The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World
Page 38
9. DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 1, folder 5, Samuel Delano Jr. to Samuel Delano III, March 21, 1820; DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 1, folder 5, Samuel Delano, Jr. to Captain Henry Chandler, December 11, 1832.
10. DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 1, box 8, folder 14, Amasa to Samuel Delano, Jr., September 7, 1821. For Samuel’s finances, see DRHS, Delano Papers, ser. 3, box 2, folder 2, “Attachment of Goods and Estate of Samuel Delano, Jr.,” July 22, 1822, and “Settlement of Grievance between Samuel Delano, Jr. and G. W. Martin,” April 21, 1823.
11. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 617.
12. Speeches and Address of Peleg Sprague, Boston: Phillips, Samson, 1858, p. 452.
13. MA (Boston), Judicial Archives, docket no. 27093, vols. 121 (pp. 300 and 464); 121-1 (p. 37); 172 (p. 104); 193 (p. 226); 207 (p. 170).
EPILOGUE: HERMAN MELVILLE’S AMERICA
1. Daniel Johnson and Rex Campbell, Black Migration in America: A Social Demographic Hisory, Durham: Duke University Press, 1981; John Russell Rickford, Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English, Hoboken: John Wiley, 2002, p. 138; Walter Johnson, “King Cotton’s Long Shadow,” New York Times, March 30, 2013; Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South, 1931, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1959, p. 363, for fever quotes. See also Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, pp. 374–78; John Craig Hammond, Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007; Matthew Mason, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006; Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007, p. 193.
2. Stephen Matterson, “Introduction,” in Herman Melville, The Confidence-Man, New York: Penguin, 1990, p. xxiv. At the same time, Melville was also questioning this belief; see Hershel Parker, “Politics and Art.”
3. White-Jacket, pp. 505–6; For Melville’s “radical” break with the past, Matterson, “Introduction,” The Confidence-Man, p. xxiv. For Melville’s use of naval discipline and the arbitrary power of officers as a metaphor for slavery, and one southern reviewer’s recognition of the metaphor, see Karcher, Shadow over the Promised Land, pp. 44–47.
4. Robert May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973, p. 164.
5. John M. Murrin, Paul E. Johnson, James M. McPherson, Alice Fahs, and Gary Gerstle, Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Independence Cengage Learning, 2012, p. 463; Liberator, May 23, 1851.
6. Robert Cover, Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, p. 251; The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Cape Cod and Miscellanies, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906, p. 396; Jeannine DeLombard, “Advocacy ‘in the Name of Charity’ or Barratry, Champerty, and Maintenance? Legal Rhetoric and the Debate over Slavery in Antebellum Print Culture,” in Law and Literature, ed. Brook Thomas; Turbinger: Gunter Narr Verlag, 2002, p. 271, Robert D. Richardson Jr., Emerson: The Mind on Fire, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 496; Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001, p. 21; Len Gougeon, Virtue’s Hero: Emerson, Antislavery, and Reform, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010, p. 244; William Nelson, “The Impact of the Antislavery Movement upon Styles of Judicial Reasoning in Nineteenth-Century America,” Harvard Law Review 87 (1974): 513–66; Anthony Sebok, Legal Positivism in American Jurisprudence, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 69; Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1851, vol. 61, Boston: Little, Brown, 1853, p. 310; Don Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 234. For Shaw’s previous antislavery rulings, see Cover, Justice Accused. In 1844, for instance, Shaw freed Robert Lucas, who arrived in Boston on the USS United States (the same ship that carried Herman Melville home from his soon-to-be famous Pacific voyages). Shaw’s ruling in the Lucas case was in a way similar to the earlier one issued by the state’s Supreme Judicial Court in the suit brought by James Mye’s would-be masters, who had signed him up as a hand on the Tryal with the expectation that they would receive a percentage of his shares. With Lucas, his owner had enlisted him in the navy and collected his pay, but once docked in Massachusetts, the slave petitioned the court for his freedom and Shaw granted it. “None but a free person can enter a contract,” Shaw wrote.
7. Parker, Herman Melville: A Biography, vol. 2, p. 454.
8. For “popular sovereignty” as “white supremacy,” see Pamela Brandwein, Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth, Durham: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 38; Ashraf H. A. Rushdy, American Lynching, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012, p. 143; Kristen Tegtmeier Oertel, Bleeding Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009, p. 4.
9. Delbanco, Melville, pp. 153–54; Parker, Melville and Politics, p. 234.
10. Benito Cereno, p. 257.
11. Davis, Problem of Slavery, p. 563; Douglas Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, New York: Anchor Books, 2008.
ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS
I’m indebted to the following individuals and institutions for permission to publish images from their collections: Carolyn Ravenscroft and Erin McGough of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society (for the painting of the Perseverance, image 15); Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, of the NYPL (image 5); the Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs of the NYPL (images 9, 10, 11, and 20); the General Research Division of the NYPL (images 21, 25, 27, 28, 31); the Picture Collection of the NYPL (image 36); Michael Dyer of the New Bedford Whaling Museum (for images 30 and 34); The British Library (image 32); and Garrick Palmer, who graciously allowed me to produce two of his wonderful wood engravings (images 33 and 37), which illustrate a 1972 edition of Benito Cereno.
FIRST INSERT:
Image 1:
“Capturant le Gustave Adolphe,” Ange-Joseph-Antoine Roux, 1806.
Image 2:
René Geoffroy de Villeneuve, L’Afrique, ou histoire, moeurs, usages et coutumes des africains: le Sénégal (1814).
Image 3:
Engraving by T. H. Birch, 1837, original in the National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, London).
Image 4:
“Slaves on the West Coast of Africa,” Auguste-François Biard, c. 1833.
Image 5:
Johann Moritz Rugenda, Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil … (1835).
Image 6:
“View of Montevideo from the Bay,” Fernando Brambila, c. 1794.
Image 7:
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Thomas Nelson, 1890).
Images 8, 12,
and 13:
César Hipólito Bacle, Trages y costumbres de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1833[1947]).
Images 9, 10,
and 11:
Jean-Baptiste Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil (1834).
Image 14:
Amasa Delano’s A Narrative … (1816).
Image 15:
From the Collection of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society; photograph by Norman Forgit.
Image 16:
Nelson’s Monument, Liverpool, drawn by G. and C. Pyne, engraved by Thomas Dixon, in Lancashire Illustrated: From Original Drawings (1831).
SECOND INSERT:
Image 18:
C. H. Pellegrini: Su Obra, su vida, su tiempo, compiled by Elena Sansinea de Elizalde (1946).
Image 19:
César Hipólito Bacle, Trages y costumbres de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1833[1947]).
Image 20:
Jean-Baptiste Debret, Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil (1834).
Images 21
and 25:
Alexander Caldcleugh, Travels in South America (1825).
Images 23
and 24:
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Thomas Nelson, 1890).
Image 26:
Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches … (Ward Lock, 1890).
Image 27:
George Anson, A Voyage Round the World (1748).
Image 28:
The Boy’s Own Paper, December 10, 1887.
Image 29:
Map by Alexander Hogg, in G. A. Anderson, A New, Authentic, and Complete Collection of Voyages Round the World (1784).
Image 30:
“Ann Alexander,” Guiseppi Fedi, 1807.
Image 31:
P. D. Boilat, Esquisses Sénégalaises (1853).
Image 32:
“Plano de la Isla Santa María en la costa del reyno de Chile,” 1804.
Image 35:
“View of Talcahuano,” Fernando Brambila, c. 1794.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abenaki
Active (ship)
Adams, John Quincy
Adams, Samuel
Albany
Alexandria
Allyn, John
Alzaga, Martín de
American Revolution
Amistad rebellion
Andes
travel across
Angola
Aquinas, Saint Thomas
Aranda, Alejandro de
murder of
overland slave trade and
Tryal rebellion
Aranda, Nicólas de
Arendt, Hannah
Argentina
overland slave route
skin trade
slave trade
Ariadne (ship)
Aristotle
Ascensión (ship)
Atlantic crossing. See Middle Passage
Augustine, Saint
Australia
Avilés Itúrbide y del Fierro, Gabriel
Azores
Aztecs
Baba, Ahmad
Babo (historical person)
death of
Babo (fictional character)
Bahia
Bailyn, Bernard
Baraka, Amiri
Barbados
Barcia, Manuel
Bargas, Lorenzo
Beagle (ship)
Beckert, Sven
Belisario (ship)
Benjamin, Judah
Blackburn, Robin
Blake, James
Bogota
Bolívar, Simón
Bolivia
Bolton, John
Bombay
Bonny Island
Borges, Jorge Luis
Boston
Bounty (ship)
Bradford, Gamaliel
Bradford, George Partridge
branding, slave
Brazil
British East India Company
British Royal African Company
British Royal Navy
Brown, Albert Gallatin
Brown, David
Brown, Elijah
Brown, John
Brown, Sterling
Brown, William
Buenos Aires
founding of
overland slave route
El Retiro
skin trade
slavery
Burke, Edmund
A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
Busch, Briton Cooper, The War against the Seals
Cádiz
Calcutta
Calhoun, John
Callao
Calvinism
Canary Islands
Canton
Cape Barren Island
Cape Coast Castle
Cape Cod
Cape Horn
Cape of Good Hope
Cape Verde Islands
Caracas
Caribbean
Carlos IV, King of Spain
Carmichael, Stokely
carpenters
“carpenter’s coast”
Cartagena
Casal, Josef
Catholicism
Islam vs.
reconquista
Cereno, Benito (fictional character)
Cerreño, Benito (historical person)
background of
death of
dispute with Delano
gentry life of
Tryal chase, battle, and capture
Tryal rebellion and deception
Tryal trial and executions
Cerreño, Francisca
Chan, Gip Ah
Channing, William Ellery
Charbonnier, Aymar-Joseph-François
Charleston
child indenture
Chile
abolition
sealing
war for independence
China
sealing market
Christianity
Islam vs.
reconquista and
Second Great Awakening
See also specific denominations
Christiansborg (ship)
Civil War
Coffin, Thomas, Jr.
Collingwood, Luke
Colombia
Columbus, Christopher
Concepción
Concord (ship)
Confederate States of America
Congo
Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness
contrabanding
convict labor
Cook, Captain
Cooke, Edward
Coolidge, Calvin
Córdoba
Correa, Manuel
Cortes, Hernán
Creole (ship)
Crocker
Crusades
Cuba
Darwin, Charles
Beagle diary
Melville and
Daure
Davis, David Brion
Davis, Ossie
Declaration of Independence
Delano, Abigail
Delano, Amasa (historical person)
American Revolution and
background of
as British East India Company officer
death of
dispute with Cerreño
first sealing voyage
maritime career of
A Narrative of Voyages and Travels
second sealing voyage
Tryal chase, battle, and capture
Tryal rebellion and deception
Tryal trial and executions
views on slavery
whaling and
Delano, Amasa (fictional character)
Delano, Hannah
Delano, Samuel
Delano, Samuel, Jr.
Delano, William
Delanoe, Amasa
de Lannoy, Philippe
Delaware
de Mattos, Tomás, La Fragata de las Máscaras
Dickens, Charles
Douglas (ship)
Douglass, Frederick
Du Bois, W. E. B.
Dunbar, Jessie
Duxbury, Massachusetts
religion
slavery and
Easter Island
Ecuador
Eliza (ship)
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Elkins, Stanley
Elliott, Charles Wyllys
Ellison, Ralph, Invisible Man
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Essex (ship)
Evans-Pritchard, Edward
Fanning, Edmund
fashion
Mendoza
seal skin
Spanish
subversion and
United States
Faulkner, Carol
Ferrer, Ada
Fodio, Uthman dan
Folger, Mayhew
Fouta Djallon
France
Jacobinism
Napoleonic Wars
Revolution
slave trade
Francisco
Franklin, Benjamin
“free labor,” doctrine of
free soilers
“free trade of blacks”
fuero interno
Fugitive Slave Act
Fulani
Fulbe
Fuller, Margaret
Galapagos
Galveston Island
Gambia River
Gansevoort, Leonard
Gansevoort, Peter
Garcés, Joaquín Díaz, “El Camino de los Esclavos”
Gardner, Paul, Jr.
Genovese, Eugene
Georgia
Gobir
Gold Coast
Gorée
Granada
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Britain
American Revolution and
slave trade
Greene, Lorenzo
Guayaquil
Guillié, Sébastien
Guinea
Gustavus (ship)
Guiana
Haiti
independence
Revolution
Hall, Joshua
Hall, Stephen
Hall et al. v. Gardner et. al.
Hausa
Havana
Hawaii
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
Hector (ship)
Hegel, G. W. F., The Phenomenology of Spirit
Hinduism
Holland
Holley, Horace
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
Homer, Odyssey
Hope (ship)
conditions on
Howe, George
Huarpes
Humaya, Hacienda
Humboldt, Alexander von
Huston, John
Hutchinson, Thomas
Iberia
Catholic reconquista of
Ibrahima, Abd al-Rahman