by Peter Popham
reaction to military crackdown 78
creates National League for Democracy (NLD) 80, 84–6
rift with Aung Gyi 93, 96
campaign trail (late 1988) 93–5
Khin Kyi’s death 97–8
condolence visit from Saw Maung and Khin Nyint 98, 130
appeals for calm at Khin Kyi’s funeral 98, 99
campaign trail (1989) 100–14, 120–1, 122–7, 129, 131–3, 135–44, 147–8, 192, 222, 263–4, 292
Danubya near-death incident 125–7, 129, 131
Thingyan slogan competition finale 134–5
takes hard line against regime 145–6, 151, 318–19
campaign of civil disobedience 150–1
speech attacking Ne Win 151–2, 296
declines SLORC Martyr’s Day invitation 154
averts bloodbath at Martyr’s Day demonstrations 156–7
decision to be arrested 157–8
house arrest (1989–1995) 158, 245, 254–60, 261, 289–96, 304–6, 367–8, 387–8
hunger strike 245–7
house arrest regime 254–5
votes in general election 261
refuses to accept “favors” 271–2, 290
conditions to Rewata Dhamma for leaving Burma 305
“dialogue” with SLORC 305–6
release (1995) 297–8, 306–7, 308, 326, 338
impromptu speech on release 308–9
weekend chats 309–10
Thamanya trips 311–14, 351
rift with Ma Thanegi 318–21, 396
Natmauk trip 398
USDA attacks 324–5, 351
Michael’s illness and death 4, 332–4
Dala stand-off 334, 338
house arrest (2000) 338
release (2002) 337, 345
negotiations with the regime 339, 347–8, 360, 363–5
campaign trail (2002) 350–6
Depayin attack 356–9
imprisoned in Insein Jail 359–60, 371
hospitalization 371
house arrest (2003–2010) xiii, 360, 367, 371, 395
monks pay respects on Peace Walk 378, 395
visit from John Yettaw (2009) 382
trial after Yettaw’s visit 383–4
exclusion from 2010 election campaign xiii
release (2010) xv–xvi, 3
love for her family 106, 119, 140, 142, 247–8, 301, 395–6
and the outside world 117–18, 130–1, 176
personality cult 94, 128, 281
political confinement 397–8
political “failure” 257, 369
political importance 257–8
popularity with Burmese people 3, 4, 5, 38, 144, 257–8, 281, 310, 348, 369–70
regime sees as number one domestic menace 258
regime slurs and threats 3, 53, 113, 149, 315, 316, 318, 331, 338
relationship with Aung San Oo 205, 220
relationship with sangha 147, 281–2
response to monsoon season 33–4
role as moral exemplar 379–80
views
on the armed forces 71, 118
on negotiations with regime 342–4
on sanctions 321–2
on tourism boycott 317–18, 322–3
“voluntary” nature of detention 3–5, 248
writings 378
biography of Aung San 9, 26, 161, 165, 236–7
children’s travel books 26, 236
essays 5, 16–18, 90, 258–9, 264
“Freedom from Fear” 252–4, 273, 309
“A Friend in Need” 327–8
“Letters from Burma” 311, 312–14, 318, 326, 327–8, 351
Mainchini Daily News column 367–8
Aung Shwe, U 308
Aung Tin, U 224
Aung-Thwin, Michael 270–1
Austen, Jane 175, 190–1, 194
Aye Aye Thant 204
Ba Maw 10
Bago state 94, 103
balachaung (Burmese dish) 222
Bangkok 28, 131, 258, 267, 304, 330, 337, 385, 393
Bangladesh 38, 303, 351
Bassein 102–3
baung-bi chut (ex-military men) 85, 96
v intelligentsia 92–3
Baw Oo Tun 64
BBC 43, 45, 54, 61, 77, 131, 286, 289, 367, 373
Beatles 189, 192, 196
Ben Bella, Ahmed 198
Bengal 6, 8, 16, 17
Bertie, Andrew 207
Bhutan 23, 25, 209–10, 217, 221, 222, 223, 230, 231, 232, 236
Bhutto, Benazir 38, 118
Blavatsky, Madame 217
Bo Kyi 46
Bo Lwin 125
Bo Min Lwin 105
Bo Mya, General 391–2, 393
Bodleian Library 236, 237
Bogyoke Aung San Museum 164
Bose, Subhas Chandra 10
Britain
freedom from government-imposed fear 252
ignorance of Asian religion and philosophy 194–5
sanctions against Burma 360
trade with Burma 318
British Council 18, 201
British rule in Burma 6–9, 13–14, 16, 26, 87, 90, 102, 278, 288
abolition of Burmese monarchy 6, 7, 8, 147, 294
British rule in India 6–7, 8–9, 16, 26, 90, 181, 370
Buchan, John (Lord Tweedsmuir) 206–7
Buddha 52, 116, 216, 314, 377
Burmese 241
images “miracle” 282
Buddhism 28, 66, 161, 194–5, 197, 220, 221, 292–3, 328
in Burma 8, 9, 52, 87–8, 135, 147, 168, 202, 260, 311–12
coherence with democracy 264
Five Precepts 88, 197
relationships between different schools 216–17
see also Mahayana Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism; Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist Liturgy 217
Burma 11, 236
ana and awza 289
birds and fish release ceremony 135
British colonial rule 6–9, 13–14, 16, 26, 87, 90, 102, 278, 288
Buddhism 8, 9, 52, 87–8, 135, 147, 168, 202, 260, 311–12
climate of fear 252–4, 288–9, 325, 389
command economy disaster 29, 226
communist-inspired reforms 202–3
Constituent Assembly elections (1947) 14
constitution 64, 151, 265, 266, 269–70, 271, 274, 310–11, 324, 362, 363, 378,
constitution referendum (2008) 372, 380
cult of Aung San 38, 130
and democracy concept 86–7, 263–4, 368–9
demonetization 29
economic boom (1995) 337–8
economic liberalization 263, 265, 321
economic recovery hit 339
general election (1990) xiv, 5, 158, 261–71, 369
general election (2010) xiii–xv, 3, 368, 369, 386
general strike (8/8/88) 43, 45–6, 152
first nationalist stirrings 8
foreign exchange reserves 263
health system 30
independence (1948) 176–7
India compared 89–90, 181, 187–8, 258
internal divisions 177–8, 214–15, 277–9
isolationism 130, 155, 175, 176, 201, 323
Japan relationship 303–4, 306–7
Japanese invasion (1942) 11, 12, 87, 278
Japanese ousted (1945) 13, 163
least-developed-nation status 18, 30
Lonely Planet quoted 28–9
mass lay-meditation movement 294–5
military coup (1962) 18, 79–80, 187, 202
military crackdown (18 September 1988) 72–8, 152
monsoon season 33–4
“opposition” concept 87, 91–2
popularity of Suu Kyi 4, 5, 144, 257–8, 281, 310, 348, 369–70
poverty 5, 18, 29, 227, 388
pre-coup 175–6
public libraries 373–4
rebuilding on old foundations 258–60, 312
Republic of Burma forme
d (1958) 277
renamed Myanmar (1989) 102, 149–50, 285, 346
resistance to elitism 90
“Revolution of 1300” (1938) 9–10, 15
sanctions 308, 321–2
Second World War depredations 130, 176
Seven-Point Road Map to Democracy 362–3, 371–2, 386
“Six Evils” 137
social unrest (1974) 66–7, 226–7
student protests (1987) 29
tourism 317, 322–4
traditional society 88–9
uprising (1988) 5, 15, 30–3, 37, 42–80, 251, 287, 326, 377, 388–9, 390
Union of Burma flag 41
Union of Burma formed (1947) 104
US relationship 308
xenophobia 208
Burma Campaign UK 323
Burma Human Rights Day 146
Burma Independence Army (BIA) 10, 11, 40, 163, 177
Burma National Army 12–13, 161, 162
Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP) 39, 51, 61, 63, 64, 68–9, 95
disestablishment 59, 69–70
election commission 68–9
extraordinary congress (1988) 35–6
see also National Unity Party
Burma Spring (August/September 1988) 59–71, 273
Burman, The (Scott) 88
Burmans 9, 14, 17, 28, 38, 88, 89, 90, 104, 149, 177, 277, 278, 281
Burmese Army (Tatmadaw) 40, 123, 172, 273, 275, 276–7, 279, 284, 294, 303, 389, 390 see also military regime
Burmese character 141
Burmese Communist Party (BCP) 86, 95–6, 153, 177, 201–2
Burmese diaspora 38–9
Burmese Embassy, London 248, 304
Burmese Literary Society 42
Burmese monarchy 85, 87
abolition by the British 6, 7, 8, 87, 147, 294
massacre of rivals 89
symbiosis with sangha 147, 285–6
Burmese Red Cross xv, 76
“butterfly effect” 394
Calcutta (Kolkata) 7, 10, 87, 149
Canning, Mark 383–4
Canvas (activist group) 394
Carey, Peter 231, 234, 236, 329, 398
Chan Aye, U 151
Charles, Prince of Wales 4, 331, 332
Charney, Michael W. 3, 69, 77, 177, 202
Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 187
Chiang Kai-Shek 10
Chime Youngdroung Rinpoche 220
China 10, 86, 95, 176, 186, 202, 203, 372
and Tibet 209, 385
Christianity 135–6, 168, 233
Roman Catholic 181–2
Christopher, Robin 190–1, 198, 220, 231, 333
Clements, Alan 165, 199, 211, 247–8, 295, 316, 317
Clinton, Bill 308
Coca-Cola 263
Cold War 212
communism 9, 86, 95, 86, 202–3
allegations against Suu Kyi and NLD 96, 108, 115, 147, 153, 261
see also Burmese Communist Party
Convent of Jesus and Mary, Delhi 181–2, 184
Cook, Robin 206
Cuban missile crisis 212
Currie, Clare 324
Cyclone Nargis 102, 130, 372, 380
Dalai Lama 3, 385
Danubya 123–7, 129, 351
Daw Khin Gyi (aunt) 256
Daw Khin Khin Win 256
Daw Khin Kyi (mother) 25, 96, 154, 198, 229
appearance and 12, 15, 183
belief in honesty 165
character 164, 183
disdain for Ne Win 40–1
as hostess 186, 223–4
life
nurses Aung San 11–12
marriage to Aung Sun 12
takes refuge in Hmway Suang village 131–2, 162–3
birth of Suu Kyi 132, 163
National Women and Children’s Welfare Board directorship 169
move to University Avenue 170–1
exile to Delhi ambassadorship 16, 40–1, 152, 179, 180
retirement and return to Burma 201–2, 203
post-retirement seclusion 223–4
opposition to Suu Kyi’s engagement 208
absence from Suu Kyi’s wedding 220
accepts Michael 223
stroke 4, 15, 27, 30
hospitalization 119
final days at home 34–5, 49, 82, 256
death 97
funeral 98–9
as mother 167–9, 190
Daw Myint Myint Khin 85, 288
De Riedmatten, Leon 338, 339, 341
“death railway” 11
Dedaye 121, 131
Delhi/New Delhi 16, 18, 24, 179, 180–8, 189, 198, 200, 206, 305
democracy
concept in the Burmese context 86–7, 263–4, 368–9
in India 89–90, 180
Seven-Point Road Map to 362–3, 371–2, 386
Suu Kyi’s call to arms 56–7
regime’s promises 35, 59, 65, 79, 80, 84, 100, 104, 117, 145, 147, 262, 301
regime’s indefinite postponement 310
democracy movement 61, 63–4, 65, 81, 84
beginnings 43–4, 49
military recruits 70–1
nonviolence 116, 389
Suu Kyi’s leadership 15, 67–8
see also National League for Democracy (NLD)
Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) 275, 280
Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) 376, 379
Denby, Kenneth 381
Depayin massacre 356–9, 362
Development Assistance Charter 303
Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald 13, 14, 165
Dragon School, Oxford 235
Dukgo 113–14
Dunkley, Ross 339–40
exposure and arrest 365–6
East India Company 6
Ebadi, Shirin 384
Eddie Thwin, U 154–5
England
crumbling morals 194
“Glorious Revolution” 80
impression of permanence 27–8
popular culture 189
English Methodist High School, Rangoon 171–3, 174–5, 181
Erlanger, Steve 117–19, 153
Fascist Resistance Day 146
Faulder, Dominic 43–4
Federal University, Manerplaw 279–80
Finnis, John 299
First World War 7
Fitch, Ralph 52
Ford Foundation 18, 201
From Dictatorship to Democracy (Sharp) 393, 394
Furnivall, J. S. 258–9, 312
Gambari, Ibrahim 367, 371
Gandhi, Indira 38, 186
Gandhi, Mohandas Mahatma 3, 7, 8, 10, 38, 90, 100, 105, 116, 181, 187, 194, 258, 300, 370, 390
Gandhi, Rajiv 186
Gandhi, Sanjay 186
Gandhi, Sonia 180
Gautama Buddha 52, 216
Ghosh, Amitav 319–20, 322
Girard, Greg 276, 279
Gladstone, William 87
Golden Earth (Lewis) 173
Gordon, Robert 345–6
Gore-Booth, Christopher 206
Gore-Booth, David 206, 208
Gore-Booth, Lady Pat 186, 190, 205, 207, 220, 223
Gore-Booth, Lord Paul 186, 190, 205, 220, 223
Grantown-on-Spey 230
Gunness, Christopher 43
Guomindang 10
Hammerskjöld, Dag 212
Harvard Center for International Affairs 390, 391
Havel, Václav 299
Helvey, Robert 389–92, 394
Herbert, Patricia 167
Hindus 87, 101, 174, 181
History of Modern Burma (Charney) 3
Hla Min, Colonel 320
Hla Pe, U 137, 138
Hmway Saung village 132, 163
Hmwe Hmwe 61
Houtman, Gustaaf 87, 91–2, 148, 285, 289, 311, 314
Hsar Malauk 122–3
Htun Wai 54, 56, 57
Htwe Han 35
Htwe Myint, U 41
Hume, David 287–8, 303
Hwe Myint 49
Hyder, Tariq 199–200, 207, 208
In This Very Life (Sayadaw U Pandita) 255, 293, 294
Independent 72, 75, 86, 99, 117, 269, 318, 330, 337, 341, 344, 384
India 11
British Raj 6–7, 8–9, 16, 26, 90, 181
Burma compared 16–18, 26, 181, 187–8, 258
colonial racism 182
democracy 89–90
dynastic principle 38
Gandhi’s journeys 100
independence 213, 370
and Pakistan 200
Suu Kyi’s residence in 16, 71, 179, 180–8, 189, 204
Indian Institute of Advanced Study 26, 238
Indian National Army 10
Indian National Congress Party 7, 180, 187, 370
Indian Renaissance 17, 258
Inlay Lake 109–10
Insein Jail 245, 251–2, 261, 272, 326, 360, 366, 371, 383
evacuation 62–3
International Crisis Group 386, 387
Inya Lake 34, 39, 41, 99, 171, 381
Irrawaddy Delta 101, 102–3, 112, 120–1, 122–7, 131–2, 162, 277, 351, 372, 380
Ismail, Razali 338, 347–8, 350, 360, 363, 364
Ismartono, Yuli 269
Issariya, Asshin (King Zero) 373–4, 375
Jahangir, Asma 385
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7
Japan 8, 56, 232, 259, 305
Aung San’s visit 10, 176
Burma relationship 306–7
invasion of Burma 11, 12, 87, 278
ousted from Burma 13, 163
suspends economic aid to Burma 80, 303–4, 360
Suu Kyi’s stay 26, 238–42, 259
Jordt, Ingrid 346, 349, 377, 379–80
Joya, Malalai 385
Kachin state and people 44, 101, 104, 135–9, 144, 177
Karen National Liberation Army 275
Karen state and people 14, 43, 77, 104, 177, 275–9, 351, 372, 389
Karlekar, Malavika 181, 182–3, 184, 185, 200
karma 98, 388, 394
Kayah (Karenni) state 111–12
Kennedy, J. F. 212
Kennedy, Phoebe 384
Khaing Saw Tun 280, 288
Khin Kyi see Daw Khin Kyi
Khin Maung Win, U 361
Khin Myint 175
Khin Nyunt, General 145, 340, 345–6, 359, 366
Albright visit 307
anger over Depayin massacre 360
arrest and detention 365, 368, 371
“communist” allegations against Suu Kyi and NLD 96, 153, 261–2
condolence visit to Suu Kyi 98, 130
constituent assembly argument 270
“dialogue” with Suu Kyi (1994) 305–6
evasion over election date 117
fails to become SLORC chairman 302
“favors” to Suu Kyi in detention 271–2, 290
modernization of Burma 345, 338
named prime minister 362
negotiations with Suu Kyi (2003) 347–8, 349, 360, 363–5
revitalization of religion 346
Seven-Point Road Map to Democracy 362–3
Shwedagon pagoda restoration 346–7
tourist drive 317
warns of Suu Kyi “danger” 316