B-17 bombers, 16, 21, 26–27, 31, 43, 125
B-29 bombers, 327–28, 329
Bagac, 67, 91, 188, 202
Baguio, 401n
Balanga, 168, 177, 187–88, 193, 199, 202, 203, 362, 371, 411n; chaos in, 188; feeding station at, 412n; field hospital in, 412n; holding pens in, 188–90, 230
Baldassarre, James, 186, 362–64
bananas, banana plants, 182, 194, 285
Bank, Burt, 191
Banzai, 78, 385, 404n
Basiad River, 249, 250, 254, 256–57, 260, 264, 415n
Bataan Death March, 4–5, 167–202, 224, 269, 270, 282, 291, 337; ad hoc operations in, 188; buzzard squads (“cleanup” crews) in, 180, 186, 199; comradeship in, 172; conformity efforts in, 183–84; dying during sleep in, 190–91; falling by the wayside in, 171, 174–75, 180; food and, 174, 182–83, 184, 187–88, 190, 196, 197, 412n; Homma’s ignorance about, 344, 346, 349, 370; Homma trial and, 361–64, 366, 369–72, 375–76, 380; kith and kin along the road of, 195–97; as misnomer, 168; officers forty or fifty years old in, 186–87; in POW plan, 411n; press coverage of, 344, 345–46; refugees along the road of, 193–95; rumors and expressions of hope in, 169, 187; shootings in, 179, 180, 181, 187, 193, 376; stage one of, 168–73, 411n; Steele’s drawings of, 295; struggle against despair in, 172–73; water and, 174, 176–80, 190, 193, 195–98, 295, 395, 412n; wounded Filipino soldiers in, 171–72, 180
Bataan peninsula, 3–5, 58–67, 71–77, 83–96, 98–107, 111–29, 298, 310, 313; Allied failed counterattack in, 144; Allied food problem in, 114–23; Allied morale problems in, 115, 121, 122, 128, 144; Allied surrender in, 4, 146, 147, 149–56, 161–63, 166, 167, 172, 194, 195, 206, 213; Allied withdrawal to, 3, 42, 49, 58–63, 115; blockade plan for, 72; bombing of, 63, 128, 134, 139, 140, 142–43, 147–48, 151, 171, 194; as brutal battlefield, 71–72; defense lines in, 67, 90, 127–29, 141–47, 149; defense plans for, 60; disease in, 89, 113, 118, 119–20, 142, 161, 189, 190–92, 194, 202, 205; East-West Road in, 90, 91, 138, 139, 188; field hospitals in, 146, 149, 171, 180, 258, 412n; Filipino flight in, 143; front in, 66–67; guard duty on, 63, 67; Japanese attack in, 72–74, 76–77, 83–96, 98–105, 111–13; Japanese casualties in, 85, 86–87, 99–100, 112–14; Japanese infiltrators in, 87–88; Japanese wounded in, 100; jungle in, 94–95, 99, 102, 138, 143; MacArthur’s visit to, 122; Old National Road in, see Old National Road; POW evacuation plan for, 162–63; Quinauan Point battle in, 98–105, 113; second battle for, 134–50, 154, 372, 408n; as staging area for Corregidor invasion, 162–63; surrender party in, 150–54; tactical problem in, 83; Trail 8 in, 202–203; U.S.-Filipino troop estimates in, 72, 76, 83–84; U.S. rumor mill in, 114, 116; Wainwright’s visit to, 143–44; west coast of, 91–96; West Road in, 91, 92, 95
“Bataan stew,” 117
baths, communal, 319, 323–24
Bauang, 38, 45–46, 55
Baxter General Hospital, 334–37
bayonets, 175–76, 208, 210, 213, 365, 376
beatings, 365; in Bicol peninsula, 254, 256, 257; at Bilibid Prison, 285, 288; of escapees, 286, 287; of food thieves, 324–25; of Japanese conscripts, 78–79, 97–98; of Japanese guards, 177; of local people, 197; of POWs, 158, 164, 166–67, 170–71, 175, 177, 182, 185, 193, 197, 376
Beecher, Curtis T., 294, 310–16, 417n
beheadings, 166, 179, 287, 289, 362
Bell, Don, 19
Bent, Lois, 395
beriberi, 228, 229, 263, 335; at Bilibid Prison, 265, 269, 272, 276, 294; types of, 272
Berlin, bombing of, 291
Bicol peninsula, 249–65; jungle of, 249, 250, 251; road building in, see Old Tayabas Road
Bigelow, Frank, 19
Big Hole, 132–33, 263
Bilibid Prison, 169, 266–97, 312, 387, 389; beatings at, 285, 288; burials at, 272; description of, 266–67; engineers in, 278; food at, 265, 268–72, 274–77, 281, 284; POW hospital in, 258, 265, 267–85, 290, 292, 294–96, 308, 337; roll call at, 270; rumors at, 279–80; special prisoners at, 285–90; Steele’s drawing at, 276–79, 295–96; Steele’s return to, 296–97; Steele’s views on, 284; store of, 285; U.S. liberation of, 327
Billings, Mont., 8, 130–31, 218, 243–45, 277, 291, 333, 338, 390, 392–98; Deaconess Hospital in, 396–98; Eastern Montana College in, 392–93; Elmo Club in, 386; Steele’s postwar return to, 340–41, 386, 387; Steele’s wedding in, 387
Billings Gazette, 9, 132, 415n
Billings Municipal Airport, 9
Bilyeu, Dick, 327
Birrer, Ivan J., 383–85
black market, 127, 283, 320
“Bligh, Captain,” 295
blockades, 115, 320
blood poisoning, 262, 269
Bluemel, Clifford “Blinky,” 141, 169
bombing: by Army Air Corps, 43; of Bataan peninsula, 63, 128, 134, 139, 140, 142–43, 147–48, 151, 171, 194; of Corregidor, 233; by Germans, 9; of Germany, 280, 291; of Japan, 327–30; of Manila Bay, 117; of Pearl Harbor, 3, 19–21, 25, 26; personality effects of, 45, 61–62, 76, 142; pre-invasion, 3, 25–32, 44, 45, 66, 401n–402n; of transport ships, 306, 311, 313, 315–16, 336; before U.S. Leyte invasion, 306; U.S. planning of, 21
bootlegging, 131–32
Botayama, Mount, 322
Bougainville, 291
bowing, 224
boxcars, 219, 221, 223, 411n
Brackman, Arnold, 418n
Brain, Philip, 231
Brazil Maru, 314–17
Brereton, Lewis H., 20–21, 401n
Bridget, Frank, 310, 311, 316
Broadview, Mont., 334, 336–38, 341–42, 387
Browe, John H., 230
Brown, Sergeant, 148
Brown, Bernard A., 360
Brown, Charles, 259, 260
Bulacan Province, 205
Bull Mountains, 109, 276
Burgos, Freddy, 183
burials, 194, 272, 371; alive, 191–92; in Basid peninsula, 254–55; at Camp O’Donnell, 237–38, 240–41, 295
bushi, 93
Bushido (way of the warrior), 35, 55, 79, 81–82, 101, 222, 366, 405n
buzzard squads (“cleanup” crews), 180, 186, 199
Cabanatuan, 65; central POW camp in, 294, 296, 312, 380
Cabcaben, 146, 168, 169, 170, 175, 411n; columns arranged at, 173–74, 175; holding pen in, 173–74
Caibobo Point, 92, 93
Caidin, Martin, 400–401n
Calaguiman River, 85
Calauag, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 259, 261
California, 8, 10, 218, 333–34
Calvit, Ken, 255, 268
Camp Cabanatuan, 294, 296, 312, 380
Camp O’Donnell, 163, 222–42, 246, 270, 274, 294, 344, 380, 411n; burials at, 237–38, 240–41, 295; disease at, 226–33, 235–36. 240, 241; division of, 224–25; empathy and altruism at, 231–33; food at, 228–29, 241; hospital at, 228, 234–35; inadequacies of, 225–26; King in, 223–24, 413n; number of prisoners in, 225, 413–14n; Tsuneyoshi’s addressing of arrivals at, 222–23; water in, 225–28, 242; work details at, 241–42, 250; Zero Ward at, 235–37, 240, 241, 269, 340
Canada, 280, 416n
Canadian Inventor, 297–99, 301–305, 416n, 417n
cannon, 90, 103, 121, 140, 141, 156
Canopus, USS, 19
Capas, 163, 221, 246, 411n
carabao, 116–17, 126, 147, 155, 173, 228
Casablanca conference (1943), 291
Casey’s Golden Pheasant, 215
Cassiani, Helen “Cassie,” 30
Catmon valley, 143
Cavite, 298
Cavite City, 19, 162
Cavite Naval Base, 19, 44, 267
Chaki, Jinzaburo, 163
Chicago Tribune, 345
Chief of Staff (M. S. Watson), 402n
China, 307, 331; Japanese in, 16, 24, 36, 37, 41, 49, 56, 57, 137, 138, 206; work camps in, 293
Christianity, Christians, 167, 181; see also Roman Catholics
Christmas, 63, 187, 243, 283, 294
Churchill, Winst
on, 281, 352, 353
cigarettes, 283, 284, 331, 332
Civil War, U.S., 141, 146, 151
Clark, Bennett Champ, 345
Clark, George S., 61
Clark, Jug, 132, 215, 217–18, 386, 387
Clark Field, 14, 19, 20, 21–22, 246, 380; bombers parked at, 22, 26, 400n; destruction at, 31, 66, 401n; Japanese bombing of, 25–32, 66, 401–402n; U.S. reoccupation of, 327; withdrawal plans and, 49–51
Clausewitz, Carl von, 41, 64
Cleveland Institute of Art, 387–91
coal mining, 318–19, 322–23, 325–27, 332
Coder, Frank, 358, 367, 377–78, 379
Coleman, John, 181, 187
Collier, James V., 151, 226
Cologne, 280
command responsibility, 353–54, 373, 376–77
communications, 122, 292, 401n; in Bataan attack, 86, 92; in second battle for Bataan, 143, 150
comradeship, 125–26, 172, 199–200, 252; compassion and, 282
Congress, U.S., 39, 42, 217, 345
Conlan, Thomas, 405n
Considine, Bob, 123
Consolation, USS, 332, 333
constancy, law of, 125–26
Constitution, U.S., 354, 373
“Convoy College,” 306
cooks, 276, 306–307
Cooper, Wibb E., 118
Coral Sea, battle of the, 280
Corregidor, 49, 60, 63, 114, 143, 149, 153; Bataan as staging area for invasion of, 162–63, 412n; consideration of surrender of, 147; Funk’s delivery of message to, 147; guns and pit mortars of, 148, 154; hospital on, 267; MacArthur in, 115, 121–26, 140, 406n; surrender of, 233–34, 244, 268, 280
courts-martial, 67, 125, 223, 287, 352
cowboys, 5, 79, 215, 217, 276–77
Crago, John, 303, 330
Cruz, Rosalina Almario, 194–95
Cullen, Gilbert T., 365
Cummings, Father William T., 236, 269, 317, 417n
Davao, 107, 344
Davidson, Brown, 162, 181, 183
Deaconess Hospital, 396–98
death: in Bataan Death March, 179, 180, 181, 187, 190–91, 193, 370, 371, 375, 376, 414n; from beatings, 167; in boxcars, 221; at Cabanatuan, 294; expectation of, 135, 136–37, 156; in food drops, 331; Homma’s thoughts of, 351, 360, 383; Nishimura’s thinking of, 34, 37; at Old Tayabas Road, 252, 254–55, 261, 263–65; preparations for, 136; of special prisoners, 290; Steele’s expectation of, 263, 269–70, 276, 337; in transport ships, 305, 307–308, 310, 311, 313–16, 417n; see also burials
“defense in depth” strategy, 42
dehydration, 174, 176, 177, 190–91, 264, 301, 311
de Leon, Bernabe, 260
dengue fever, 229, 260
desertions, 143, 147
Des Pres, Terrence, 279, 414n–15n
de Venecia, Lieutenant, 205
Devore, Quentin Pershing, 13, 28–32, 62, 66, 402n; at Bilibid Prison, 296–97; at Camp O’Donnell, 224, 227–28, 242; on guard duty, 63; as POW, 154–55, 224, 227–28; in second battle for Bataan, 145, 148–49; Steele lost by, 154; surrender of, 154–55; withdrawal plans and, 50–51; wounding of, 28–29
diarrhea, 259, 260, 261, 303
Dieppe, 280
Dillon, Porky, 386
diphtheria, 229, 230
disease: in Bataan peninsula, 89, 113, 118, 119–20, 142, 161, 189, 190–92, 194, 202, 205; of Bicol work detail, 253–57, 259–65; at Camp O’Donnell, 226–33, 235–36, 240, 241; see also beriberi; dysentery; malaria
Dobyns, Paul A., 327
Donovan, Leo, 358, 361, 365, 366, 380–81
Dooley, Thomas, 60–61, 121, 143–44
Drake, Aaron, 185
Duffy, Father John E., 275, 295, 336, 387–88
du Picq, Ardant, 39
Dutch East Indies, 16, 25, 56, 73, 111, 320
duty: good commanders’ sense of, 146, 154; Japanese sense of, 82, 96, 98, 101, 105, 137
Dyess, Marajen, 345
Dyess, William E. (Ed), 104, 171, 177, 182, 190, 410n, 419n; despair of, 172–73; escape of, 344; testimony of, 344–45
dynamite, 60, 104, 151
dysentery, 89, 120, 194, 303, 316, 335; in Bataan Death March, 177, 189, 190–91; at Bilibid Prison, 265, 269, 271, 272, 276, 281, 295; at Camp O’Donnell, 228, 230, 235, 241; of work detail, 253, 259, 260, 264
East China Sea, 306
Eastern Montana College, 392–93
East-West Road, 90, 91, 138, 139, 188
Eaton, Elliott, 395
edema, 263, 269, 271
Edmonds, Walter D., 401n
11th Air Fleet, Japanese, 25–29
Elmo Club, 386
embargoes, 24
Embick, Stanley D., 42
Emerick, John, 164
Emerson, Shirley Anne, see Steele, Shirley Anne Emerson
engineers, Steele’s drawing helped by, 278
Enola Gay, 329
Enoura Maru, 314–16
envelopment strategy, 92–96, 123
escapes, 184, 255, 265, 285–87, 289
“Europe First” plan, 43
eye problems, 230, 332
Far East Air Force, U.S., destruction of, 26–27, 29, 31, 44, 401n
Farrell, Gunner, 315
fear: bombing and, 45, 61–62, 128; at end of war, 328–29; of Steele, 33
feeding stations, 412n
Felix, Pedro L., 202–205, 364–65
fishing, 117
FitzPatrick, Bernard, 165, 180, 190, 191, 197
Fonvielle, John, 383
food, 37, 90–91, 133, 221, 287, 291, 324, 334, 367; in Army Air Corp, 12; Bataan Death March and, 174, 182–83, 184, 187–88, 190, 196, 197, 412n; on Bataan peninsula, 63, 85, 89, 99, 100, 114–23, 126–27, 128, 147, 155, 161; in Bicol peninsula, 253, 254, 256, 257; at Bilibid Prison, 265, 268–72, 274–77, 281, 284; at Cabanatuan, 294; at Camp O’Donnell, 228–29, 241; captured U.S., 182–83; drops of, 330–31; foraging for, 99, 117, 126, 229; on hospital ships, 332, 333; Japanese shortage of, 85, 89, 99, 367; in Montana, 337, 341; at Ominemachi, 319–20, 327; in San Fernando, 200; spoiled, 147; stealing of, 324–25; Steele’s dreams and memories of, 63, 127–28; in transport ships, 302, 305, 306–307, 315, 316; U.S. shortage of, 114–23, 126–27, 128, 147, 155, 161; of work detail, 253; see also malnutrition; rice; soup; starvation
food clubs, 275
food dumps, 182–83
food packages, 282–84, 290, 324, 345
footwear, 59–60, 174, 186, 236
Ford Tri-Motor, 9
Formosa, 20, 21, 25–27, 73, 293, 303, 314–15, 339
Fort Benning, Ga., 74
Fort George Wright, 339, 387
Fort Stotsenberg, 19, 28–31
4th Division, Japanese, 140, 408n
4th Marine Regiment, U.S., 124, 268
14th Imperial Army, Japanese, 49, 55–58, 72–77, 111–14, 344, 348; chain of command in, 361, 374–75; Fifth Company, 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment of, 34–38; 48th Division removed from, 73–74; Headquarters of, 163; maps of, 83, 86, 89–90; POW plan and, 411n; in second battle for Bataan, 134–50; in taking of Manila, 64–66; total strength of, 402n; walking of, 57–58, 74–75; see also 65th Brigade, Japanese (Summer Brigade)
48th Division, Japanese, 66, 73–74
France, 23, 78, 280
Freud, Sigmund, 335
Friday, Karl, 405n
Fullerton, A. L., 238
Funk, Arnold J., 147
Furness, George, 358, 367, 381
Gaertner, Carl, 389
gangrene, 269, 271
Gautier, James, 169–70, 179–80, 182
gekokujo (the rule of the higher by the lower), 375
General Willard A. Holbrook, 10, 12–14
Geneva Convention, 244, 293, 352, 377
Gentry, Bill, 47
Germany, 9, 43, 78, 123, 280, 372; Nuremberg trials in, 353; surrender of, 328; war criminals in, 349
Giantonio, Dominick, 172
Gibbs, David R., 21
Gilbert
, Grover, 33
Gilbert Islands, 291
God’s Own Medicine, 264–65
Goldblith, Samuel, 169
Gonzales, Jerry, 261
Gordon, Richard, 166–67, 169, 172, 177, 181, 187–88, 191, 197–99; aging colonel incident and, 198–99; army loved by, 197–98; burials and, 238; on loss of respect for authority, 198; malaria of, 232–33
Graef, Calvin R., 306–307
Grashio, Sam, 182
Great Britain, 23, 24–25, 34, 55, 56, 112, 280, 281, 330, 335; German war with, 9, 43, 280, 291; at Potsdam conference, 328; POWS from, 163, 293, 320–21, 322, 325
Great Depression, 131, 252
Greater East Asian War (Great Pacific War), opening of, 23
Greenman, Gerald, 320
grenades, 90, 117, 139
Grinker, Roy R., 335–36
Gripsholm, 290, 345
Grosz, George, 389
Guadalcanal, 280, 291
Guagua, 59, 200
Guam, 111, 308, 333
guerrillas, 40–41, 162, 255, 415n
Gumphrey, Edward P., 331
gyokusai (honorable death), 104
gyokusai suru (to die but never surrender), 104–105
Hagakure, 81, 405n
Hague, The, Convention at (1907), 352
Halco, Blacky, 216–17
Halsey, William, 291
Hanson, 285–87, 289
Hardin, Mont., 217
Hart, Thomas C., 19, 44, 298
hatred, 164, 167, 184–85, 292, 392–93; Pantingan River massacre and, 206–207
Hatten (soldier), 261–62
Hattori, Kozo, 213–14
Hattori, Takushiro, 408n
Hawaii, 23, 116, 333; Hickam Field folly in, 21; see also Pearl Harbor
Hawk Creek, 5, 33, 52–54, 69–70, 131, 160, 277, 278, 341; loss of, 108–109
Hayes, Thomas H., 265, 267–68, 270, 282, 308, 312, 314; Bilibid as viewed by, 284; on food, 272, 274, 275–76; notebooks of, 270, 272, 274, 275, 279–81, 283, 292, 316; on rumors, 279–80
Hearn, Lafcadio, 100
heat exhaustion, 174
heiti (soldier), 399n
hemoposia, 312–13
Hermosa, 71, 168
Hewlett, Frank, 18–19, 112, 117, 408n
Hickam Field, 21
Hirohito, Emperor, 72–73, 211, 212, 234, 345, 418n; MacArthur called on by, 352; rumors about, 279–80; surrender of, 343
Hiroshima, bombing of, 329–30
Hitler, Adolf, 352
Hōdōbu, Watari Shudan, 406n
hohei (infantry), 6, 57, 86, 152, 280; comradeship of, 98; in Corregidor, 233–34; in Manila, 350; Pantingan River massacre and, 205–14; POWs and, 158, 163–66, 169–70, 175, 184–85, 197, 205–14, 260–61; in second battle for Bataan, 134–40, 145; in troop ships, 299; use of term, 399n; in war with Russia, 82
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