolario (Quito, 1986), and especially Pamela S. Murray, ‘“Loca” or “Libertadora”? Manuela Sáenz in the Eyes of History and Historians, 1900– c.1990’, JLAS, 33, 2 (2001), 291–310, an expert and original interpretation.
41. Bolívar to Garaycoa family, Quito, 16 November 1822, Babahoyo, 16 June 1823, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 230, 254–5.
42. Bolívar to Garaycoas ladies, Cuenca, 14 September 1822, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 223; Cartas de mujeres, BOLANH, 16, 62 (1933), 335, 339, 341.
43. Manuela Garaycoa, Guayquil, 15 June 1826, 2 January 1827, 14 August 1828, Cartas de mujeres, BOLANH, 16, 62 (1933), 337, 338–9, 340.
44. Bolívar to Garaycoa family, Bogotá, 16 November 1827, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 498.
45. La Gloriosa to Bolívar, Guayaquil, 13 June 1830, BOLANH, 16, 62 (1933), 341.
46. J–B. Boussingault, Memorias (Caracas, 1974), 303, 306. On Boussingault see the essay by Germán Carrera Damas, La Disputa de la Independencia (Caracas, 1995), 87–116.
47. Manuela Sáenz to Bolívar, Quito, 30 December 1822, Cartas de mujeres, BOLANH, 16, 62 (1933), 332.
48. Bolívar to Santander, Huamachuco, 6 May 1824, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 240–1.
49. Manuela Sáenz to Captain Santana, Huamachuco, 28 May 1824 (BANH, 16, 62 (1823), 332).
50. Manuela Sáenz to Thorne, October 1823, Vicente Lecuna, ‘Papeles de Manuela Sáenz’, BOLANH, 28, 112 (1945), 501–2; Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, La Plata, 26 November 1825, Cartas del Libertador, V, 180; see also o’Leary, Narración, III, 338–9, note.
51. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, Ica, 20 April 1825, Cartas del Libertador, IV, 315–16.
52. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, 13 October 1825, Cartas del Libertador, V, 121–2; Manuela Sáenz to Bolívar, Lima, 27 November 1825, BOLANH, 16, 62 (1933), 334.
53. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, Lima, 6 April, 1826, Obras completas, II, 345; Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, La Magdalena, July 1826, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 422–3.
54. Manuela Sáenz to Bolívar, Lima, 27 November 1825, Cartas de mujeres, BOLANH, XVI, 334.
55. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, Ibarra, 6 October 1826, Cartas del Libertador, VI, 80.
56. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, Bucaramanga, 3 April 1828, Cartas del Libertador, VI, 80.
57. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, end of July 1828, Cartas del Libertador, VII, 377; Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, 11 May 1830, Cartas del Libertador, IX, 265.
58. Jorge Basadre, Historia de la República del Perú, 10 vols (5th edn, Lima, 1961–4), I, 332.
59. Susy Sánchez, ‘Clima, hambre y enfermedad en Lima durante la Guerra independen–tista (1817–1826)’, La Independencia en el Perú: De los Borbones a Bolívar, ed. Scarlett o’Phelan Godoy (Lima, 2001), 237–63.
60. Bolívar to Santander, 12–14 March 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 31.
61. Bolívar to Riva Agüero, Guayaquil, 13 April 1823, Obras completas, I, 731–3.
62. Sucre to Bolívar, El Callao, 19 June 1823, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 47.
63. O’Leary, Narración, II, 211.
64. Bolívar to Santander, Quito, 3 July 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 87.
65. O’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 29.
66. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 11 September, 20 September 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 127, 135–6.
67. Miller, Memoirs, II, 102–4.
68. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 11 September 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 127–8.
69. Bolívar to Santander, Trujillo, 21 December 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 187; Proclamation, 25 December 1824, Proclamas y discursos del Libertador, 298.
70. Bolívar to Santander, Pallasca, 8 December 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 174.
71. Bolívar to Santander, Pativilca, 9 January 1824, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 196–9.
72. Bolívar to Torre Tagle, Pativilca, 7 January 1824, Obras completas, I, 861–3.
73. O’Leary, Narración, II, 241–4; Anna, Fall of the Royal Government in Peru, 222–5.
74. Bolívar to Santander, Pativilca, 23 January 1824, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 202–5.
75. Mosquero to Restrepo, 2 August 1854, Blanco y Azpurúa, Documentos para la historia de la vida pública del Libertador, IX, 343–4.
76. O’Leary, Narración, II, 240.
77. Bolívar to Santander, Trujillo, 16 March 1824, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 227.
78. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 13 October 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 150.
79. Scarlett o’Phelan, ‘sucre en el Perú: Entre Riva Agüero y Torre Tagle’, La Independencia del Perú, 379–406.
80. Bolívar to Sucre, Pativilca, 26 January 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 409–17.
81. James Dunkerley, The Third Man: Francisco Burdett o’Connor and the Emancipation of the Americas (ILAS, London, 1999), 15–17; Celia Wu, Generals and Diplomats: Great Britain and Peru 1820–40 (Cambridge, 1991), 9–23.
82. Anna, Fall of the Royal Government in Peru, 228–31.
83. Bolívar to Sucre, Huaraz, 9 June 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 507.
84. Miller, Memoirs, II, 148–9.
85. Proclamation, Pasco, 29 July 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXII, 413.
86. Santa Cruz, Parte oficial, 7 August 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXII, 423.
87. Bolívar to Sucre, Huamanga, 4 September 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 513–15; Bolívar, Resumen sucinto de la vida del General Sucre, 1825, Archivo de Sucre, I, xli.
88. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 20 December 1824, 6 January 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 275–84.
89. O’Leary, Narración, II, 282, ‘Detached Recollections’, 17.
90. Miller, Memoirs, II, 191–2, 200.
91. Sucre, Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho, 11 December 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXII, 569–75.
<
br /> 92. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 9 February 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 297.
93. Proclama, 25 December 1824, Decreto, 27 December 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXII, 602, 605–6.
94. Bolívar, Resumen sucinto de la vida del General Sucre, Archivo de Sucre, xlvii–xlviii.
95. O’Leary, Narración, II, 333.
96. J. Gabriel Pérez to bishop of Arequipa, 26 May 1825, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIII, 161–3.
97. Decrees, Cuzco, 4 July 1825, Urubamba, 20 July 1825, Decretos del Libertador, I, 407–9, 427–8.
98. Kathryn Burns, Colonial Habits: Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco (Durham, North Carolina, 1999), 187–8, 193–4.
99. Bolívar to Peñalver, Cuzco, 11 July 1825, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 93.
100. Bolívar to Olmedo, Cuzco, 12 July 1825, o’Leary, Memorias, IV, 388–91.
Chapter 9
1. José Santos Vargas, Diario de un comandante de la independencia Americana 1814–1825, ed. Gunnar Mendoza L. (Mexico, 1982), 242.
2. Sucre, Decree, 9 February 1825, Bolívar to Sucre, 21 February 1825, o’Leary, Narración, II, 366–78.
3. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 18 [23] February 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 307.
4. Charcas, La Plata and, from 1839, Sucre.
5. o’Leary, Narración, II, 383; o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 18, 28.
6. o’Leary, Narración, II, 384.
7. Miller, Memoirs, II, 302–09.
8. Joseph Andrews, Journey from Buenos Ayres, through the provinces of Córdoba, Tucuman, and Salta, to Potosi, 2 vols (London, 1827), II, 90–5.
9. Palabras en Potosí, 26 October 1825, Itinerario documental de Simón Bolívar. Escritos selectos (Caracas, 1970), 280–1.
10. Antonio Cacua Prada, Los hijos secretos de Bolívar (Bogotá, 1992), 251–3.
11. Decrees, Chuquisaca, 16 November, 29 December 1825, Decretos del Libertador, I, 436–9.
12. Bolívar to Santander, Plata, 12 December 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 122.
13. Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, 27 February 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, III, 175–7.
14. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 6 June 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 335–40.
15. Proyecto de Constitución para la República Boliviana, Lima, 1826, con adiciones manuscritas de Antonio José de Sucre (Caracas, 1978).
16. Ricketts to Canning, Lima, 25 April 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/7.
17. o’Leary, Narración, II, 428–9.
18. Message to the Congress of Bolivia, 25 May 1826, Obras completas, III, 765–7.
19. Ricketts to Canning, 30 May 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/7.
20. Sir Robert Wilson, London, 31 January 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XII, 150.
21. This was not, of course, a hereditary president. The successor came to power by appointment, not by hereditary right.
22. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 20 May 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 327.
23. Proyecto de Constitución, 102–3, 128.
24. Ibid., 99–103.
25. Bolívar to Sucre, 12 May 1826, Cartas del Libertador, V, 291.
26. Circular letter to people of influence in Colombia, 3 August 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIV, 62–3.
27. o’Leary, Narración, II, 431.
28. William L. Lofstrom, La presidencia de Sucre en Bolivia (BANH, Caracas, 1987), 371–422, especially 415.
29. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 4 August 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 368.
30. Ricketts to Canning, 30 May 1826, British Consular Reports, 219–20.
31. Miller, Memoirs, II, 283, 293–4. According to Pentland, Potosí produced only $900,000 in 1826; the mines of all Bolivia produced in 1826 $2,619,918 in silver and $800,000 in gold; see J.B. Pentland, Report on Bolivia, 2 December 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/12.
32. R.A. Humphreys, Liberation in South America 1806–1827: The Career of James Paroissien (London, 1952), 139–44, 155–61; Dawson, The First Latin American Debt Crisis, 120, 218.
33. Andrews, Journey from Buenos Ayres, II, 113–26; Miller, Memoirs, II, 291–4.
34. Ricketts to Canning, 30 May 1826, British Consular Reports, 217–18; Lofstrom, La presidencia de Sucre, 356–65.
35. According to Pentland the population of Bolivia was 1,100,000, divided as follows: 200,000 whites; 800,000 Indians; 100,000 mestizos; 7,000 Negroes, of whom 4,700 were slaves. Pentland to Ricketts, 2 December 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/12.
36. Miller, Memoirs, II, 284.
37. Decree, Chuquisaca, 14 December 1825, Lecuna, ed., Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia, 2 vols (Caracas, 1924), I, 442–3.
38. Miller, Memoirs, II, 299.
39. Proyecto de Constitución, 114; Lecuna, Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia, II, 324, 346.
40. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 20 August 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 377.
41. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 27 May, 10 July 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 332, 347–57; Sucre to o’Leary, Quito, 7 November 1828, ibid., IV, 491; Lofstrom, La presidencia de Sucre, 242–68, 301–2.
42. See Inés Quintero, Antonio José de Sucre: Biografía política (BANH, Caracas, 1998), 189–210.
43. Sucre to Bolívar, 20 June 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, I,436; Bolívar to Sucre, 8 June 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 409.
44. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 27 April 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 496–7; Lofstrom, La presidencia de Sucre, 498–9.
45. Ninavilca, Proclama, Canta, 16 November 1823, O’Leary, Memorias, XXI, 48–9.
46. Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, 2 August 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 244–7.
47. Printed in British Consular Reports, 198–206.
48. Ricketts to Canning, 18 February 1826, C. K. Webster, ed., Britain and the Independence of Latin America 1812–1830: Select Documents from the Foreign Office Archives, 2 vols (London, 1938), I, 533.
49. Bolívar to Santander, 7, 8 June 1826, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 421.
50. Peter Blanchard, Slavery and Abolition in Early Republican Peru (Wilmington, Delaware, 1992), 9–15, 42–3.
51. Ricketts to Canning, 19 December 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/8.
52. O’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 28; Bolívar to Santander, 7 April 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 177; Bolívar to Sucre, Magdalena, 12 May 1826, Obras completas, II, 361.
53. Willemott to Ricketts, 31 January 1828, National Archives, PRO, FO 61/15.
54. Message to the Constituent Congress of Colombia, 20 January 1830, Proclamas y Discursos del Libertador, 398.
55. Hugh Seton–Watson, Nations and States (London, 1977), 1–9.
56. Proclama a los Venezolanos, Angostura, 22 October 1818, o’Leary, Memorias, XVI, 113–15.
57. Jamaica Letter, Escritos, VIII, 240.
58. Bolívar to Mariño, 16 December 1813, Cartas del Libertador, I, 88.
59. Simon Collier, ‘Nationality, Nationalism, and Supranationalism in the Writings of Simón Bolívar’, HAHR, 63, 1 (1983), 37–64.
60. Jamaica Letter, Escritos, VIII, 244–5.
61. Bolívar to o’Higgins, 8 January 1822, Obras completas, I, 619.
62. Bolívar to Santander, Arequipa, 6–7 June 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 388.
63. Bolívar to Santander, Cuzco, 28 June 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 3.
64. Lima, 7 December 1824, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIV, 251–3.
65. Thoughts on the Congress to be held in Panama, Obras completas, III, 756–7; Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, II, 111–12.
66. Dawkins to Canning, London, 15 October 1826, Webster, Britain and the Independence of Latin America, I, 424.
67. O’Leary, Narración, II, 564.
68. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 119.
69. Bolívar to Santander, Magdalena, 8 July 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 242.
70. Bolívar to Santander, Magdalena, 7 May
1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 197–8; Bolívar to Sucre, 12 May 1826, Obras completas, II, 360–4; Bolívar to Gutiérrez de la Fuente, 12 May 1826, Obras completas, II, 365.
71. Bolívar to Santa Cruz, Popayán, 26 October 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 271–4.
72. Bolívar to Mariño, 16 December 1813, Cartas del Libertador, I, 88.
73. Bolívar to Santander, Pasto, 8 January 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 3.
74. Bolívar to Santander, Angostura, 20 December 1819, o’Leary, Memorias, XVII, 11.
75. Bolívar to Santander, Guayaquil, 30 May 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 64. Trigarantes, a reference to Iturbide’s Army of the Three Guarantees in Mexico: Religion, Unity, Independence.
76. Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop, 19 May 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 42–7.
77. Bolívar to Campbell, Bogotá, 29 October 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/42.
78. Humphreys, Tradition and Revolt in Latin America, 148–9.
79. Bolívar to Santander, Babahoyo, 14 June 1823, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 71, Cuzco, 28 June, 10 July 1825, ibid., V, 3–4, 9.
80. Bolívar to Revenga, Cuzco, 10 July 1825, Obras completas, 166.
81. Obras completas, III, 756–7.
82. Bolívar to Santander, Magdalena, 8 July 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 243–4.
83. Santander to Bolívar, 9 June 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 222.
84. Bolívar to Santander, Ibarra, 8 October 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, VI, 42–6.
85. Campbell to Canning, 5 November, 13 December 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/28.
86. Watts to Canning, Cartagena, 27 May 1825, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/18.
87. The balance of population in the union also favoured New Granada; José Manuel Restrepo, Historia de la revolución de la república de Colombia, 10 vols (Paris, 1827) I, xiv, estimated New Granada 1.4 million, Venezuela 900,000, Quito 600,000; Campbell to Planta, 6 November 1824, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/3, estimated 2,650,000 for greater Colombia.
88. Victor M. Uribe–Uran, Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780–1850 (Pittsburgh, 2000), 75, 89.
89. In 1825 Páez declined to recruit six hundred men from Apure ordered by Escalona. AGN, Papeles de Guerra y Marina, ci, f. 92.
90. Bolívar to Santander, Potosí, 13 October 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 72–3.