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Marie Antoinette: The Journey

Page 66

by Antonia Fraser


  Duras, Emmanuel Félicité, Duc de

  Duras, Marquise de

  Durfort, Marquis de

  Durosoy (publisher)

  Dutens, Louis

  Dutilleul, Sophie

  Edgeworth de Firmin, Henry Essex, Abbé

  Eleanora of Neuburg, Empress of Leopold I

  Elisabeth Charlotte d’Orléans, Princesse (MA’s paternal grandmother)

  Elisabeth, Madame (Louis XVI’s sister): favours Angélique de Bombelles; MA meets; greyhounds; leaves Versailles for Choisy; relations with MA; Joseph’s rumoured interest in; given Montreuil property; portrayed in dairymaid’s bonnet; sees body of MA’s daughter Sophie; taken from Versailles to Paris; detained in Tuileries; criticizes Louis XVI for inaction; on necessity for civil war; reads Burke’s Revolution in France; in MA’s escape attempt; decries public appearances; plays backgammon with Louis XVI; behaviour in face of mob; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; dress adapted for Pauline de Tourzel; detention and life in the Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from Louis XVI; and Louis XVI’s execution; communicates with Provence and Artois from Temple; religious piety; accused of sexual abuse of Louis Charles MA writes final letter to; executed; ignorance of MA’s death; represented on sculptural group

  Elizabeth, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister): marriage prospects; place in family; at brother Joseph’s wedding; remains unmarried; scarred by smallpox; and mother’s final illness

  Elizabeth Christina, Empress (MA’s maternal grandmother)

  Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern, Queen of Frederick II

  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia

  Elliott, Grace

  Éloffe, Madame (wool and silk purveyor)

  Emery, Jacques André, Abbé

  England: war with France in North America (1754); war with Austria; fights in American Revolution; Spain proposes joint operations against; peace with France (1783); France declares war on (1793)

  Estaing, Charles Henri d’

  Estaing, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’

  Estates General

  Esterhazy family

  Esterhazy, Count Valentin,

  Eugene, Prince of Savoy

  Eugénie, Empress of Napoleon III

  Family Pact (1761)

  Fausselandry, Vicomtesse de

  Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de

  Fellborn, Claes

  Fénélon, François de Salignac de La Mothe

  Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (MA’s brother): childhood; place in family; acts as proxy bridegroom to MA; portrait miniature sent to MA; visits Versailles

  Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, Don: marriage; and Louis XV’s view of MA’s marriage relations

  Ferdinand, King of Naples: prospective marriage; marriage to Charlotte (Maria Carolina); and Austrian dowries; marriage relations

  Fersen, Count Axel: background; meets MA; absence from France; returns from Sweden; MA’s fondness for; serves French cause in American war; attitude to MA; returns from America; developing relations with MA; marriage prospects; colonelcy; accompanies Gustavus III to France; finds dog for MA; as putative father of MA’s children; on MA’s waning popularity; makes trip to England; Saint-Priest’s friendship with; as Swedish emissary; affair with Eléanore Sullivan; and Louis XVI’s wish to move to Metz; stays at Versailles; and women’s march on Versailles; greets MA and Louis XVI in Paris (1789); advocates MA’s flight and escape; MA borrows from; joins MA and party on escape attempt; reaches Brussels; blamed for Louis XVI’s flight; MA writes to after arrest; on MA’s rumoured liaison with Barnave; returns to Paris in disguise and meets MA; MA reports details of conduct of French war with Austria; MA reports to on increasing threats; flees from Belgium; anxieties over MA’s fate; Jarjayes proposes mission to; and Austrian caution over liberating MA; killed; reaction to MA’s death

  Fête de la Fédération

  Feuillant party

  Fitzgerald, Lord Robert

  Flanders Regiment

  Florian, Jean Pierre

  Fontainebleau; Treaty of (1785)

  Foster, Lady Elizabeth

  Fouché, Mademoiselle

  Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin

  Fox, Charles James

  Fragonard, Jean Honoré

  France: forms defensive pact with Austria (1756); war with England in North America (1754); royal succession in; bread and grain riots (“Flour War”); financial deficit; intervenes in American Revolution; forms alliance with USA (1778); and Bavarian settlement; and Austrian alliance with Russia; deteriorating relations with Austria; peace with England (1783); administrative structure; tax reforms; revolution predicted; poor harvests (1788–9) and rising bread prices; weakening alliance with Austria; National Assembly proclaims new Constitution; 1789 riots in; aristocrat émigrés from (1789); divorce legalized in (1790); Louis XVI accepts new Constitution; proposed actions against émigrés; war with Austria (1792); crown jewels plundered; revolutionary calendar; military successes against Prussia; declares war on England, Spain and Holland (1793); defeats by Austrians; see also French Revolution

  Francis II, Emperor (earlier Archduke of Austria; MA’s nephew)

  Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, later Emperor Francis I (MA’s father): and birth of MA; at MA’s baptism; background; speaks French; marriage to Maria Teresa; elected Emperor; appearance and character; infidelities; love of gardens and botany; and children’s upbringing; parts from MA and dies; remembered at Fête de la Fédération

  Franklin, Benjamin

  Frederick II, King of Prussia: prefers to speak French; Maria Teresa’s hostility to, 10; marriage relations; on Maria Teresa’s acquiring part of Poland; and Bavarian crisis; admiration for

  Frederick Augustus, Prince (later King Frederick) of Saxony

  Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt

  Frederick William II, King of Prussia

  French language: spoken in Vienna; MA learns and speaks

  French Revolution: breaks out; blamed on MA

  Fréron, Stanislas

  Fronsac, Louis Antoine Sophie, Duc de

  Gabriel, Ange Jacques

  Gameau (locksmith)

  Gardel (choreographer)

  Gardes Françaises

  Gassner, John Joseph

  Gautier-Dagoty, Jean Baptiste

  Genet, Edmund

  Genet, Jean: The Maids

  Genlis, Madame Stéphanie-Félicité de

  George III, King of Great Britain: court; marriage; and American War of Independence; children; praises Burke’s Revolution in France; and Louis XVI’s flight; on Louis XVI’s feebleness; madness; reclaims Caroline Matilda after divorce

  George Charles, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt

  George William, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

  Georgel, Abbé

  Gilbert (Conciergerie gendarme)

  Gillray, James

  Girard, Abbé

  Girard, Georges

  Girondins

  Gluck, Christoph Willibald: at Austrian court; background; reports to Maria Teresa on MA’s childbearing condition; visits Paris; disparages French music; on birth of MA’s son; dedicates operas to MA; music sung at Vigée Le Brun party; Alceste; Armide; Iphigénie en Aulide; Orphée; Il Parnasso Confusio

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

  Goguelat, Baron François de

  Goltz, Baron

  Goncourt, Edmond & Jules

  Goret (municipal officer)

  Gourbillon, Madame de

  Gower, George Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl (later 2nd Marquess of Stafford and 1st Duke of Sutherland)

  Grammont (actor)

  Gramont, Béatrice, Duchesse de

  Grand Trianon

  Grasse, Admiral François de

  “Great Fear,” the

  Grétry, André; Richard I

  Grey and Jefferies (London jewellers)

  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von

  Grosholz, Marie see Tussaud, Marie

  Guéméné, Jules Hercule, Prince de


  Guéméné, Marie Louise, Princesse de

  Guiche, Aglä ié, Duchesse de (née de Polignac; “Guichette”)

  Guiche, Duc de

  Guillaume (Drouet’s companion)

  guillotine: first used

  Guimard, Madeleine

  Guines, Adrien, Comte (later Duc) de

  Guirtler, Bishop (MA’s confessor

  Gustav III, King of Sweden; assassinated

  Gustav IV, King of Sweden: birth

  Guyot, Madame

  Hall, Radclyffe: The Well of Loneliness

  Hamilton, Sir William, and Emma, Lady

  Hancock, Eliza

  Harcourt, François Henri, Duc d’

  Harel, Madame

  Hasse, Johann Adolph

  Haugwitz, Count Frederick

  Hauzinger, Joseph

  Haydn, Joseph

  Hébert, Jacques

  Hénin, Prince de

  Henri IV, King of France

  Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England

  Herbert, George Augustus, Lord (later 11th Earl of Pembroke)

  Herman, Armand Martial

  Hesse, Princesses of

  Hesse-Homburg, Landgrave of

  Hezecques, Félix de, Comte de France

  Hinner, Joseph

  Hofburg (castle)

  Hoffman, William M.

  Hossein, Robert

  Huart, M. (dancing master)

  Hubert, Pierre

  Hüe, François

  Hume, David; History of England

  Imbault (music engraver)

  Inistal, Comte d’

  Isabella, Princess of Parma (Louis XV’s granddaughter): marriage to Joseph; attracted to Marie Christine; children; death; gives French royal portraits to Maria Teresa; on position of royal wife; on royal etiquette

  Jacob, Georges

  Jacobin Club

  Jacobins

  James II, King of England

  Jarjayes, Chevalier François Régnier de

  Jarjayes, Madame de

  Jefferson, Thomas

  Jemappes

  Joanna, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)

  Johnson, Samuel

  Joly, Sieur (dancer)

  Jones, John Paul

  Joseph I, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire

  Joseph II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (MA’s brother): stands as proxy godfather to MA; first marriage (to Isabella); place in family; and wife’s attraction to Marie Christine; second marriage (to Josepha); elected Emperor; and death of Josepha; bookishness; stands godfather to Swinburne’s son; parsimony over MA’s progress to Paris; and death of daughter Teresa, 44, 50; gives entertainment for departing MA; attends MA’s proxy marriage; meets MA on journey to Paris; mocks Versailles women’s make-up; on Louis XVI’s sexual problem; and MA’s influence in France; on MA’s unhappiness; accuses MA of flirting with Englishmen; on MA’s virtue; visits MA in Paris; fondness for MA; and Bavarian succession; attempts to ban excessive court dress; emphasizes French alliance; MA writes to on mother’s death; on birth of MA’s son; stands godfather to MA’s second child; on death of Maurepas; plotting in international affairs; and Scheldt affair; militaristic temperament; told of birth of Louis Charles; and birth of MA’s daughter Sophie; and Marie Christine’s visit to MA; receives souvenir album of Trianon; MA declines to meet in Brussels; on MA’s appearance; in conflict with Turkey; letter from MA on Dauphin’s delicate health; on MA’s role as mother; death; clash with Pius VI; neutrality over MA’s fate

  Josepha, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)

  Josepha of Bavaria, Empress of Joseph II

  Josephine, Empress of Napoleon I

  Josephine of Savoy see Provence, Comtesse de

  Journal de Paris

  Julian, le beau (hairdresser)

  Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von

  Khevenhüller-Metsch, Count Johann Joseph

  Kinsky, Count

  Klinckowström, Baron R. M. de

  Krantzinger, Joseph

  Krottendorf, Générale

  Kucharski, Aleksander

  Laage de Volude, Comtesse de

  La Baccelli, Giovanna

  Laborde (banker)

  La Caze, Dr

  Lacy, General Franz Moritz, Count

  La Fayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise, Marquise de

  La Fayette, Marie Jean Gilbert, Marquis de: fights in American War of Independence; received by MA; impressed by Cagliostro; on Assembly of Notables; in National Assembly; as commander of National Guard; and women’s march on Versailles; and MA in Tuileries; proposes new oath; rumoured to be MA’s lover; and flight of royals; and return of Louis XVI to Paris; at Champ de Mars; blamed for Varennes escape; slandered in play; and MA’s proposed flight to Compiègne; flees France; Louis XVI’s correspondence with; Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme

  Lafont d’Aussone (biographer)

  La Marck, Comte de

  La Marck, Comtesse de

  La Martinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de

  Lamballe, Marie Thérèse, Princesse de: background and character; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; made Superintendent of MA’s Household; patronizes Rose Bertin; and birth of MA’s children; with MA at Petit Trianon; and Diamond Necklace Affair; on Dauphin Louis Joseph, ; at Louis Joseph’s funeral; joins MA in Paris (1789); not warned of MA’s flight; and MA’s ageing after arrest; returns to MA; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; killed and decapitated; in La Force prison; effigy exhibited

  Lambesc, Prince de

  Lameth, Alexandre de

  Lamorlière, Rosalie

  Lamotte Valois, Jeanne de, “Comtesse,”

  Lamotte Valois, Nicolas de, “Comte,”

  Larivière, Louis

  Larivière, Madame (Louis’ mother)

  La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Comte de

  Larsenneur, Sieur (hairdresser)

  Lassonne, Dr. Jean-Marie

  La Tour du Pin, Henrietta Lucy, Marquise de (née Dillon, earlier Comtesse de Gouvernet)

  Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de

  Launoy, Dame

  Lauzun, Armand Louis, Duc de

  Laxenburg (palace), near Vienna

  Le Brun, Jean Baptiste

  Lecointre, Laurent

  Legislative Assembly

  Lemoine (valet)

  Le Mounier, Dr.

  Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste

  Lenoir, Jean

  Léonard (hairdresser)

  Leopold I, Emperor

  Leopold, Archduke of Austria (later Emperor Leopold II; MA’s brother): place in family; resents Marie Christine’s favour with mother; marriage; Fersen meets; Joseph reports to on MA in Paris; MA complains to of public indifference to death of son; succeeds Joseph II in Austria; moves Mercy from France; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; MA warns against Freemasons; attitude to French turmoil; and MA’s attempted flight; MA hopes for help from; and declaration of Pillnitz; Legislative Assembly brings decree against; death and succession

  Le Pipelet, Hippoy

  Lep"tre, Jacques

  Lerchenfeld, Countess

  Levasseur, Rosalie

  Lever d’Aurore, Le (pamphlet)

  Lévis, Gaston, Duc de

  Levret, Sieur

  Liancourt, François, Duc de

  Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de

  Lisbon earthquake (1755)

  Liselotte, Duchesse d’Orléans

  Loménie de Brienne, (Cardinal) Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse: recommends Vermond; ambitions for office; appointed Finance Minister; MA supports; administrative measures and aims; resigns as Finance Minister and made Cardinal

  Lorraine, Anne Charlotte, Mademoiselle de,

  Lorraine, principality (formerly duchy) of,

  Louis XIII, King of France

  Louis XIV, King of France

  Louis XV, King of France: dislikes breastfeeding; regency during childhood; favours and maintains alliance with
Austria; in line of succession; advises Ferdinand of Parma on marriage; appearance; and Austrian marriage for grandson; fondness for Maria Josepha; Maria Teresa requests kindness towards MA; complains of Austrian dowries; Maria Teresa and MA address in letters; at parting from daughter; first meets MA; profligacy; and Du Barry; and dispute over Mlle. de Lorraine; and MA’s compassion; and MA’s marriage relations; apathetic nature; and dispensation of justice; welcomes MA’s acknowledgment of Du Barry; fondness for cats; health decline and death; practises birth control; statue smashed

  Louis XVI, King of France (formerly Dauphin Louis Auguste): attitude to Austria; becomes Dauphin on death of elder brother; meets Hume; overweight and appearance; betrothal to MA; religious faith; portraits presented to MA; first meets MA; devotion to aunts; wedding ceremonies; marriage relations; life at Versailles; hunting; and MA’s hostility to Du Barry; disagreements with brother Provence; reading; sexual limitations and inhibitions; official visit to Paris (1773); consummates marriage with MA; succeeds to throne; banishes Du Barry; rule and government; coronation; endorses dismissal of Guines; metal-working; and MA’s gambling; congratulates Esterhazy on birth of son; anger at libelles against MA; pays MA’s jewellery bills; and French intervention in American Revolution; Joseph meets and instructs; and MA’s pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–8); banishes Duc de Chartres from court; at birth of daughter; improved relations with MA after birth of daughter; daughter’s attachment to; and MA’s new manners at Versailles; enjoys MA’s amateur theatricals; attitude to Polignac set; declines to take mistress; declares mourning for Maria Teresa; and birth and baptism of son; and MA’s attempted influence on Joseph’s behalf; liking for Fersen; pacific nature; records MA’s visits to Petit Trianon; witnesses Montgolfier’s balloon ascent; Wilberforce describes; devotion to daughter; hostility to Beaumarchais’ Figaro; buys furniture; and Diamond Necklace Affair; inspects Cherbourg and other ports; and financial problems; apathy; and MA’s growing political activism; depression; favours Duchesse de Polignac; recalls Necker; and Fersen’s relations with MA; and Third Estate; accused of impotency and drunkenness; near-fatal accident; in 1789 procession; attends opening of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death and funeral; in Marly; vacillates before revolutionary acts; leaves fall of Bastille unmentioned; makes concessions to National Assembly; unhappiness at Yolande de Polignac’s departure; remains at Versailles; maintains court routine; lacks self-esteem; receives deputation of market women; leaves Versailles for Paris; life in Tuileries; at Maundy ceremony; and daughter’s first communion; believes in compromise; MA insists on staying with; refuses to escape; constitutional position reconsidered; threatens to disown Artois for conspiracies; signs decree for Civil Constitution of the Clergy; and taking of Easter Communion; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; ill-health; wavers over escape plans; attempts flight; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; interrogated about flight; and new Constitution; vilified; accepts new Constitution and revised status; and royalist activities in Coblenz; disfavours armed congress; declares émigré princes traitors; use of veto; rumours of further escapes by; Fersen meets in Tuileries; declares war on Austria; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; final journal entry; threats to depose; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; on death of Princesse de Lamballe; teaches Dauphin in Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from family; correspondence discovered in armoire de fer; ill-health in Temple; tried and sentenced to death; writes will; executed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculpture; favours simpler tastes

 

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