Chocolate Wars
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Fitzgerald, Robert. Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution: 1862-1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Folster, David. Ganong: A Sweet History of Chocolate. New Brunswick, Canada: Goose Lane Editions, 2006.
Fraser, W. H. The Coming of the Mass Market: 1850-1914. London: Macmillan, 1981.
Fry, J. S. & Sons. Fry’s of Bristol Established 1728. Bristol, n.d.
Fry, J. S. & Sons, and Cadbury Bros Ltd. The British Cocoa and Chocolate Co. Ltd. 1948.
Gardiner, Alfred G. Life of George Cadbury. London: Cassell & Co., 1923.
Grivetti, Louis E., and Howard Shapiro. Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
Harris, J. H. Dawn in Darkest Africa. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1912.
Harwich, N. Histoire du Chocolat. Paris: Editions Desjonqueres, 1992.
Head, B. The Food of the Gods: A Popular Account of Cocoa. London: Routledge, 1903.
Heer, J. World Events 1866-1966: The First Hundred Years of Nestlé. Lausanne, Switzerland: Imprimeries Reunies, 1966.
Hewett, C. Chocolate and Cocoa: Its Growth and Culture, Manufacture and Modes of Preparation for the Table. London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1862.
Hinkle, Samuel F. Hershey: Far Sighted Confectioner, Famous Chocolate, Fine Community. New York: Newcomen Society, 1964.
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Capital: 1848-1875. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.
Hodgkin, J. E., ed. Quakerism and Industry [Record of the Conference of Employers at Woodbrooke April 1918]. London, 1925.
Howard, Ebenezer. Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. London: Routledge, 1898.
Knapp, Arthur W. Cocoa and Chocolate: Their History from Plantation to Consumer. London: Chapman and Hall, 1920.
______. The Cocoa and the Chocolate Industry: The Tree, the Bean, the Beverage. London: Pitman Publishing, 1923.
Markham, Leonard. York: A City Revealed. Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Stroud, 2006.
Marks, W. George Cadbury Jr. Birmingham, UK: n.d.
Mathias, Peter. The First Industrial Nation: The Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914. London: Methuen, 1969.
Milligan, Edward H. Biographical Dictionary of British Quakers in Commerce and Industry. York, UK: Sessions Book Trust, 2007.
Murphy, Joe. New Earswick: A Pictorial History. York, UK: Sessions Book Trust, 1987.
______. The History of Rowntree’s in Old Photographs. York, UK: York Publishing Services, 2007.
Nevinson, Henry W. A Modern Slavery. New York: Schocken, 1968. First published 1906 by Harper and Bros.
Nickalls, John L., ed. The Journal of George Fox. Philadelphia, PA: Religious Society of Friends, 1997.
Othnick, J. “The Cocoa and Chocolate Industry in the Nineteenth Century.” In The Making of the Modern British Diet, edited by Derek T. Oddy and Dereks Miller, 77-90. London: Croom Helm, 1976.
Pfiffer, Albert. Henri Nestlé: 1814-1890. Vevey, Switzerland: The Nestlé Corporation, 1995.
Richardson, Paul. Indulgence Around the World in Search of Chocolate. London: Little Brown, 2003.
Richardson, Tim. Sweets: A History of Temptation. London: Bloomsbury, 2002.
Roberts, Jane S. Drink Temperance and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Germany. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1984.
Rogers, T. B. A Century of Progress: 1831-1931. Birmingham, UK: Cadbury Bros, 1931.
Rosenblum, Mort. Chocolate: The Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light. New York: North Point Press, 2006.
Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm. Poverty: A Study of Town Life. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1901.
______. The Human Needs of Labour: Land and Labour. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1910.
Rowntree, C. Brightwen. The Rowntrees of Riseborough. York, UK: Ebor Press, 1989.
______. The Way to Industrial Peace and the Problem of Unemployment. London, 1914.
Rowntree, John Stephenson. A Memoir of Joseph Rowntree, 1801-59. Birmingham, UK: privately printed.
Rowntree, Joseph, and Arthur Sherwell. The Temperance Problem and Social Reform. London: Hodder.
Rowntree, Joseph. Pauperism in England and Wales. 1865.
Rowntree and Co. Industrial Betterment at Cocoa Works. York, UK: 1905, 1910, 1914.
Rowntree and Son. A Century and a Half of Progress. 1930.
Satre, Lowell J. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics and the Ethics of Business. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.
Schwarz, Friedhelm. Nestlé: The Secrets of Food, Trust and Globalisation. Ontario, Canada: Key Porter Books, 2002.
Sharman, Cecil. George Fox and the Quakers. Richmond, IN: Friends United Press, 1991.
Shippen, Katherine, and Paul Wallace. Milton S. Hershey. New York: Random House, 1959.
Smith, Page. The Rise of Industrial America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
Snavely, Joseph. An Intimate Story of M. S. Hershey. Hershey, PA: privately printed, 1957.
Sprüngli, Rudolph R. 150 Years of Delight Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli 1845-1995. Schweiz, 1995.
Stranz, Walter. George Cadbury: An Illustrated Life. Aylesbury, UK: Shire Publications, 1973.
Taylor, Alan J. Progress and Poverty in Britain: 1780-1850. London: Harper.
Teiser, R. An Account of Domingo Ghirardelli and the Early Years of the D Ghirardelli Company. San Francisco, CA: D Ghirardelli Co., 1945.
Terrio, Susan J. Crafting the Culture and History of French Chocolate. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000.
Terry, J. & Sons. Terry’s of York: 1767-1967. Privately printed by Newman Neame.
Townsend, Richard F. The Aztecs. London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.
Turner, Earnest S. The Shocking History of Advertising. London: Michael Joseph, 1952.
Urquhart, D. H. Cocoa. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955.
Vernon, Anne. A Quaker Business Man: The Life of Joseph Rowntree 1836- 1925. London: Allen and Unwin.
Wagner, Gillian. The Chocolate Conscience. London: Chatto and Windus, 1987.
Walvin, James. The Quakers: Money and Morals. London: John Murray, 1997.
Whitney, Janet. Elizabeth Fry: Quaker Heroine. London: George Harrap and Co., 1937.
Wild, Anthony. Black Gold: A Dark History of Coffee. London: Harper Perennial, 2005.
Williams, C. T. Chocolate and Confectionary. London: L. Hill, 1953.
Williams, Iolo A. The Firm of Cadbury: 1831-1931. London: Constable & Robinson, 1931.
Wood, Stephen. A History of London. London: Macmillan, 1998.
Woolf, Virginia. Roger Fry: A Biography. London: Bloomsbury, 1940.
Worstenholm, Luther. “Joseph Rowntree: 1836-1925.” A typescript memoir and related papers. York, UK: Sessions York, 1986.
ARTICLES
It would not be possible to list all articles consulted. This is a guide to the key articles:
Banks, Myron. “Mars to Expand Factory.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1958.
Burtt, Joseph. “How America Can Free the Portuguese Cocoa Slave,” Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, October 14, 1909, 368-369.
______. “My Success in America.” Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, December 16, 1909, 608.
Chase, Al. “Standard Set by Mars Plant Built in 1928.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 15, 1953.
Daily Mail (on outbreak of Boer War), October 11, 1899.
Dombrowski, Louis. “Candy Makers Unspoiled by Sweet Smell of Success.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 5, 1961.
Elwood, Berman. “Mars Embattled over Succession.” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 10, 1959.
“The Factory in a Garden.” Cosmopolitan, June 1903.
Ferguson, Richard. “At Mars, Sweet Success.” The Times, May 8, 1953.
Gross, Alan. “Sweet Home Chicago.” Chicago magazine, February 1988.
Gussow, Don. “Forrest Mars.” Candy Industry and Confectioners Journal, 1966.
Hobhouse, Emily. Letter to the editor. The Times, June 27, 1901.
&
nbsp; Kessler, Ronald. “Candy from Strangers.” Regardie’s magazine, August 1986.
Lippman, Thomas W. “The Mars Empire: How Sweet It Is.” Washington Post, December 6 and 7, 1981.
Nevinson, Henry. “The New Slave Trade.” Harper’s Monthly Magazine, August 1905-February 1906.
Poe, Tracy. “Sweet Home Chicago: Candy Makers Made City Their Capital.” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1997.
Saporito, Bill. “Uncovering Mars’s Unknown Empire.” Fortune, September 26, 1988.
______. “The Eclipse of Mars.” Fortune, November 28, 1994.
“The Sweet, Secret World of Forrest Mars.” Fortune, May 1967.
“Where Happiness and Health Go Hand in Hand with a Great Enterprise.” Business World, June 1903.
Young, James C. “Hershey Unique Philanthropist.” New York Times, November 18, 1923.
Index
Abolition Society
Acquisition(s)
Cadbury
Hershey
Kraft Cadbury
Nestlé
Phillip Morris
Rowntree
See also Mergers
Adams
Adlington, Elizabeth (wife of Richard Cadbury)
Adult school
Adulteration of Food Acts of 1872 and 1875
Advertising See also Television advertising
Aero
Africa
cocoa plantations in
slave trade in
See also Angola; Principe; São Tomé
Alcoholism
Alexander II
Alkalized cocoa
Almond Joy
Alpine Milk Chocolate
Altria Group
Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company
Angola
Antislavery movement See also Slave trade
Anti-Sweating League
An Apology for the True Christian Divinity (George Fox)
Archer Daniels Midland
Armour, Philip
Australia
Aztecs
Baker, James
Baker, Walter
Balfour, Lady Frances
Banking
Barclay, James
Barclay, Robert
Barnett, Dame Henrietta
Barratt, Thomas
Barrow, Candia (wife of John Cadbury)
death of
Barrow, Caroline
Barrow, George
Barrow, George
Barrow, Louis
Barrow Cadbury Trust
The Beeches
Beeton, Mrs.
Bell, Alexander Graham
Boeke, Cornelius
Boer War
Book of Discipline
Book of Extracts
Book of Household Management (Beeton)
Booth, Charles
Booth, William
Botanical gardens
Bournville Anglican church
Bournville Cocoa
Bournville factory (Cadbury)
description of
modernization of
as munitions factory
and product development(see also individual products)
reform of
during World War I
during World War I, post-
during World War II
See also Bournville Village; Cadbury
Bournville Village
and children, health and welfare of
description of
during World War I
during World War I, post-
during World War II
See also Bournville factory; Cadbury; Model village
Bournville Village Trust
Boys Milk Chocolate
Bradshaw, George
Brenneman, Frank
Brenner, Joël Glenn
Brice, George
Bristol Aeroplane Company
Bristol Brass Foundry
British chocolate. See Cadbury; Fry; Rowntree
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
British and Foreign Bible Society
British Anti-Slavery Society
British Civilisation (Joseph Rowntree)
British Cocoa and Chocolate Company (Cadbury-Fry holding company)
British North America Act of 1867
British Quaker chocolate firms. See Cadbury; Fry; Rowntree
British Slave Trade Act of 1807
Brown, Gordon
Brown, R. B.
Bruce Laidlow and Co.
Buffett, Warren
Burns, John
Burtt, Joseph
Buxton, Travers
Cacao tree
Cadbury
acquisitions (see also Cadbury Schweppes; Kraft Cadbury)
and Adams
and antislavery movement
and British Cocoa and Chocolate Company, as holding company
and Canada
and China
and cocoa
and cocoa butter
and cocoa plantations
and countlines, temperature-tolerant
and employee welfare
and exports
and Fairtrade
and Fry
and Hershey
and Hershey Trust
and libel lawsuit
as limited liability company
and MacRobertson
and Mars
modernization of
and Nestlé
and overseas expansion
and Peter Paul
and Pledge Money
and product development (see also individual products)
as public company
and Quaker firms, merger of
and Quakerism
and recovery, post-World War II
and Rowntree
and Russia
sales figures
and sales team
and signature logo
and television advertising
and travelling salesmen
trusts
and United States
during World War I
during World War II
See also Bournville factory; Bournville Village; Cadbury Schweppes; Kraft Cadbury
Cadbury, Sir Adrian (son of Laurence Cadbury)
and Cadbury-Schweppes
as chairman
and code of corporate governance
and Kraft Cadbury
retirement of
and United States
during World War II
Cadbury, Anthea (daughter of Laurence Cadbury)
Cadbury, Barrow (son of Richard Cadbury)
in Canada
in New York
and Quaker firms, merger of
and sugar candy
and trust
during World War I
Cadbury, Beatrice (daughter of Richard Cadbury)
Cadbury, Benjamin Head (son of Richard Tapper Cadbury)
Cadbury, Caroline (wife of Joel Cadbury)
Cadbury, Charles (son of William Cadbury)
Cadbury, Dolly (daughter of George Cadbury Sr.)
Cadbury, Sir Dominic (son of Laurence Cadbury)
and Bournville factory
as chairman
as chief executive
and Kraft Cadbury
and overseas expansion
and shareholder capitalism
Cadbury, Duncan
Cadbury, Edith (wife of George Cadbury Jr.)
Cadbury, Edward (son of George Cadbury Sr.)
and antislavery movement
and exports
and Quaker firms, merger of
retirement of
during World War I
during World War II
Cadbury, Edward (son of John Cadbury)
Cadbury, Egbert “Bertie” (son of George Cadbury Sr.)
during World War I
Cadbury, George, Jr. (son of George Cadbury Sr.)
and worker welfare
during World War I
Cadbury, George, Sr. (son of Joh
n Cadbury)
and adult school
and antislavery movement
and The Barn
and Boer War
and Bournville Village Trust
and Daily News Trust
and defatting machine
and disinheritance of children
and Fry, Francis James
illness and death of
and labor reform
and land ownership
and libel lawsuit
manor house of
marriage of
and material prosperity
and model village (see also Bournville Village)
and newspaper, ownership of
personality of
and philanthropy
and Quaker college
and Quaker firms, merger of
and Quakerism
and Richard Cadbury, death of
second marriage of
and slave trade
and trusts
and wealth
and wife, death of
and Woodlands for crippled children
and worker welfare
during World War I
Cadbury, Geraldine (wife of Barrow Cadbury)
Cadbury, Helen (daughter of Richard Cadbury)
Cadbury, Jessie (daughter of Richard Cadbury)
Cadbury, Jocelyn (son of Laurence Cadbury)
Cadbury, Joel (son of Richard Tapper Cadbury)
Cadbury, John (son of John Cadbury)
death of
Cadbury, John (son of Richard Tapper Cadbury)
and chocolate business, decline of
death of
and social reform
as tea and coffee shop owner
as tea business apprentice
and wife, death of
Cadbury, Julian (son of Laurence Cadbury)
Cadbury, Laurence (son of George Cadbury Sr.)
and Quaker firms, merger of
during World War I
during World War II
Cadbury, Maria (daughter of John Cadbury)
Cadbury, Michael
Cadbury, Molly (daughter of George Cadbury Sr.)
Cadbury, Norman (son of George Cadbury Sr.)
Cadbury, Paul (son of Barrow Cadbury)
Cadbury, Richard (son of John Cadbury)
and cocoa cultivation
death of
in Egypt
marriage of
personality of
and product exhibition
second marriage of
and social reform
and wife, death of
Cadbury, Richard Tapper
Cadbury, Sarah (daughter of Richard Tapper Cadbury)
Cadbury, Veronica (daughter of Laurence Cadbury)
Cadbury, William (son of Richard Cadbury)
and antislavery movement