To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914-1918

by Adam Hochschild

  drafting the weekly communiqués: Some of these are in FO 395/53.

  [>] "most anxious to help": Haig Diary, 30 September 1916, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 272.

  "send him a line": Haig Diary, 23 July 1917, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 259.

  "It was his last attempt": Buchan 3, p. 175n

  "When eminent and cultivated": Buchan 3, p. 177.

  225 "clerks and shopboys": Buchan 2, pp. 34–35.

  "strange machines": Buchan 2, pp. 115, 121–122.

  "a shattering blow": Buchan 2, p. 167.

  "our major purpose": Buchan 2, p. 171.

  "the strain of duplicity": Buitenhuis, p. 98.

  "Whenever the German man": Daily Express, 24 May 1916, quoted in Angus Wilson, p. 300.

  [>] "human beings and Germans": Morning Post, 22 June 1915, quoted in Gilmour, p. 250.

  "My son was killed": "Epitaphs of the War," 1919.

  "Down on your knees": Angus Wilson, p. 304.

  [>] "have stirred London": James Douglas, "The Somme Pictures. Are They Too Painful for Public Exhibition?" Star, 25 August 1916, quoted in Reeves, p. 17.

  "I have lost a son": "Orbatus" to the editor, Times, 2 September 1916.

  [>] "Haig took me into": "Diary of Lord Milner's Visit to France, Nov. 11–19, 1916," Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, dep. 353, pp. 77–98.

  [>] "We are the Bantam sodgers": Allinson, p. 142.

  [>] "seemed to have lost": Private Pinkney, testifying at Stones's court-martial, WO 71/535, quoted in Corns and Hughes-Wilson, p. 163, and Putkowski 3, p. 44.

  "in a very exhausted": Sergeant Foster, testifying at Stones's court-martial, WO 71/535, quoted in Corns and Hughes-Wilson, p. 164, and Putkowski 3, pp. 44–45.

  [>] 89 percent of the death sentences: Corns and Hughes-Wilson, p. 450.

  "I have personally been": Corns and Hughes-Wilson, p. 167; Putkowski 3, p. 50.

  confirmed the sentences: The record of Stones's court-martial is in WO 71/535, and that of Goggins and McDonald in WO 71/534. See also Putkowski and Sykes, pp. 156–159; Corns and Hughes-Wilson, pp. 157–175; and Putkowski 3, p. 36f, the most extensive account.

  [>] "until we reached": "A reminiscence of the Great War—for Liberty. How Some Durham Lads were 'Shot at Dawn.' British Militarism in Operation," Forward (Glasgow), 15 April 1922. Reprint of article from Railway Review, 3 February 1922.

  "To-night here on the Somme": Russell 1, pp. 97–98.

  [>] "My own disposition": Cecil, p. 270.

  16. BETWEEN THE LION'S JAWS

  [>] "I am sending out": Joseph Stones to Isobel Stones, 12 December 1916, quoted in Putkowski 3, p. 67.

  "The court recommend": WO 71/485, quoted in Corns and Hughes-Wilson, pp. 141–144.

  [>] "noted" under Haig's comments: WO 71/485, quoted in Corns and Hughes-Wilson, pp. 141–144.

  "Reports of large numbers": E. Sylvia Pankhurst 1, p. 311.

  military executions: John Peaty, "Haig and Military Discipline," in Bond and Cave, pp. 205, 209; Oram 2, p. 13. Oram 1, p. 186n5, offers an estimate of total British executions of more than 400, but this appears to include some after the Armistice. It is possible that additional German executions may not have been recorded in the last weeks of the war.

  "Apart from the number": Lt. G. V. Carey, Gilbert, p. 178.

  243 "I confirmed the proceedings": Haig 1, 11 January 1917, p. 267.

  "As a military prisoner": "A reminiscence of the Great War—for Liberty. How Some Durham Lads were 'Shot at Dawn.' British Militarism in Operation," Forward (Glasgow), 15 April 1922. Reprint of article from Railway Review, 3 February 1922.

  [>] "Dear Rochester": Tom Hickey and Bryan Maddocks, "Debts of Honour," Rochester Papers.

  "Bath-rooms, smoke-rooms": [Albert Rochester,] "With the R.O.D. in France,"

  Railway Review, 23 July 1922. I am grateful to Julian Putkowski for sending me this series of articles by Rochester.

  [>] "fully alive to his": Haig Diary, 5 January 1917, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 286.

  "It gives me great": George V to Haig, 27 December 1916, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 283.

  [>] "endured cold and hunger": Stevenson, p. 282.

  selling food and medicine: Frank G. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 119–121.

  [>] the Germans sank: Trevor Wilson, pp. 428–429.

  "In five months at this": Churchill 1, p. 742.

  [>] "the bullying and unscrupulousness": Milner to Ian Colvin, n.d., quoted in Marlowe, p. 275.

  alarmist reports: Most of these are in dep. 377 of the Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford. Copies of some also appear in the Addison Papers at the same library and in two of the National Archives files on the Wheeldon case, DPP 1/150 and HO 144/13338.

  "It is impossible": William Melville Lee, "Notes on the Strike Movement Now Developing in the North and West of England," pp. 3–4, 15 December 1916, Milner Papers, dep. 377.

  the agents who penned: Rowbotham, pp. 44–46.

  [>] "a quadruple line": Lee, "Notes on the Strike Movement," p. 11, 15 December 1916.

  "We are undoubtedly": Lee, "Notes on the Strike Movement," Appendix 1, p. 7, 12 December 1916.

  "What the working classes": Lee, "Notes on the Strike Movement," Appendix 11, document D, 2 December 1916.

  [>] "I never moved": Clarke 1, p. 100.

  "The landlord calls it rent": Challinor 1, p. 23.

  "You gave us war": Challinor 1, p. 38.

  put under surveillance: Challinor 1, p. 43; Rowbotham, p. 11.

  [>] "Many comrades kept": Thomas Bell, p. 126.

  "is terrified": Hettie to Winnie, January 1917, quoted in Rowbotham, p. 39.

  253 "all the working-men": Russell to Ottoline Morrell, 15 July 1916, quoted in Vellacott, p. 91.

  [>] "although very pleasant": Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 3 February 1917, Callwell, p. 315.

  "kept throwing himself": Robert D. Warth, The Allies and the Russian Revolution: From the Fall of the Monarchy to the Peace of Brest-Litovsk (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1954), p. 20.

  enjoyed themselves: Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 30 January and 7 February 1917, Callwell, pp. 314, 316.

  [>] "If an upheaval": Wrench, p. 325, and Marlowe pp. 263–264, quoting Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, dep. 222.

  17. THE WORLD IS MY COUNTRY

  [>] "Now I write the truth": Bhagail Singh to Chain Singh, 22 January 1917, Omissi, pp. 271–272.

  "We are like goats": Abdul Rahim Khan to Mir Hassan Khan, 7 February 1917, Omissi, p. 275.

  [>] "Down the corridor": Campbell, p. 258.

  "The persons in this case": Times, 5 February 1917.

  "I think this is": Hettie Wheeldon to Lydia Robinson, 16 February 1917. My thanks to Julian Hendy for sharing these letters to Lydia Robinson with me.

  "Yes, we will keep": Alice Wheeldon to Lydia Robinson, 26 February 1917.

  [>] "haggard and pale": Manchester Guardian, 7 March 1917.

  "that for reasons which seem": Times, 4 February 1917.

  [>] "bad and wicked influence": Trial transcript, DPP 1/50, p. 324.

  "language which would be": Daily Mail, 12 March 1917.

  "My Lord": Trial transcript, DPP 1/50, p. 325. See also correspondence in CRIM 1/166 between Pankhurst's lawyer and the Wheeldon prosecutors.

  [>] "We have tried": HO 45/10695/231366/27. WSPU meeting, Cardiff, 19 February 1913, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 210.

  [>] "a thin, cunning-looking": Thomson 1, pp. 238–239.

  "Gordon went to Leicester": Anonymous informant, 10 March 1917, Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford, dep. 377, p. 148.

  [>] "Stop!stranger, thou art": Socialist, August 1918.

  "During the afternoon": Winston'S. Churchill, The Unknown War: The Eastern Front (New York: Scribner's, 1932), pp. 374–375.

  [>] "The old order was dead": Benn, p. 377.

  "a stupendous event": Vellacott, p. 153.
/>   "I longed to shout": Russell to Ottoline Morrell, 1 April 1917, quoted in Vellacott, pp. 156–157.

  "I remember the miners": Labour Party Annual Conference Report, 1951, p. 194, quoted in Coates, p.8.

  "Revolutions like charity": Clinton and Myers, p. 73.

  "the first ray of dawn": "In the Red Twilight" (unpublished), p. 65, quoted in Winslow, p. 137.

  266 "a veritable cemetery": Churchill 1, p. 744.

  "were imbued with a proud": Trevor Wilson, p. 435.

  [>] "Across the central space": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 163.

  "through which at times": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 162.

  "while I was singing": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 164.

  "Every soldier realises": Wills, p. 48.

  [>] "Stephen had a very": Wilfred E. Littleboy, Wills, p. 49.

  "The spirit of love requires": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 165.

  "Tell Stephen not to": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 166.

  "The warder bluntly refused": Stephen Hobhouse 2, p. 26.

  "Sorry to see you": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 159.

  [>] typed excerpts copied from a letter: HO 144/22259.

  "If it were possible": 12 February 1917, HO 144/22259.

  "the majority of them": Derby to Milner, 27 March 1917, HO 144/22259.

  "Though she thought": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 179.

  [>] "They maintain, paradoxical": Margaret Hobhouse, I Appeal unto Caesar (London: Allen & Unwin, 1917), p. 6, quoted in Vellacott, pp. 211–212.

  "As a result largely of": Tribunal, 15 November 1917.

  [>] "I am with you": Linklater, p. 193.

  "of this and all the other": Philip Snowden, Labour Leader, 31 May 1917, quoted in Gollin, p. 548.

  "My dear Prime Minister": Milner to Lloyd George, 1 June 1917, Lloyd George Papers, F38/2/8, Parliamentary Archives, London.

  [>] "There can be no": B.E.B., "Report on the Russian Revolution Conference at Leeds," CAB 24/16, G. T. 1049.

  "the thousand men now": Russell 3, p. 182.

  "The control of events": Tribunal, 7 June 1917.

  18. DROWNING ON LAND

  [>] "Revolution is never": Haig to Derby, June 1917, quoted in Reid, p. 391.

  "breakingpoint may be": Gilbert, p. 336.

  [>] "The argument seems to be": Marlowe, p. 282.

  "Their brains were cluttered": Ferguson 1, p. 303.

  "He spread on a table": David Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 4 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 359.

  "Everybody in my hotel": Robertson to Kiggell, 27 July 1917.

  "How proud you must feel": Haig to Lady Haig, 24 July 1917, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 328.

  [>] "I should like the words": Linklater, p. 195.

  "I consider the Pacifists": Britannia, 3 August 1917, quoted in Angela K. Smith, p. 109.

  "Could you listen to": Britannia, 7 December 1917.

  "turn into a pacifist": Milner to Cave, 31 August 1917, quoted in Millman, p. 212.

  280 "did the government prohibit": Millman, p. 305.

  "Shaw will make the most": Samuel to Asquith, 5 October 1916, quoted in Millman, p. 78.

  Several hundred hostile: Times, 30 July 1917.

  "The mob is a terrible": Russell to Ottoline Morrell, 28 July 1917, quoted in Vellacott, p. 170.

  [>] "explain to the Russian": Times, 2 June 1917.

  "I came to Petrograd": Britannia, 13 July 1917, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 295.

  [>] "a big peasant woman": Rheta Childe Dorr, A Woman of Fifty (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1924), p. 360, quoted in Purvis 1, p. 409n17.

  Its recruits shaved: See Stoff, p. 69f, and Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 72–75.

  "The creation of the Women's": Stoff, p. 88.

  [>] "Down with capitalism!": Purvis 1, p. 297.

  "I am making this statement": Workers' Dreadnought, 28 July 1917.

  [>] "I was driven out": French to Esher, 7 September 1918, quoted in John French, p. 300.

  [>] "I do so want to": French to Bennett, 1 and 6 January 1916, quoted in Holmes, p. 314.

  "Haig's plans required": De Groot 1, p. 336.

  [>] "I cannot attempt": Sphere, 24 November 1917, quoted in Denis Winter, p. 109.

  "The moment you set off': Trevor Wilson, p. 473.

  "From the darkness": Edwin Campion Vaughan, Some Desperate Glory: The Diary of a Young Officer, 1917 ([London:] Warne, 1981), pp. 228–229 (27 August 1917).

  [>] "A party of 'A' Company": Trevor Wilson, p. 473.

  19. PLEASE DON'T DIE

  [>] "There's an east wind": Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, His Last Bow: A Reminiscence of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Review of Reviews, 1917), pp. 307–308.

  The total of British dead: Sheffield, p. 180, citing Richard Holmes. See Denis Winter, p. 110, for comments on this bitterly debated figure.

  "When I look at": In Paris, 12 November 1917. Trevor Wilson, p. 547.

  [>] "For the first time": Gibbs, p. 485.

  "Reinforcements ... shambled up": Aubrey Wade, The War of the Guns (London: Batsford, 1936), pp. 57–58, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 482.

  "Col. Rawlins, leave the room": Travers, p. 105.

  [>] "Glorious News from Russia!": Socialist, December 1917.

  "May they open the door": Workers' Dreadnought, 17 November 1917.

  "our prison doors": Brockway, p. 98.

  "A breach of discipline": Times, 31 July 1917.

  295 "I am only here": Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: Bodley Head, 1990), p. 186.

  [>] "The probabilities are": G 173, 13 November 1917, CAB 24/4, quoted in Andrew, p. 201.

  "I feel certain that": Thomson 3, p. 392, 22 October 1917.

  "safely lodged in gaol": FO 371/2828/202398, quoted in Catherine Cline, E. D. Morel, 1873–1924: The Strategies of Protest (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1980), p. 111.

  "In no country but this": Milner to Lloyd George, 26 May 1917, quoted in Williams thesis, p. 14.

  "a piece of bread": E. D. Morel, Thoughts on the War: The Peace—and Prison (London, 1920), pp. 60–62.

  [>] "I saw E. D. Morel": Russell to Murray, 27 March 1918, quoted in Vellacott, p. 231.

  "My first experience of": Brockway, p. 92.

  "The place was deadly silent": Brockway, p. 103.

  [>] "Christmas morning": HO 144/13338.

  "Oh Mam I don't know": Winnie Mason to Alice Wheeldon, 30 December 1917, HO 144/13338.

  [>] "Sometimes advanced socialistic": Haig 1, 23 December 1917, pp. 362–363.

  "Look smart": J. G. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in British and Dominion Armies, 1914–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 51, quoted in James i, p. 473.

  "They were giving so much": Englander and Osborne, p. 601.

  [>] "during the war": Stephen Badsey, "Plumer, Herbert Charles Onslow," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online), accessed 25 March 2010.

  "All the time the big guns": Robert Saunders, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 508.

  [>] "We're telling lies": Lucy Masterman, C.F.G. Masterman (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1939), p. 296, quoted in Messinger, p. 45.

  [>] "We are slowly but surely": Lansdowne to Asquith, 13 November 1916, "Fitzmau-rice, Henry Charles Keith Petty-," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (on-line), accessed 25 March 2010.

  "Before long, it will": Tribunal, 6 December 1917.

  "old imbecile": Gilmour, p. 270.

  [>] "Lansdownism": See, for example, AIR 1/560/16/15/60, "Pacifist Propaganda—Position as at 26th March 1918," London District Intelligence Summary.

  With Milner pulling strings: See, for example, references to several War Cabinet meetings in the fall of 1917 in WO 32/5474.

  "differences of outlook": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 172.

  "I thought P. changed": Kathleen Courtney, Extracts from a Diary During the War (London[?], privately printed, 1927), p. 144.

  [>]
Adolph Joffe: For an interview with Joffe's daughter, Nadezhda, see Hochschild, pp. 143–149. For an interview with the son of Lev Kamenev, the other lead Bolshevik envoy, see Hochschild, pp. 84–92.

  [>] "All that is taking place": Czernin, pp. 244–245.

  "I hope we may be": Czernin, p. 246.

  20. BACKS TO THE WALL

  [>] "Lads of eighteen and nineteen": Churchill 1, p. 754.

  [>] "to decide where": John Barnes and David Nicholson, eds., The Leo Amery Diaries, vol. 1 (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 188.

  "The P.M. and Milner": Diaries, 1912–1924 (London: Longmans, Green, 1952), pp. 111–116 (1 March 1918), quoted in A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), p. 95.

  [>] "The cargo was piled": Winter and Baggett, p. 249.

  [>] "an offensive on a big": Haig Diary, 2 March 1918, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 367.

  "thought she should": HO 144/13338.

  [>] "a rather sudden growth": GT 3424, 22 January 1918, CAB 24/40, quoted in Andrew, p. 225.

  "Repent?": Caroline Moorehead 1, p. 71.

  "What the hell are we": AIR 1/558/16/15/55.

  "There is scarcely": AIR 1/560/16/15/59.

  [>] "The whole tone of": AIR 1/561/16/15/61.

  "Mrs. Pankhurst and Miss Christabel": AIR 1/560/16/15/59.

  "rule by terror": Die Russische Revolution (Berlin, 1922), p. 67f, quoted in Elżbieta

  Ettinger, Rosa Luxemburg: A Life (Boston: Beacon, 1986), p. 225.

  [>] "Exactly as a pianist": Churchill 1, p. 768.

  [>] "At half-past four": Aubrey Wade, The War of the Guns (London: Batsford, 1936), p. 89, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 558.

  "The first to be affected": Martin Middlebrook, The Kaiser's Battle (London: Allen Lane, 1978), p. 161, quoted in Trevor Wilson, p. 559.

  [>] "Germany must go under": Stevenson, p. 327.

  [>] "I thought we had": Middlebrook, The Kaiser's Battle, p. 192, quoted in Keegan 1, p. 399.

  "Old women in black": Lieutenant H.E.L. Mellersh, Imperial War Museum personal accounts, quoted in Toland, p. 54.

  "The battle is won": George Alexander von Müller, The Kaiser and His Court (London: Macdonald, 1961), p. 344, quoted in Toland, p. 58.

  "The force of the blow": 24 March 1918, quoted in Thompson, p. 348.

  [>] "Many amongst us are": 11 April 1918, quoted in De Groot 1, p. 378.

  [>] "I was very glad": Stephen Hobhouse 1, p. 173.

  [>] "The recent severe fighting": AIR 1/560/16/15/60.