Early Dynastic Egypt
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h like the ch in Scottish ‘loch’ and conventionally pronounced as such
h rather softer than h , more like the ch in German ‘ich’; sometimes pronounced more like the ch in ‘chaos’
š stands for a single letter corresponding to sh as in ship, pronounced sh
q a guttural k sound made in the back of the throat; often pronounced like a normal k usually said to represent the sound ch as in ‘chair’, and conventionally pronounced as such; but perhaps more like ty, as in ‘meet you’
usually said to represent the sound j as in ‘jam’, and conventionally pronounced as such; but perhaps more like dy, as in ‘feed you’
To assist pronunciation of ancient Egyptian words in transliteration a neutral vowel (e as in bed) is generally inserted between adjacent consonants, while w— when it occurs in the middle or at the end of a word—is pronounced like the u in rune. Hence, pr-nswt is pronounced per-nesut.
travertine (n. and adj.) The yellowish or white translucent stone, technically calcium carbonate, often called ‘Egyptian alabaster’; it was mined at Hatnub in northern Upper Egypt and was widely used for stone vessel manufacture.
triad (n.) A statue comprising a group of three figures.
tumulus (n.) A low, rounded artificial mound.
Turin Canon (n.) Name given to a fragmentary papyrus, now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, inscribed with a king list compiled in the reign of Ramesses II (c. 1279–1213 BC); unlike other king lists, the Turin Canon seems to have aimed at completeness.
‘Two Ladies’ (n.) Translation of the ancient Egyptian word nbty, referring to the two protector deities of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt: the vulture goddess Nekhbet of Elkab, and the cobra goddess Wadjet of Buto; from the late First Dynasty, the ‘Two Ladies’ formed one of the king’s titles, expressing the geographical duality of his rule; some Early Dynastic kings bore a distinctive Two Ladies’ name, written after this title.
Umm el-Qaab (n.) Arabic for ‘mother of pots’ (from the huge quantities of later offering-pottery which still litter the site). The name given by Egyptologists to the desert cemetery at Abydos in Upper Egypt where the kings of the First Dynasty and the last two kings of the Second Dynasty were buried.
unification (n.) Term applied to the formation of the ancient Egyptian state, c. 3100 BC; a lengthy and gradual process rather than a single, swift event, unification involved the coalescence of a number of territories to form a single country from the Mediterranean coast to the First Cataract at Elephantine.
Upper Egypt (n.) The southern half of the Egyptian Nile valley, from the Fayum entrance in the north to Elephantine in the south; the northernmost stretch, north of the Thinite region, is sometimes called Middle Egypt.
uraeus (n.) The figure of a rearing cobra which adorned the brow of the king to give him magical protection; in Early Dynastic inscriptions, the uraeus also appears on the standard of the jackal god Wepwawet.
vizier (n.) Name given by Egyptologists to the person at the head of the ancient Egyptian administration who bore the title(s) (t3ítí z3b) 3tí; the position entailed judicial as well as political authority.
votive (adj.) Donated to express or reinforce a wish or prayer.
wadi (n.) A dry valley, often marking the course of a torrent during rare rainstorms.
white crown (n.) The head-dress worn by the king in his capacity as ruler of Upper Egypt; called h t (‘the white one’) in ancient Egyptian, the crown is tall and conical in shape with a bulbous tip.
year label (n.) An elaborate type of label, on which specific events are depicted in order to identify the year and hence date the attached commodity; year labels provide much of our evidence for Early Dynastic history; year labels are also referred to by the German term Jahrestäfelchen.
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