by John Lynch
91. Campbell to Canning, 6 October 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/27.
92. Páez to Bolívar, 1 October 1825, o’Leary, Memorias, II, 57–60.
93. Bolívar to Páez, Magdalena, Peru, 6 March 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 183–5; Bolívar to Páez, 26 May 1826, Obras completas, II, 378; Bolívar to Santander, 21 February 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 149–50.
94. Antonia to Bolívar, Caracas, 30 October 1825, BOLANH, 16, 61 (1933), 275.
95. Sucre to Bolívar, Chuquisaca, 27 April 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 314–17.
96. Santander to Bolívar, 21 April 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 182–3.
97. Santander, Escritos autobiográficos, 49–51.
98. Santander to Bolívar, 6 May 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, VI, 316.
99. Sutherland to Canning, Maracaibo, 1 September 1826, Sutherland to HM Chargé d’affaires, Maracaibo, 2 October 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/33.
100. O’Leary, Narración, III, 66; ‘Detached Recollections’, 22; Manuel Pérez Vila, Vida de Daniel Florencio o’Leary, primer edecán del Libertador (Caracas, 1957), 302–4.
101. Campbell to Canning, 6 October 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/28.
102. Bolívar to Santander, Magdalena, 7 and 8 June 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 215–17.
103. See above, note 82.
104. Bolívar to Páez, Lima, 4 August 1826, Cartas del Libertador, VI, 32–34, 8 August 1826, Cartas del Libertador, VI, 49–52, Obras completas. II, 455–8.
105. Bolívar to Santander, Ibarra, 8 October 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, VI, 45.
106. Ricketts to Canning, Lima, 18 February 1826, Webster, Britain and the Independence of Latin America, I, 530.
107. Ker Porter to Canning, Caracas, 9 April 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/47.
108. Bolívar to Páez, 11 December 1826, Obras completas, II, 505–6.
109. Bolívar to Páez, 23 December 1826, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 295–8; Obras completas, II, 514–16.
110. Watts to Bidwell, Cartagena, 5 August 1826, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/31.
Chapter 10
1. Bolívar to Santander, Guayaquil, 21 August 1822, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 254.
2. Páez, Autobiografía, I, 335–7.
3. As reported by Ker Porter to Canning, Caracas, 24 January 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/47.
4. Ker Porter to Canning, Caracas, 7 April 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/47.
5. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 71–2.
6. Ker Porter to Canning, Caracas, 9 April 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/47.
7. Campbell to Canning, Bogotá, 3 January 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/40; Santander to Bolívar, 6 July 1826, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 239.
8. Bolívar to Santander, Caracas, [16] January 1827, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, VI, 161.
9. Bolívar to Soublette, Caracas, 16 March 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 359–60.
10. Santander to Bolívar, 16 March 1827, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, VI, 207–13.
11. Bolívar to Páez, Caracas, 20 March 1827, Obras completas, II, 588.
12. Decrees, 22 January 1827, 24 June 1827, Decretos del Libertador, II, 88–9, 276–341.
13. Santander, Escritos autobiográficos, 69.
14. Drusilla Scott, Mary English: A Friend of Bolívar (Lewes, 1991), 150–4, 167–9, 170–1.
15. Bolívar to Santa Cruz, Caracas, 8 June 1827, Obras completas, II, 630.
16. O’Leary, Narración, II, 601.
17. Bolívar to Páez, Bogotá, 29 January 1828, Obras completas, II, 761.
18. Bolívar, Message to the congress of Ocaña, 29 February 1828, Obras completas, III, 789–96.
19. Roulin, ‘El retrato físico de Bolívar,’ Blanco y Azpurúa, Documentos para la historia de la vida públicá del Libertador, XIV, 485–7; Boulton, Los retratos de Bolívar, 86–98; o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 41.
20. Paul Verna, ‘Bello y las minas del Libertador’, Bello y Londres, I, 469–86.
21. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 116. See Cussen, Bello and Bolívar, 140–2, and Iván Jaksic, Andrés Bello: Scholarship and Nation–Building in Nineteenth–Century Latin America (Cambridge, 2001), 53–8, 89–91.
22. Proclamation, Caracas, 19 June 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XXV, 394–5.
23. Campbell to Dudley, Bogotá, 29 September 1827, Ker Porter to Dudley, Caracas, 22 October 1827, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/42, 18/47.
24. Bolívar to Wilson, Bogotá, 22 January 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 23.
25. Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, 557.
26. Campbell to Dudley, Bogotá, 8 October 1828, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/54; Uribe–Uran, Honorable Lives, 89.
27. Bolívar to Páez, Bogotá, 16 February 1828, Obras completas, II, 783.
28. AGN, Papeles de Guerra y Marina, lxv, f. 169, shows Venezuelan pride in Padilla’s naval victory. See also Joaquín Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, 4 vols (2nd edn, BHN 41–4, Bogotá, 1929), I, 123.
29. See Aline Helg, ‘simón Bolívar and the Spectre of Pardocracia: José Padilla in Post–Independence Cartagena’, JLAS, 35, 3 (2003), 447–71.
30. Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 7 April 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, IV, 344. Bolívar was well aware of the Montilla–Padilla dichotomy: ‘Ambos parecen muy adictos a mí: el primero no puede nada; el segundo lo puede todo.’ Bolívar to Santander, Lima, 7 May 1826, ibid., V, 197–8.
31. o’Leary to Bolívar, Ocaña, 5 April 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 191.
32. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 37; Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 127; José Manuel Restrepo, Diario político y militar desde 1819 para adelante, 4 vols (Bogotá, 1954), I, 379.
33. Manuel Valdés to Juan José Flores, Cartagena, 8 April 1828, Archivo Santander, 24 vols (Bogotá, 1913), XVII, 295.
34. Manuela Sáenz to Bolívar, 28 March 1828, BOLANH, 16, 335.
35. Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, Bucaramanga, 3 April 1828, Obras completas, II, 811.
36. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 144–5, 148–9, 161–2, 172–4.
37. Ibid., 64–6.
38. Ibid., 114–15.
39. Briceño Méndez to Bolívar, Ocaña, 9 April 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, VIII, 239; Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, Bucaramanga, 15 April 1828, ibid., XXXI, 68.
40. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 56–7; Santander, Escritos autobiográficos, 78.
41. Bolívar to Páez, 12 April 1828, Obras completas, II, 820–2.
42. Bolívar to Arboleda, Bucaramanga, 1 June, to Páez, 2 June 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 315–19.
43. Campbell to Dudley, 13 April 1828, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/53.
44. Acta del pronunciamento de Bogotá, 13 June 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXVI, 306–9.
45. Blanco and Azpurúa, Documentos para la historia de la vida pública del Libertador, XII, 705–20.
46. Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, 567.
47. Campbell to Dudley, Bogotá, 14 June 1828, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/53.
48. See Chapter 9.
49. Organic Decree, 27 August 1828, Decretos del Libertador, III, 137–44; Proclamation, 27 August 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXVI, 368–9. See David Bushnell, ‘The Last Dictatorship: Betrayal or Consummation?’, HAHR, 63, 1 (1983), 65–105.
50. Message to Congress, 20 January 1830, Obras completas, III, 812–17.
51. Gaceta de Colombia, 31 August 1828.
52. José M. de Mier, La Gran Colombia, 7 vols (Bogotá, 1983), III, 841–2.
53. Jamaica Letter, Escritos, VIII, 242–3; Angostura Address, Obras completas, III, 685.
54. Restrepo to Bolívar, 5 December 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, VII, 271.
55. Bolívar to Córdova, Bogotá, end of July 1828, Obras completas, II, 931; Bolívar to Manuela Sáenz, end of July 1
828, ibid., 932.
56. ‘Relación de un testigo ocular’, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 363–9.
57. Santander, Escritos autobiográficos, 87–8.
58. Restrepo to Montilla, Bogotá, 28 September 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, VII, 312–13.
59. Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, 575.
60. Bolívar to Fernández Madrid, 14 October 1828, Itinerario documental, 325–6; Bolívar to o’Leary, 22 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, app. XXXII, 465; Manuela Sáenz to O’Leary, Paita, 10 August 1850, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 370–5; Gaceta de Colombia, Suplemento, 28 September 1828.
61. Urdaneta to Montilla, 21 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, VI, 177–8.
62. Sentence, 7 November 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXVI, 450–2; on Carujo see o’Leary to Bolívar, 9 September 1829, FJB, AL, C–643.
63. Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, Bogotá, 16 November 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 239–40.
64. Santander, Escritos autobiográficos, 88.
65. Sucre to Bolívar, Quito, 7 October 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 557.
66. Páez to Bolívar, 7 August 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, II, 150.
67. Soublette to Bolívar, 28 August 1828, 12 January 1829, 21 January 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, VIII, 65, 76, 77–9.
68. Bolívar to o’Leary, 13 September 1829, Cartas del Libertador, IX, 125.
69. Bolívar to Páez, Bogotá, 30 June 1828, Obras completas, II, 905.
70. Cartagena Manifesto, 15 December 1812, Escritos, IV, 122.
71. John Lynch, ‘Revolution as a Sin: the Church and Spanish American Independence’, Latin America between Colony and Nation, 124.
72. Message to the Congress of Bolivia, 25 May 1826, Obras completas, III, 529.
73. Miriam Williford, Jeremy Bentham on South America: An Account of His Letters and Proposals to the New World (Baton Rouge, 1980), 115, 121, 125. See Chapter 2.
74. Bolívar to Bentham, 27 September 1822, Bentham to Bolívar, 6 January, 4 June 1823, The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Volume 11, ed. Catherine Fuller (Oxford, 2000), 154–5, 185–9, 238–56.
75. Bentham to Bolívar, 24 January 1820 (not sent), Pedro Schwartz, ed., The Iberian Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, 2 vols (London, 1979), I, 122–7. See also ‘Las relaciones entre Jeremías Bentham y S. Bolívar’, Bolívar y Europa, I, 445–60.
76. Bentham to Bolívar, London, 13 August 1825, The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Volume 12, Letter 0088; o’Leary, Memorias, XII, 265–79.
77. Bolívar to Bentham, Caracas, 15 January 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XXX, 318–19.
78. Santander, Decree 8 November 1825, Mier, La Gran Colombia, II, 442–3.
79. Bolívar to Archbishop Méndez, Bogotá, October 1828, Obras completas, II, 472.
80. Mier, La Gran Colombia, III, 883–4; Decrees 12 March 1828, 29 October 1828, Decretos del Libertador, III, 53–4, 182–4.
81. Hamilton, Travels through the Interior Provinces of Colombia, I, 140.
82. Diario del General Francisco de Paula Santander en Europa y los EE.UU. 1829–1832, ed. Rafael Martínez Briceño (Bogotá, 1963), 172–5; Bentham to Santander, 9 July 1830, Santander to Bentham, 10 July 1830, 29 July 1830, Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Volume 13, letters 0252, 0253, 0263. See also Obra Educativa: La Querella Benthamista, 1748–1832 (Bogotá, 1993), 88–94.
83. Gaceta de Colombia, 24 July 1828, 27 July 1828.
84. Decretos del Libertador, III, 143.
85. Message to Congress, 20 January 1830, Obras completas, III, 816.
86. O’Leary,‘Detached Recollections’, 31.
87. Tomás C. Mosquera to Bolívar, Popayán, 22 July 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, IX, 129.
88. See Lynch, ‘Revolution as a Sin’, Latin America between Colony and Nation, 124,109–33.
89. Quoted by Gutiérrez, La Iglesia que entendió el Libertador, 259.
90. Pedro de Leturia, Relaciones entre la Santa Sede e Hispanoamérica 1493–1835, 3 vols (Rome, Caracas, 1959–60), II, 110–13, 215, 265–71, III, 432.
91. Bolívar to Council of State, Angostura, 10 November 1817, Pérez Vila, Doctrina del Libertador, 95.
92. Bolívar to bishop of Popayán, Pasto, 10 June 1822, Bolívar to Santander, 10 June 1822, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 213–16, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, III, 228–9.
93. Toast of the Liberator to the bishops at the banquet in Bogotá, 28 October 1827, o’Leary, Memorias, XXV, 588.
94. Bolívar to Pius VIII, Bogotá, 14 September 1829, Bolívar y Europa, I, 657; Gutiérrez, La Iglesia que entendió el Libertador, 254–7.
95. Bolívar to Gutiérrez, Bogotá, October 1828, Obras completas, III, 15.
96. Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, Bucaramanga, 15 April 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 69.
97. Carrera Damas, Prologue, Castro Leiva, La Gran Colombia, 14.
Chapter 11
1. Bolívar to Vergara, Guayaquil, 31 August 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 495.
2. Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 194.
3. Obando to La Mar, Pasto, 14 December 1828, Guáitara, 29 December 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, IV, 431, 432.
4. Bolívar to Santander, Potosí, 21 October 1825, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, V, 86.
5. Decree, Bogotá, 24 December 1828, Decretos del Libertador, III, 300.
6. Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 201–3.
7. Bolívar to Urdaneta, Pasto, 9 March 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 330.
8. Obando to Bolívar, Pasto, 17, 28 March 28 April, 13, 28 May 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, IV, 414–18.
9. Proclama, Bogotá, 3 July, Manifesto, 15 July, 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXVI, 334–5, 340–6.
10. o’Leary to Bolívar, Guayaquil, 28 November 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 475.
11. Sucre to Bolívar, Quito, 7 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, IV, 490.
12. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 17–19, 37.
13. o’Leary to Bolívar, Guayaquil, 20 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 456.
14. o’Leary to Bolívar, Rosario, 6 March 1830, FJB, AL, C–653.
15. Bolívar to Sucre, Bogotá, 28 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 230–3.
16. Bolívar to Flores, Bogotá, 8 October 1828, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 223–4.
17. Sucre, Report on battle of Tarqui, 2 March 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXII, 499–508.
18. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 17.
19. Sucre to Bolívar, Cuenca, 3 March, Quito, 11 March 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 521–3.
20. See Quintero, Antonio José de Sucre, 234–5.
21. Una Mirada sobre la América Española, April–June, 1829, Pérez Vila, Doctrina del Libertador, 286–7.
22. Una Mirada sobre la América Española, ibid., 282.
23. Sucre to Bolívar, Quito, 14 August 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 547–9.
24. Bolívar to o’Leary, Guayaquil, 21 August 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 484–5.
25. Bolívar to Mosquera, 3 September 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 501–2.
26. Bolívar to o’Leary, 4 September 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 506–8.
27. Bolívar to o’Leary, Guayaquil, 13 September 1829, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 588–94.
28. Bolívar to o’Leary, Babahoyo, 28 September 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 526; o’Leary to Bolívar, Medellín, 31 October 1829, FJB, AL, C–648.
29. o’Leary to Bolívar, 9 May, 18 August 1829, FJB, AL, C–633, C–641. Nicolasa Ibáñez was the sister of Bernardina Ibáñez, Bolívar’s old flame.
30. o’Leary to Bolívar, 9 September, 6 November, 14 November 1829, FJB, AL, C–643, C–650, C–651; ‘Detached Recollections’, 13–15; Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 263, 282.
31. Restrepo to Bolívar, Bogotá, 8 April 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, VII, 280; Bolívar to Restrepo, Quito, 6 May 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, XXXI, 365.
32. Restrepo to Bolívar, 8 June 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, VII, 285.
33. Restrepo to Bolívar, 15 July 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, VII, 286.
34. Bolívar to Campbell, Guayaquil, 5 August 1829, Obras completas, III, 278–9.
35. See pp. 261–2.
36. Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, 581–2, 598.
37. o’Leary to Bolívar, 14 June 1829, FJB, AL, C–635; ‘Detached Recollections’, 13.
38. Córdova, Manifesto, Medellín, 16 September 1829; to Council of Ministers, 21 September 1829, o’Leary, Narración, III, 462–7.
39. Bolívar to Sucre, Babahoyo, 28 September 1829, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 597–8.
40. o’Leary to Bolívar, Marinilla, 17 October 1829, FJB, AL, C–645, a letter described by Lecuna as ‘apocryphal’, containing sentiments unworthy of ‘a perfect gentleman like o’Leary’, Narración, III, 505–10.
41. o’Leary to Bolívar, Medellín, 23 October 1829, FJB, AL, C–647.
42. Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 307–8, who describes Hand as ‘un hombre de la ínfima plebe de Irlanda’; Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, 635; see also Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, 3 vols (Caracas, 1988) E–O, 448–9.
43. Bolívar to Vergara, Popayán, 22 Nov. 1829, to Urdaneta, 22, 28 November 1829, Obras completas, III, 365, 367, 370; Posada Gutiérrez, Memorias histórico–políticas, I, 310–11.
44. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 16–17. On the letter to Campbell and the monarchy idea, see the discussion in Urbaneja, El Alcalde de San Mateo, 103–9, who concludes that Bolívar was ‘consistently antimonarchical’.
45. José Gil Fortoul, Historia constitucional de Venezuela, 3 vols (2nd edn, Caracas, 1930), I, 650–63.
46. Bolívar to Páez, 25 March 1829, Obras completas, III, 157–8.
47. Sucre to Bolívar, 17 September 1829, o’Leary, Memorias, I, 552.
48. Lievesley to Aberdeen, La Guaira, 27 November 1829, National Archives, PRO, FO 18/72; Ker Porter to Aberdeen, Esher, 10 February 1830, FO 18/78.
49. Francisco A. Labastida to Páez, 23 February 1830, AGN, Secretaría del Interior y Justicia, v, f 421, BAGN, 10, 37 (1929), 49–50.