On the Front Lines of the Cold War
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Chinese Communist Party (CCP): and Catholic Church, 75–77, 77n
and censorship, 379
and Chinese Civil War, 17–18
and Cultural Revolution, 350
founding of, 98
and Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10
leaders of, 15–17, 24, 110, 143, 299, 357
Liu Shaoqi’s text for, 24
and Mao Zedong, 299, 301–2
members of, 16
and Sino-Soviet split, 200
and Yenan workers, 15
Chinese language romanization, 399–401
Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG), 103, 142
Chirac, Jacques, 164
Choi, Sinn, 244
Chou Fu-cheng, 42
Christian and Missionary Alliance, 125
Christian Science Monitor, 317, 359
Churchill, Winston, 22
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Clark, Lewis, 80
Clark, Mark, 78
Clinton, William, 272
Clos, Max, 124, 145, 163–64
Clubb, O. Edmund, 34, 34n, 119
CMAG. See Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG)
Collins, John, 34
Columbia Journalism Review, 315, 317
Comintern, 131
Committee of 100, 100
Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), 363
Communist China. See China; Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Constans, Jean, 136
Corriere della Serra, 200
Council on Foreign Relations, 21, 158, 240, 328
CREEP. See Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)
Cromley, Ray, 20, 21
Crowe, Philip, 86
Cuba: Bay of Pigs invasion of, 205–6, 207, 212, 219
and Castro, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311
and Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14
Soviet Union’s relationship with, 216–17
ST in, 214–17
Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14
Cultural Revolution: and Chen Yi, 339, 341–42, 356
and Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 350
collapse of, in 1976, 2
and Deng Xiaoping, 306, 309, 340, 370
evaluation of, 370
and Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
and Huang Hua, 343–44
human cost of, 342–44, 374, 377
and Jiang Qing, 16, 299, 302–3, 340, 341, 356, 357, 370, 376
and Lin Biao, 307, 308, 341, 349, 355, 356
and Liu Bocheng, 340
and Liu Shaoqi, 306–9, 337, 340, 348, 355, 356
and Mao Zedong, 25, 44, 93, 297–309, 334, 337, 339–44, 348–50, 355, 356, 370, 376, 377
in Nanking, 305
New York Times on, 304, 334
in Peking, 305–7, 338–39, 341–42, 356
purges during, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374, 377
and Zhou Enlai, 304, 338, 340–41, 350, 355, 356, 371, 376
Czechoslovakia, 80, 119, 322, 350
Dalai Lama, 377
Dalat, 132
Daniel, Clifton, 199, 220, 221, 310–15, 318, 324
Davidson, Terry, following p. 224
Davies, John Paton, 20, 23, 119
Davis, T. C., 104
Dawn Wakes in the East (AT), 368
De Fontaine, Ed, following p. 224
De Gaulle, Charles, 127, 146, 208, 234, 259–61, 312, 393
De la Garde, Marquis, 263
De La Tour, General, 147
De Lattre, Bernard, 162
De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, following p. 110, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160, 209, 225
De Pugh, William, 261
Dean, John Gunther, 272
Defense Department, U.S. See U.S. Defense Department
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). See North Vietnam
Deng Tuo, 302
Deng Xiaoping: and Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957), 110
and Chinese Civil War, 53, 92, 114
criticisms of, 370–72
and Cultural Revolution, 306, 309, 340, 370
Gang of Four’s plot against, 370, 373
and Hong Kong, 378
and land reform and free market incentives in 1970s, 68, 121, 376–79
leadership of, in China after 1970s, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79
and Liu Shaoqi, 302–3
on Mao Zedong, 377
and Peng Dehuai, 340
as secretary general of Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 110, 299, 357
and Tiananmen Square demonstration (1989), 379
and Zhou Enlai, 309, 367–68, 370–71, 376
at Zhou’s funeral, 371
Denson, John, 342
DePuy, William, 229
Deschamps, Noel St. Clair, 263
Desperben, Bishop Dominique, 114, 116–17
Dewey, Peter A., 127–29
Dewey, Thomas E., 118
Dhani, Marshal, 282–84, 286–87, 289, 295
Dhani, Omar, 281
Dianous, Hughes Jean de, 115–16
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 188, 218–19, 220, 221, 383, 392
Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 163, 184–85, 188
Dieu, Nguyen, 256–57
Dixie Mission. See U.S. Army Observer Group
Domino theory, 126, 146, 393
Dong, Pham Van, 185, 188, 222, 236–37, 239–41, 268–69, 313–14
Dong Khe, Vietnam, 142–44
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 128, 129
Drozdov, Vladimir, 32
DRV. See North Vietnam
Dryfoos, Orville, 219
Dubek, Alexander, 322
Dulles, Allen, 387
Dulles, John Foster, 168, 185–87, 391
Durdin, Tillman, 111, following p. 224
East Germany. See Germany
Eden, Anthony, 168, 185
Ehrlichman, John, 364
Eisenhower, Dwight: Brownell as attorney general of, 358
and CIA operation in Burma, 150
on Communism, 120
on domino theory, 126, 393
and French Indochina War, 184–85
Kennedy’s criticisms of, 156
and Khrushchev, 201
and Korean War, 104, 180
on United Nations membership for Communist China, 104–5
El Salvador, 216
Elephant gift, 244–53
Ellsberg, Daniel, 328–29, 359, 361–64
Emerson, Gloria, 324
England. See Great Britain
Ensz, Reinhold, 190
Epstein, Sir Jacob, 167
Ernst, Ernie, 5
European Defense Community, 154
Faas, Horst, 386
Fairbank, John King, 119, 155–56
Fan Han-chieh, 41
Farris, Barry, 49
Fatal Crossroads (ST), 388
FBI, 267, 362, 364
Feng Baiju, 114–15, 118
Fenghua, China, 79, 94
Ferenbaugh, Claude B., 178
Fielder, Wilson, following p. 110, 136, 141
Fielding, Lewis, 362–64
Le Figaro, 164
First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60
Fleming, Joe, following p. 224
Flying Tigers, 57n, 148
Flynn, Sean, 273
Ford, Gerald, 382, 383
Foreign Affairs, 21, 350
Foreign Legionnaires, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146
France. See De Gaulle, Charles; French Indochina War; Paris
Franco, Francisco, 170
Franjola, Matt, 385
Frankel, Max, 199–200, 210, 330, 331
Freedman, Manny, 194, 195, 210, 219
French Indochina War: beginning of, 131
casualties of, 122, 127–29, 131, 139, 140, 145, 147, 162, 163, 184, 188
China frontier during, 135–47, 170
Chinese advisers to Viet Minh during, 102–3, 155, 163, 171
de Lat
tre’s defense of Hanoi during, 147
de Lattre’s offensive on Hoa Binh during, 160–63
Dien Bien Phu battle during, 163, 184–85, 188
and domino theory, 126, 393
Dong Khe battle during, 142–43
and Eisenhower, 184–85
end of, 163
fall of Lang Son during, 145
Foreign Legionnaires in, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146
French generals in, following p. 110, 135–36, 143–44, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160–63
French “Road of Death” during, 134, 136–41
Geneva Conference (1954) and Geneva Accords on, 184–89
Giap’s protracted war strategy during, 131, 225, 227
Hanoi during, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158
and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 87, 102, 116, 122–26, 129–33, 135–47, 152, 153, 155, 159–60, 162–63, 184
“human wave” tactics during, 147
journalists on, 122
Kennedy on, 156, 184–85
and Mao Zedong, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184, 377, 390–91
map of, 134
McNamara on, 126–27
and news media generally, 394
Operation Therese during, 144–45
Phat Diem episode during, 159
piaster racket during, 123–24
political assassinations and executions during, 123, 133
prisoners of war in, 140, 163
refugees during, 122
Saigon during, 122–33, 142, 145, 152, 161–64
ST’s reporting during, following p. 110, 118, 122, 124–25, 136–41, 151–55, 161
ST’s tour of China frontier during, following p. 110, 136–41
ST’s views on, 225, 227
Thai Nguyen battle during, 143
U.S. policy on, 102, 124–28, 132, 146, 147, 151–53, 184–85, 329, 393, 394
weapons used by Viet Minh during, 124, 135–36, 142–43, 163. See also Hanoi; Saigon; Vietnam War
Frost, Elizabeth A., 337
Frost, Robert, 199
Fu Tso-yi, 11–12, 17, 82–83
Fugh, Philip, 81, 96, 97, 100
Fulbright, William, 329
Gagarin, Yuri, 197
Gallagher, Wes, 194–95, 272, 385
Galula, David, 9–10
Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73
Gates, Robert M., 392
Geiler, V., 248
Gelb, Arthur, 220–21, 320–21, 323
Gelb, Leslie, 328
Geneva Accords, 184–89
Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 2, 104, 167–68, 180, 234, 333, 351, 391
Geneva Conference on Laos (1961), 204–5, 208, 234, 339
Germany: Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin, 191, following p. 224
Dresden affair and detention of American servicemen by East Germany, 192–93, following p. 224
French support for U.S. policy on, 126
Khrushchev in East Germany, 193–94, 197
Khrushchev on Berlin, 190, 211–12
Toppings in Bonn, 310, 311
Toppings in West Berlin, 190–94
West Berlin in, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224
Gestapu, 278, 280–81, 283–87, 289, 294–95
Getz, John, 247
Giap, Vo Nguyen, 38, 103, 133, 142–44, 147, 163, 225, 227, 385
Gillem, Alvin, 13
Gilroy, Harry, following p. 224
Gold, Gerald, 330
Goodale, James C., 331, 358–59
Gould, Alan, 119, 164
Gracey, Douglas D., 127, 128
Graham, Katherine, 359
Great Britain: AP office in London, 158, 167, 190
Communist China recognized by, 298
firing on ships of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–85
fog in, 165, 167
and Malaysia, 223, 278, 280, 282
post–World War II rationing in, 165
Green, Marshall, 295–96
Green Berets, 218, 221
Green Gang secret society, 60
Greene, Graham, following p. 110, 158–61
Greene, Hugh, 159
Greenfield, James L., 324, 325, 330–31, 335, 365
Greenway, David, 382
Grey, Anthony, 342
Griswald, Erwin N., 360
Grose, Peter, 387
Grove, Dawson, 297
Grover, Preston, 5–6
Gruson, Sydney, 310, 311, 331
Guang Yaming, 305
Guillain, Robert, 105
Guillermaz, Jacques, 109, 305
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 395
Gullion, Edmund, following p. 110, 125, 126, 152–57, 221–22, 251
Gurfein, Murray I., 358, 359
Habib, Philip, 261–62
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (Wu Han), 302, 373
Haig, Alexander, 271
Hainan Island, battle of, 113–18
Halberstam, David, 219–20, 383
Hamengku Buwono IX, Sultan, 280
Hampson, Fred, 49, 60, 92, 97, 108
Hangchow, China, 94
Hanoi: description of, 158
evacuation of, during French Indochina War, 147
and French Indochina War, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158
Ho Chi Minh’s provisional government in, after World War II, 131
Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 155
refugees in, 122
and thirtieth anniversary of end of Vietnam War, 388
Toppings in, 135–36, 158–61, 388
and Vietnam War, 227, 313. See also French Indochina War; Ho Chi Minh; Vietnam War
Harian Rakyat, 287, 295
Harriman, W. Averell, 212, 234
Hatem, George, 15–16, 326–27
Hauck, Larry, 316
He Liliang, 181, 343–44, 370
He Long, 11, 340
Heath, Donald, 153, 155, 245–47, 249–50
Helms, Richard, 393
Hemingway, Ernest, 214, 217
Hersh, Seymour, 396
Higgins, Marguerite, 159
Hill, Russell, following p. 224
Hiroshima, 3
Hmong people, 384
Ho Chi Minh: death of, 385
and French Indochina War, 87, 102, 116, 122, 146, 154–55, 158, 188
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 185, 188
and Indochinese Communist Party, 131
Mao’s support for, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184
nationalist appeal of, 218, 221
personality of, 131
photograph of, following p. 110
purge of opponents of, 133
Sihanouk on, 243, 269
and Soviet Union, 131
takeover of Saigon and Hanoi from Japanese by, 128, 131
and Truman, 102, 130–31, 329, 388, 390, 394
and U.S. support, 125, 129–31
and Vietnam War, 38, 207–8, 235, 236
and Vietnamese independence movement, 129–31, 133. See also French Indochina War
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 205, 208, 232, 233, 268, 384
Ho Ssu-yuan, 82
Ho Ying-chin, 38, 43, 83, 86–87, 93
Hoa Binh offensive, 160–63
Hoagland, Paul, 130
Hofmann, Paul, 75
Hong Gay, Vietnam, 137, 141
Hong Kong: British defense of, 111
China watchers in, 297–99
economy on, 113
return of, to China, 378
ST in, 111–13, 116, 117, 219, 225, 297–99, 310
U.S. Consulate in, 298
Valhalla owned by Toppings in, 297, 310
Hoppin, Charles and Nancy Dewey, 129
Hsuchow, China and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–72, 73n, 74. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the
Hsueh Yueh (“Little Tiger”), 115
Hu Jintao, 378
Hua Guofeng, 372–73, 376
Huai-Hai
, Battle of the: casualties of, 1, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n
and Chiang Kaishek, 55, 57, 71, 74
documentary on, 73n
end of, 1
and evacuation of Hsuchow, 58
and evacuation of Pengpu, 73
and exodus from Shanghai, 59–60
and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–71, 74
Huang’s surrender of Twelfth Army Group during, 63, 69–70
and Mao Zedong, 53, 55, 63, 71, 72
map of, 54
museum commemorating, 73n
Nienchuang assault by Communists, 56, 57
peasant support for Communists during, 66–68
and Pengpu, 61–65
photographs on, following p. 110
significance of, 1, 44, 53, 73–74
and ST in Pengpu, 61–65, 73
ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60–61, 65–73
and ST’s arrival in Hsuchow, 56–57, 72
and ST’s arrival in Shanghai, 58–60
ST’s return from Communist front during, 72–74
and ST’s train travel to and from Pengpu, 61–62, 73
surrender of Hsuchow column during, 71
Huang Hua: ambassador positions of, 343
and conference on Indochina, 167
and Cultural Revolution, 343–44
on founding of People’s Republic of China, 103
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 184– 88
and Kissinger, 343
on Korean War, 176, 181–83
and Korean War negotiations, 167–68, 180
and Marshall’s mediation mission during Chinese Civil War, 7
and May Seventh School, 343
Memoirs by, 29, 96, 100
in Nanking for diplomatic contact with Western nations, 95–97
photographs of, following pp. 110 and 224
on SEATO, 186–87
and Snow, 10, 325, 327
and ST, 10, 13, 95, 96, 97
and Stuart’s proposed exploratory talks with Mao and Zhou, 10–11, 95–101, 100, 101
in student movement at Yenching University, 10, 95–96
and U.S. Army Observer Group, 20
in Yenan, 10, 29
and Zhou Enlai’s illness, 370, 371
Huang Pai-tao, 56
Huang Wei, 57, 63, 69–70
Huang Yongsheng, 302, 341, 357, 365–66
Hughes, John, 317
Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10
Hunt, E. Howard, 363, 364
Hurley, Patrick J., 21–23, 80
Hussein, King, 311
Hussein, Saddam, 393, 396
ICC. See International Control Commission (ICC)
India: British in, 228
dispute between China and, 234
Kennedy brothers in, 151, 156
Mao’s foreign policy on, 378
Panikkar as diplomat from, 103–4, 173–75, 180–81
recognition of Communist China by, 103, 298
Ronning in, 234
and Soviet Union, 378