Early Dynastic Egypt

by Toby A H Wilkinson

  excavations at 20–1, 317, 328, 342;

  pottery from excavations at 35, 69, 86, 342;

  as Predynastic centre 46, 49–50, 325, 340, 363;

  and royal estates 123, 124, 364;

  royal visits to 72, 221, 284

  Byblos 92, 160, 162–3

  Cairo fragment see annals cedar 154, 160–1

  cenotaph 11, 17, 259–60

  census 113, 114

  child burials as an index of social complexity 22, 30–1 Clarke, S. 7

  colonies see Palestine, colonisation of conceptions of god 261–5 copper:

  grave goods 30, 158, 182, 280;

  mines 171–2;

  objects from royal tombs 72, 74, 81, 188;

  statues 7, 94, 275

  Coptos 5, 164, 268, 290, 310, 313, 351–2

  coronation see accession and coronation court, activities of the 133–9

  craft specialisation 34–6, 324

  ‘Crocodile’, King 57

  Dahshur 3, 99, 254, 255, 278

  Dakhla Oasis 164, 174–5

  decorated ware 33–5

  Deir Sitt Damiana 80, 238, 239

  Delta, geography and settlement 339–40, 362–5

  Den, King 74, 75–8, 281, 284–5, 294;

  and administration 121, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 141, 142, 146;

  and foreign relations 155, 157, 158, 159, 223;

  and the goddess Mafdet 288, 289;

  iconography of 187, 191, 192, 196, 274–5;

  names and titles of 205, 206, 207;

  and religious cults 297–8, 300; and religious festivals 300–1;

  royal activities 211, 212, 214, 216, 221, 305, 325;

  tomb of 19, 75, 233, 236, 237, 245, 256, 257

  Dendera 337–8, 351 Deshret see red crown Dewen see Den

  divine images 222, 267–9

  Djer, King 71–3, 74, 341;

  and administration 121, 146; and cult practices 266;

  and developments in mortuary architecture 238, 247, 256;

  and foreign relations 158, 159, 164, 165;

  iconography of 190, 275;

  names and titles of 202, 208;

  and religious cults 281, 297, 298, 319, 320;

  royal activities 211, 221, 284;

  at Saqqara 252;

  subsidiary burials surrounding tomb of 288, 291, 295;

  tomb of 72, 233, 235, 245;

  see also funerary enclosures Djet festival see festivals

  Djet, King 73–4, 196, 203, 291;

  and administration 121, 123, 133, 140, 146;

  and foreign relations 153, 154, 165, 169;

  ivory comb of 74, 184, 189, 196, 274, 203, 293;

  and religious cults 296, 297;

  tomb of 19–20, 73, 233, 235–6, 245;

  see also funerary enclosures Djoser, King 95–6, 251–2, 285;

  see also Netjerikhet domains 101, 118–23, 119;

  administration of 122–3, 142

  double crown 50, 73, 75, 196, 211

  ‘Dynasty 0’ 53–4, 61, 68;

  burials dating to 15, 19, 362;

  contacts with Palestine during 151, 152;

  rock-cut inscriptions of 173, 177

  ‘Dynasty 00’ 52

  Early Dynastic period, definition 60–1 eastern desert 38, 70, 167–8, 169–73, 206;

  rock-cut inscriptions 62, 69

  Edfu 73, 104, 335, 347

  el-Amra 30, 355

  el-Beda 44, 54, 165

  Elephantine 176;

  and the early state 118, 141, 180, 278–9, 329, 344, 346;

  excavations at 18, 23–4;

  region 345–6;

  Satet shrine 72, 270–1, 272, 293, 303–4, 306–8;

  seal-impressions from 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, 330;

  town 327, 328–30;

  see also Huni, small step pyramids of el-Etmania 325, 356

  Elkab:

  as cult centre of Nekhbet 200, 203, 262, 292;

  temple 93, 308–9, 311;

  town 331–3, 332, 350

  el-Kula 104, 278

  el-Mamariya 349–50

  el-Omari 28, 187

  el-Qara 350

  Emery, W.B. 11–12, 15–16, 259

  En Besor 24, 71, 77, 78, 143, 151, 152–4, 155, 157, 180

  es-Saff 36

  es-Salmani 355

  es-Siba’iya 349–50

  estates, royal 101, 118, 120, 123–4 Ezbet Et-Tell/Kufur Nigm 22

  Fairservis, W. 17–18

  Fayum 295–6 festivals:

  Djet ( t-) 301–2;

  šr- 302;

  dw -Hr-pt 301;

  organisation of 135;

  royal 208–18

  (see also Sed-festival); Sokar 85, 301–2

  Firth, C.M. 10

  flail 189, 190, 194

  following of Horus 79, 142, 220–1

  funerary enclosures 227, 243, 244, 256, 259, 261;

  at Abydos 17, 231, 238–40, 245, 249

  (see also Deir Sitt Damiana; Shunet ez-Zebib);

  Hierakonpolis ‘Fort’ 93, 227, 246, 277;

  at Saqqara 77, 104, 239–40, 243–4, 254

  Garstang, J. 5

  Geb (deity) 284 Gebelein:

  painted linen from 33, 52, 216, 335; as Predynastic centre 49;

  relief blocks from 93, 97, 199, 294;

  temple 283, 305, 311–12;

  town 335–6

  Gebeles-Silsila 347

  Gebel Sheikh Suleiman 51, 54, 72, 177–9, 299

  Gebel Zeit 171

  German Archaeological Institute, Cairo 16, 18

  Girza 35, 282

  Giza 84–5, 88, 130, 160, 249, 339;

  mastaba V 73, 74, 165 gold:

  mines 172, 176;

  and Naqada 37, 43, 207, 351

  Goneim, Z. 14

  government see administration Green, F. 7

  Haraga 35

  Harsaphes (deity) 221, 262, 284–5

  Hathor (deity) 15, 93, 97, 199, 262, 283, 294, 311–12;

  see also Bat

  *Hat-Hor, King 54

  Hawashim 355

  Hedjet see white crown Hedjwer (deity) 249, 285–6 Heliopolis:

  as cult centre of Ra 273, 293, 304, 306;

  Third Dynasty shrine at 96–7, 199, 201, 276, 284, 293, 295, 312, 316

  Heliopolis south 36 Helwan/el-Maasara:

  Early Dynastic necropolis 12, 25, 76, 115, 245, 257, 286, 339, 359, 360–1;

  inscribed objects from 58, 69, 72, 78, 81, 83, 85, 296;

  stone stelae from 161, 181, 295;

  uninscribed objects from 159, 287, 292

  Hemaka (official) 77, 121, 131, 147, 275

  Hemamia 356

  Henuka (official) 80

  heqa-sceptre 41, 188–9, 190

  Heqet (deity) 286

  Herakleopolis 221, 262, 325 Herishef see Harsaphes Hermopolis 325

  Herneith, Queen 291

  Herodotus 63, 64

  Hesira (official) 97, 141, 161, 293

  Hetepdief (official), statue of 83, 86, 242

  Hetepsekhemwy, King 82, 83–4;

  and administration 121;

  inscribed stone vessels of 252, 263, 282, 285;

  names and titles of 91, 202, 207;

  seal-impressions of 90, 116, 240, 296;

  tomb of 83, 240–1, 242, 251

  Hierakonpolis:

  buildings of Khasekhem(wy) at 91, 92, 144, 191, 272, 277, 294, 305, 312

  (see also funerary enclosures); ceremonial centre 39, 69, 303, 309, 311; as cult centre of Horus285, 287, 290; excavations at 6–7, 17–18, 23;

  ‘Fort’ cemetery 30–1, 334–5;

  Locality 6 23, 39, 50, 163, 176, 345;

  ‘Main Deposit’ 7, 77, 164, 198, 270, 309–10

  (see also Narmer macehead; Narmer palette;

  Scorpion macehead);

  objects from excavations 69, 164, 179, 282;

  ‘painted tomb’ 32–3, 39, 52;

  region 346–50, 347;

  and state formation 38–9, 45, 46, 4
7, 48, 49, 50, 51;

  temple (at Nekhen) 39, 268, 271, 304, 306, 309–11;

  titles connected with 123, 136;

  town area 74, 99, 224, 327;

  town development 323, 324, 326, 333–5, 350

  hippopotamus 77, 298;

  hunting the 33, 216–17, 274

  Hoffman, M. 23 Hor-Aha see Aha

  Horus (deity) 198, 264, 286–7, 292;

  as god of kingship 39, 48, 50, 184–5, 286, 310;

  as god of Hierakonpolis 285, 309–10, 334;

  see also Horus title and names

  Horus title and names 53, 200–3, 207, 224

  Hu 282, 283, 351–2

  human sacrifice 227, 237, 240, 265–7, 269, 281

  Huni, King 94, 100, 103–5, 117, 118, 247, 254;

  small step pyramids of 101, 103, 118, 277–9, 278, 330;

  see also Maidum

  Iat/Iamet (deity) 287 iconography:

  religious 262–4, 263, 279;

  royal 31–4, 58, 62, 183, 197, 234, 297;

  see also kingship, ideology of; regalia

  Imhotep (official) 15, 99, 131, 248, 273, 293

  inherited status 29–30

  irrigation 37, 45–6, 216

  *Iry-Hor, King 19, 55, 234

  Isis (deity) 287–8

  Iy-en-khnum (official) 86, 288, 343

  Jeffreys, D. 25

  Junker, H. 8

  ‘Ka’, King 22, 44, 57–8, 125;

  tomb of 55, 234

  Kafr Tarkhan see Tarkhan Kaiser, W. 16–17, 19

  Kaplony, P. 17

  Kemp, B. 17

  Khaba, King 95, 99–101, 104, 247, 334;

  see also Zawiyet el-Aryan ‘layer pyramid’ Kharga Oasis 164, 174

  Khasekhem, King 52, 83, 91–2, 96, 179, 180, 191, 272;

  see also Khasekhemwy Khasekhemwy, King 91–4, 202, 250, 273;

  and administration 121, 127, 129, 132;

  and the development of the royal mortuary complex 97, 242, 244, 246;

  and foreign relations 143, 144, 157, 160;

  objects from the tomb of 188, 282, 291, 296, 297, 315;

  and royal cult 275, 277;

  and the Second-Third Dynasty succession 95, 101, 211, 248;

  and temple building 294, 305, 308, 310–11, 312, 333;

  tomb of 25–6, 84, 85, 93, 94, 245;

  see also Hierakonpolis; Khasekhem;

  Shunet ez-Zebib

  khat-head-dress 187, 192, 196

  Khentiamentiu (deity) 262, 288, 297, 313

  Khnum (deity) 264, 288

  Khonsu (deity) 198, 199

  Khozam 352

  kings before the First Dynasty 19, 52–8, 65, 66;

  see also ‘Dynasty 0’; ‘Dynasty 00’

  kingship:

  early centres of 36–41, 38;

  ideology of 7, 30, 31–4, 44, 47, 48, 58, 117, 183–229, 274

  Klasens, A. 15

  Kom el-Hisn 124, 143, 146, 363

  Kroeper, K. 21

  Kubania 176, 345

  labels see writing; year labels

  Lachish 151

  lapis lazuli 30, 43, 163, 164–5

  Lauer, J.-P. 13–14

  Letopolis 140, 264, 273, 287

  Libya, Egyptian contacts with 80, 162, 174

  literacy 45, 115–16

  Maadi 36, 326, 357–8, 360, 362

  Mafdet (deity) 77, 220, 263, 288–90, 289

  Mahasna 5, 29, 30, 216, 355

  Maidum 3, 94, 104, 247, 254–5, 258

  Manetho 4, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 231, 292

  Massoulard, E. 14–15

  ‘master of the beasts’ motif 32 Mathieson, I. 25

  Matmar 29, 356, 357

  Medamud 303–4

  Medinet el-Fayum 295

  Mehit (deity) 290 Memphis:

  as the capital 58, 70, 112, 229, 334, 358–9;

  and the Apis bull 77, 300;

  and Ptah 292–3;

  location of 243, 339, 361;

  Palace of Apries 268, 320;

  as the Residence 257, 285;

  and royal ritual 210, 214, 216;

  region 8, 85, 96, 325, 356, 357–62, 358;

  and state formation 49;

  strategic location of 326, 359–60;

  Survey of 25, 339, 361 Mendes:

  as Predynastic centre 325, 340, 342, 363;

  excavations at 328, 341–2

  Menes, King 6, 66–8, 281, 290, 292, 339

  Merka (official) 111, 135, 136, 137, 143, 148–9, 291, 299

  Merneith, Queen 62, 66, 73, 74–5;

  and administration 121, 124, 125, 130, 140, 146, 147;

  and religious cults 288, 291, 297;

  tomb of 74, 75, 90, 233, 236;

  see also funerary enclosures

  Mesopotamia, Egyptian contacts with 32, 43, 150, 170, 224–5, 315

  Metjen (official) 132, 133, 140, 141, 146–7, 254;

  tomb inscription of 103, 105, 110, 124, 133, 144

  Min (deity) 15, 95, 197, 199, 263, 290–1

  mines and quarries 149, 168, 171–3 Minshat Abu Omar:

  early serekhs from 53, 57, 69;

  élite burial 225, 226;

  excavations at 21–2;

  and the northward spread of Upper Egyptian ceramic styles 35–6; settlement 341;

  and trade 46, 363, 364

  Montet, J.P.M. 13 Morgan, J.J.M. de 6 Mostagedda 356, 357

  Mt Hermon 154, 158

  Naga ed-Deir 7–8, 354, 355

  Naga el-Mashayikh 355

  Nahal Tillah 24, 44, 69, 154 Naqada:

  Cemetery T 37, 48, 52;

  as cult centre of Seth 207, 294–5; excavations at 5;

  inscribed objects from 69, 71, 203, 297, 301;

  as Predynastic centre 37–8, 46, 47, 49, 52; and the red crown 192;

  region 350–2;

  royal tomb see Neith-hotep, tomb of; South Town 323, 324, 326, 327, 336–7;

  and state formation 48, 50

  Narmer, King 39, 44, 51, 67–70;

  and administration 125, 138;

  as the first king of the First Dynasty 3, 26, 61, 66; as the founder of Memphis 58;

  and foreign relations 152, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162, 169;

  objects inscribed with the name of 179, 285, 295, 334

  (see also Narmer macehead; Narmer palette;

  year labels);

  relationship to rulers of ‘Dynasty 0’ 56, 57;

  tomb of 55, 69, 234

  Narmer macehead 7, 68–9;

  and aspects of royal iconography 190, 194, 197, 199; depiction of court officials on 136, 137;

  depiction of shrine on 303, 317;

  as evidence for royal rituals 208, 214, 217, 249

  Narmer palette 7;

  interpretation of 3, 49, 51, 68, 69, 155;

  and aspects of royal iconography 190, 191, 194, 197, 199; depiction of the goddess Bat on 263, 282–3;

  depiction of court officials on 136, 137 Nazlet Batran see Giza Mastaba V

  Nebka, King 5, 95, 101–3, 105

  Nebra, King 84, 202, 333;

  and administration 116, 121, 123, 124, 292;

  and religious cults 263, 282, 293;

  rock-cut inscriptions of 169, 173;

  tomb of 84, 240, 242

  necropolis seals of Den and Qaa 19, 26, 62, 63, 66, 74, 78, 288

  Negev 24, 154

  Neith (deity) 148, 193, 221–2, 291–2, 306, 320

  Neith-hotep, Queen 69, 70, 291, 292;

  tomb of 6, 37, 70, 164, 224, 225, 231, 337

  Nekhbet (deity) 292, 297;

  connection with the t-festival 85, 301;

  as goddess of Elkab 81, 308, 331, 333;

  origins of 262, 264;

  see also Two Ladies’ title and names

  Nekhen see Hierakonpolis nemes-head-dress 192, 196

  Netjerikhet, King 60, 95–8, 330;

  and administration 112, 116, 117, 119, 122, 127, 134, 136, 139, 142, 143;

  expeditions to the Sinai 166, 300

  (see also
Sinai); iconography of 192, 196

  (see also Step Pyramid complex, relief panels); names and titles of 201, 202, 205, 284;

  in the order of succession 26, 94, 101, 102;

  and royal ritual 210, 211;

  seal-impressions of 250, 334;

  and temple building 312, 316

  (see also Heliopolis, Third Dynasty shrine at);

  see also Step Pyramid complex Nimaathap, Queen 94, 95, 97

  Ninetjer, King 85–7, 86;

  and administration 121, 124, 127, 137, 142;

  iconography of 189, 190;

  names and titles of 202, 208;

  and royal ritual 211, 212, 223;

  in the order of succession 88, 89;

  and religious cults 281, 282, 285, 292;

  and religious festivals 300, 301;

  tomb of 85, 240–2, 251–2;

  see also funerary enclosures at Saqqara nome system, origins of 118, 141–2

  North Saqqara, élite tombs 10, 72, 76, 80, 229, 254, 360–1;

  architecture of 78, 153, 225, 233–4, 242, 245;

  boat burials 257;

  debate about status of 259–60; excavation of 11–12, 15–16;

  inscriptions from 71, 75, 85, 87, 92, 97;

  S3357 70, 231;

  S3505 148

  nswt-bỉty title and names 75, 87, 193, 200, 205–7 Nubia:

  contacts with Egypt 39–40, 49, 175–82, 345;

  Egyptian aggression towards 71, 92, 178, 223, 329;

  see also A-Group; Qustul;

  trade Nubnefer, King 89

  *Ny-Hor, King 54

  O’Connor, D. 22

  obsidian 163–4 officials:

  administrative 114–16;

  treasury 131–3;

  see also titles oils:

  imports of 80, 159, 161;

  processing of see secondary products Osiris (deity) 288, 292

  palace-façade architecture 18, 73, 112, 224–9, 226, 228, 258 Palestine:

  Egyptian colonisation of 24, 44, 51, 152–5, 180;

  Egyptian aggression towards 71, 77, 155–7, 156; see also administration of foreign conquests; trade, with the Near East

  Palermo Stone see annals palettes 36, 170;

  commemorative 31, 49, 62, 190, 197, 218, 297, 310, 314;

  see also Narmer palette papyrus 11

  Pehernefer (official) 110, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 140, 143

  *Pe-Hor, King 54

  pelican 266, 298–9

  Peribsen, King 86, 89–90;

  and administration 116, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132;

  names and titles of 38, 82–3, 295;

  relationship to other kings 88, 91;

  seal-impressions of 189, 263, 282, 288, 293, 295;

  tomb of 84, 85, 90, 142, 244–5;

  see also funerary enclosures Petrie, W.M.F. 5, 8–9, 259, 313–14

  phyles 109, 134, 149