Alexander II
Page 50
see also Land and Freedom; People’s Will
Revolution of 1917
Rikhter, Oleg
Robespierre, Maximilien-François-Marie-Isidore de
Romania, independence of
Romanov, Mikhail, Tsar of Russia
Romanov dynasty:
sole Soviet survivor of
start of
Rostopchina, Countess
Rostovtsev, Count
Rozum, Alexei
Rubenstein, Anton
Rurik dynasty
Rusakov (revolutionary)
Russia in 1839 (Custine)
Russian-American Trading Company
Russian Empire:
capitalist development in
ceremonial pomp in
court system of
Decembrist rebellion of
European views of
foreign influences on upper class in
guards regiments of
Jewish population of
legislative advisory council of
millennium celebration of
national pride in
peasant unrest in
Prussian alliance with
republican conspiracy in
revolutionary movements in, see Land and Freedom; People’s Will; Revolutionaries; Terrorism
self-government reforms in
serfs of
six general provinces of
territory of
Turkish wars with
Russian Geographical Society
Russian Orthodoxy
autocracy linked with
Constantinople as focus of
forgiveness tradition of
imperial family wives’ conversion to
Protestant incursions on
Western Christianity vs.
Russification
Ryleev, Alexander
Rysakov, Nikola
Saburov, Andrei
Sade, Donatien-Alphonse-François de
St. Isaac’s Cathedral
St. Petersburg:
arson fires in
climate of
floods of
foreign courtesans of
terrorist actions in
St. Petersburg University
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail
Samarkand, Russian conquest of
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878)
Satire, Russian
Schiller, Friedrich von
Science
Secret Anti-Socialist League (TASL)
Seliverstov, N. D.
Semenovsky Square
Seneca
Senkovsky (novelist)
Separate Gendarme Corps
Serbia, Turkish conflict with
Serfs:
emancipation of
land allotments granted to
oppression of
servile nobility vs.
see also Peasants
Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duke
Sergeyev, Frol
Sergius of Radonezh, Saint
Serno-Solovyovich, Alexander
Serno-Solovyovich, Nikolai
Serpokryl (revolutionary)
Sevastopol, Russian loss of
Seward, William Henry
Shamil
Shebeko, Vera
Sheremetyev, Sergei
Sheshkovsky (secret police chief)
Shipka Pass, Russian-Turkish battles at
Shiryaev, Stepan
Shtakenshneider, Elena
Shuvalov, Peter
on Alexander II’s romance
family background of
governmental power wielded by
in imperial politics
Siberian exile
Sidoratsky, Grigory
Simbirsk
Simferopol
Skaryatin, Yakov
Skobelev, Mikhail
Slavophiles
Smolny Institute for Noble Young Ladies
Snitkina, Anya, see Dostoevsky, Anna Grigoryevna
Socialism
Socialist Revolutionaries
Solovyov, Alexander
Solovyov, Vladimir
Solsky, D. M.
Soviet Union, sole surviving Romanov in
Sovremennik
Spasovich, V. D.
Spassky-Odinets, A.
Special Presence of the Governing Senate
Speransky, Mikhail
Speshnev, Nikolai
Spiritualist séances
Staël, Anne-Louise-Germaine de
Stalin, Josef
State Council
Steamships
Stepnyak, see Kravchinsky, Sergei
Story of the Town of Glupovo, The (Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Stroganov, Grigory
Stroganov, Sergei
Student protests
Sufism
Sukhorukovs
Suleiman-pasha
Sumarokov (adjutant general)
Supreme Administrative Commission for the War on Sedition
Susanin, Ivan
Suslova, Apolinaria
Suvorin, Alexei
background of
Dostoevsky’s philosophical dis-cussion with
newspaper run by
retrograde sympathies of
Suvorov, A. A., Prince
Svedentsov, I. I.
Tamerlane
Tashkent, Russian conquest of
TASL (Secret Anti-Socialist League)
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich
Terem Palace
Terrorism
coordinated acts of
dynamite technology used in
government responses to
ideology of
innocent victims of
popular appeal of
against public officials
regicide as end of
suicide linked to
tsar as target of
see also People’s Will
Third Department
on assassination attempts
elimination of
foreign courtesans as agents of
leadership of
People’s Will mole placed in
political unrest monitored by
propaganda efforts of
revolutionaries arrested by
secret police powers of
Tikhomirov, Lev
Tikhomirov, M.
Time of Troubles
Tizengausen, Ekaterina
Tkachev, Petr
Tolstaya, Alexandra
Tolstoy, Dmitri
Tolstoy, Leo
combat experiences of
Tolstoy, Peter
Totalitarianism
Totleben, General
Transcaucasus
Trepov, Fedor Fedorovich
Trial of the
Trial of the
Trial system
Trigoni, Mikhail
Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery
Triple Alliance
Trotsky, Leon
Tsar Bell
Tsar Cannon
Tsarskoye Selo
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin
Turgenev, Ivan
Turkish Empire:
Russian wars with
San Stefano Treaty with
Tyutchev, Fedor
Tyutcheva, Anna
on Alexander
on Alexander II’s mistress
on Alexandra Fedorovna
on coronation ceremony
on Nicholas
personal life of
séance described by
on Treaty of Paris
Tyutcheva, Daria
Tyutcheva, Ekaterina Fedorovna
Ulyanov, Alexander
Ulyanov, Vladimir (Lenin)
Ungern-Shternberg (baron)
United States, Alaska purchased by
Ushinsky (educational reformer)
Uspensky, Gleb
Ussuria region
Uvarov (minister of education)
Uvarova, Sofia
Valuyev, P
eter Alexandrovich
on anti-terrorist policies
in government reform planning
political skills of
Varangian princes
Vasilchikov (commander of guards)
Vengerov, Semyon
Vernovsky
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain
Villa Bermont
Vilyegorsky, Josef
Vladimir Alexandrovich, Grand Duke
Volga River
Volkonsky, Prince
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet)
Vorontsova (mistress of Peter II)
Vorontsov-Dashkov, I. I.
Voznesensky, Andrei
Vyrobova, Alexandra
War and Peace (Tolstoy)
Washington, George
Weitling, Wilhelm
What Is To Be Done? (Chernyshevsky)
Whipping
Wife beating
Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany
William III, King of Holland
Winter Palace
balls held in
bomb explosions in
design of
Diamond Storeroom in
fire in
formal rooms of
private rooms in
security procedures at
Small Church in
Witte, Sergei
Yablochkov, Pavel
Yakimova, Anna
Yakubovich, Alexander
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny
Young Italy
Young Russia
Yuryevskaya, Ekaterina Alexandrovna, Princess (Alexander II’s daughter)
Yuryevskaya, Ekaterina Mikhailovna, Princess (second wife of Alexander II)
Alexander II’s death and
on assassination plots
on court life
court resentment toward
education of
family background of
governmental involvement of
as imperial mistress
marriage of
motherhood of
physical appearance of
popular opinion of
Winter Palace residence of
Yuryevskaya, Olga, Princess
Yuryevsky, Georgy Alexandrovich, Prince
Zaichnevsky, Peter
Zasulich, Vera
Zemstvo institutions
Zhalekhovsky, V.
Zharkov, Alexander
Zhelyabov, Andrei
arrest of
background of
prosecution of
in regicide plots
Zhukovsky, Vassily
Alexander II’s travels with
as Alexander II’s tutor
background of
literary career of
on Winter Palace fire
Zichi, Mikhai
Zikrism
Zotov, Vladimir
Zubov, Nicholas
Zubov, Platon
About the Author
Edvard Radzinsky is a celebrated Russian historian, playwright, and talk show host. Always fascinated with the mystery surrounding the fate of the Romanovs, for twenty-five years he labored to produce the international bestseller The Last Tsar, which was published to critical acclaim in 1992 and was on the New York Times bestseller list for twelve weeks. He is also the author of Stalin (1996) and The Rasputin File (2000). He lives in Moscow, and has been lecturing to sold-out auditoriums and prime-time television audiences on Alexander II for the past two years.
Photographic Inserts
The Romanov heritage: Alexander I, Russian Emperor (1801–1825), eldest son of Paul I.
FROM THE RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY.
The Decembrist Revolt against Nicholas I, father of Alexander II, December 15, 1825, Senate Square, St. Petersburg.
SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN PUBLIC LIBRARY, ST. PETERSBURG.
Three views of the capital city, St. Petersburg
l. Nevsky Prospect.
PRIVATE COLLECTION
2. Winter Palace.
LITHOGRAPH, 1826, K. BEGGROV (PRIVATE COLLECTION).
3. Anichkov Palace.
THE ORIGINAL IS A WATERCOLOR BY V. SADOV NIKOV, 1839, STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM, T. PETERSBURG (PRIVATE COLLECTION).
Nicholas I with his son (the future Alexander II) and his wife, Alexandra Fedorovna.
ENGRAVING, SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN PUBLIC LIBRARY.
Alexander Nikolayevich in the Caucasus.
LITHOGRAPH BY V. ADAM (PRIVATE COLLECTION).
Vassily Andreyevich Zhukovsky, poet and translator, tutor of Alexander II.
Alexander Nikolayevich (right) with his father, Nicholas I (front and center).
LITHOGRAPH
Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna in a photograph taken on the 25th anniversary of their wedding.
PRIVATE COLLECTION.
Coronation of Emperor Alexander II, August 26, 1856, Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow.
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Three Views of Empress Maria Alexandrovna
1. 1840s–1850s.
PRIVATE COLLECTION.
2. Portrait by F. X. Winterhalter, 1857.
STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM
3. At the end of her life.
LITHOGRAPH, RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY
Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, eldest son of Alexander II.
Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, brother of Alexander II, commander of the navy and the naval department.
Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich, during his “oriental period.”
PRIVATE COLLECTION
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna (Frekerika-Charlotte-Maria, 1806–1873), daughter of Prince Paul-Karl of Wurtemberg, wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, fourth son of Paul I.
RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY
Erotica from the collection of Alexander II, by Mikhail Alexandrovich Zichi (1829–1906): The Witch and the Devil.
Family portrait: Alexander II with his children, his daughter-in-law, and his grandson, the future Emperor Nicholas II.
PHOTOGRAPH, PRIVATE COLLECTION
Alexander II in his study at the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, 1880s.
PHOTOGRAPH BY S. L. LEVITSKY AND SON, STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM.
Serene Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Yuryevskaya, née Ekaterina Dolgorukaya (1847–1922), Morganatic wife of Alexander II.
PRIVATE COLLECTION
Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov (1825–1888), count (from 1878), Russian political figure, author of the Loris-Melikov constitution. In the last years of the reign of Alexander II, almost all power was in his hands.
RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY
Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798–1883), chancellor (1867), member of the State Council (1862), minister of foreign affairs.
ENGRAVING BY V. BOBROV, MOSCOW, STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Dmitri Alexeyevich Milyutin (1816–1912), count (1878), military minister, liberal.
RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY.
Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev, high procurator of the Holy Synod, tutor of Alexander III.
SALTYKOV-SHCHEDRIN PUBLIC LIBRARY, ST. PETERSBURG.
Alexander II during the Crimean War.
LITHOGRAPH BY V. ADAM, RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY.
Alexander II and his general staff during the Balkan War, 1878.
PHOTOGRAPH, PRIVATE COLLECTION.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1861.
SALTYKOV-SCHEDRIN PUBLIC LIBRARY
The study of Fyodor Dostoevsky.
PRIVATE COLLECTION
Alexander Herzen
STATE LIBRARY MUSEUM
Nikolai Nekrasov
STATE LIBRARY MUSEUM
Five attempts on the life of the tsar
1. May 25, 1867 (by A. Berezovsky).
DRAWING FROM ILLUSTRIRTE ZEITUNG, JULY 6, 1867.
2. April 2, 1879 (by A. Solovyov).
DRAWING BY G. MEIER, RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY
3. Bombing of the train carrying the baggage of the imperial retinue, December 1879.
&n
bsp; DRAWING BY G. MEIER
4. At the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, February 5, 1880 (by S. Khalturin).
FROM PERIODICALS OF THE TIME.
5. March 1, 1881.
PHOTOGRAPH FROM PERIODICALS (PRIVATE COLLECTION)
A gallery of nihilists and terrorists.
Nechaev
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Kibalchich
ARCHIVE OF THE HOUSE OF AVIATION
Karakozov
MUSEUM OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Perovskaya
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Rysakov
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Zhelyabov
MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Khalturin
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Mikhailov
MUSEUM OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Grivenitsky
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
Zasulich
PHOTOGRAPH FROM PERIODICALS OF THE TIME
Figner
STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM
The fatal attempt of March 1, 1881: Two views from contemporary sources.
FROM PERIODICALS OF THE TIME
FROM PERIODICALS OF THE TIME
The carriage of Alexander II after the explosion.
Execution of the regicides. The scaffold, April 3, 1881. The condemned wear signs saying “regicide.”
FROM PERIODICALS OF THE PERIOD
Alexander II on bier.
PAINTING BY NIKOLAI MAKOVSKY, STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM.