by Will Durant
Guild of St. Luke, 165
guilds, 23–24, 71, 258, 263
Guise, Chevalier de (fl. 1646), 33
Guise, Henri II de Lorraine, Duc de (1614–1664), 440
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787–1874), 125
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 338, 358–60, 497
Gunpowder Ploz (1605), 251, 281, 289, 296
Gustavus II Adolphus, of Sweden (r. 1611–1632), 366, 375
Guyon, Jeanne Marie de La Motte- (1648–1717), 82–83, 690
Gwyn, Nell (1650–87), 249, 266, 274, 287, 314
Gyllenstierna, Count Johan (1635–80), 368
Haarlem, 166, 171, 458
habeas corpus, right of, 192, 272, 282, 566
Habeas Corpus Act, 290
Hadley, George (fl. 1735), 506
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–38), 99
Hague, The, 43, 176, 177, 178, 205–6, 331, 710, 713
book publishing in, 168, 231
Jews in, 458
Pepys’s praise of, 166
Spinoza’s residence in, 630, 631, 632, 663
Treaty of (1701), 705
Hainaut, province of, 42, 175
Halberstadt, bishopric of, 412
Halifax, Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of (1661–1715), 304, 305, 319, 327, 341, 342, 352, 545, 566, 578
Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of (1633–1695), 251, 282, 283, 284, 289, 290, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299–300
Hall, Bishop Joseph (1574–1656), 218–20, 222
Hallam, Henry (1777–1859), 251, 438
Halle, Saxony, 485
University of, 414, 485, 486, 660
Halle au Poisson, Marseilles, 101
Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), 522
Halley, Edmund (1656–1742), 498, 503, 504–5, 513, 514, 545
and mortality tables, 304, 502
and comets, 505, 528, 541, 606
essay on trade winds, 506
formula of inverse squares, 538, 539
quoted on Christian doctrine, 529
Hals, Frans (1580–1666), 170, 171, 632
Hamburg, 395, 411, 439, 441
leadership in German opera, drama, 419
Jews of, 439, 463, 470, 472, 473, 475
Hamilton, Anthony (1646?–1720), 249, 271
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 142
Hampden, John (fl. 1683), 285
Hampton Court Palace, 103, 189, 265, 266, 433
Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 268, 419, 443, 444
Hanover, city of, 415, 506, 663, 666, 678
Christian unity conference at (1683), 664–65
Hanover, Electorate of, 309, 310, 342, 389, 415, 706
Hanover, house of, 310, 342, 415, 678
see also George I, King of England
Hapsburg, house of, 3, 452
Austrian, faces internal and external threats, 420–21, 423, 425, 426
and Catholicism, 296, 420
Empire-Spain union under (1711), 713
France gains ascendancy over, 3, 8, 11, 411
and James Il’s deposition, 296
conflict with Bourbons, 3, 350, 702–14
passim
Hardenberg, Baron Friedrich von (“Novalis”: 1772–1801), 641, 656
Hardouin-Mansard, Jules (1646–1708), 89, 90, 92
Harkány, Hungary, 424
Harlay de Champvallon, François de, Archbishop of Paris (1625–95), 127
Harley, Robert, see Oxford, 1st Earl of
Harrington, James (1611–77), 483, 564–66
Harrison, Maj. Gen. Thomas (1606–60), 190, 191, 245, 461
Hartlib, Samuel (d. c.1670), 230, 487
Harvey, William (1578–1657), 374, 520, 528
Hauksbee, Francis (fl. 1706), 514
Hauranne, Jean Duvergier de, see Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean
Hautefort, Marie de (1616–91), 155
Hawkins, Admiral Sir John (1532–95), 172, 200
Haymarket, Queen’s Theatre at, 314, 343
heat, 512–13
Hebrew language, 168, 458, 475, 489, 576, 622, 623
Hegel, Gcorg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 656
Heidelberg, 692, 707
University of, 631, 658
Heinsius, Antonius (1641–1720), 703, 707
Heinsius, Daniel (1580–1655), 129
Helmont, Frans van (1614–99), 669
Hclmont, Jan Baptista van (1577?–1644?), 515, 526, 669
Héloïse (d. c.1164), 686
Heist, Bartholomeus van der (1613–70), 168*
Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715–71), 619, 656
Henrietta Anne (“Madame” Henrietta), Duchesse d’Orléans (1644–70), 35–36, 92, 115, 132, 135, 150, 161, 289, 417, 716
Bossuet’s funeral oration on, 76–77
and brother Charles II, 35–36, 204, 246, 247, 249, 250, 276, 277
Henrietta Maria, Queen Consort of Charles I of England (1609–69), 35, 188, 204, 215, 289
Bossuet’s funeral oration for, 76–77
Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509–47), 250, 399, 432, 563
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre), King of France (r. 1589–1610), 12, 15, 35, 50, 52, 69, 247, 350, 563
Henry I (the Fowler), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 919–936), 412
Heraclius (Corneille), 131
Herbelot de Molainville, Barthélemy d’ (1625–1695), 492
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron (1583–1648), 357
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1803), 593, 656
Hero of Alexandria (3d? cent.), 516–17
“Heroic Stanzas” (Dryden), 322
Herrera, Francisco de, “El Mozo” (1622–85), 449
Herrera, Gerónimo (fl. 1725), 450
Herrera, Nicolás (fl. 1725), 450
Hesse-Darmstadt, 463
Hevelius, Johannes (1611–87), 490, 502–3
Heyden, Jan van der (1637–1712), 381
Highland Rogue, The (Defoe), 337
Hildesheim, bishopric of, 691
Hind and the Panther, The (Dryden), 327
Hippocrates (460?–377? B.C.), 527
Hispaniola, 200
Histoire amoreuse des Gaules (Bussy-Rabutin), 160–61
Histoire critique du Nouveau Testament (Simon), 494
Histoire Critique du Vieux Testament (Simon), 493–94
Histoire des oracles (Fontenelle), 86, 618
history, philosophy of, 78
History of Colonel Jacque, The (Defoe), 337
History of England (Macaulay), 254*
History of England in the Eighteenth Century (Lecky), 254*
History of His Own Time, The (Burnet), 330
History of Philosophy, (Stanley), 492
History of the Rebellion (Clarendon), 330
History of the Reformation of the Church of England (Burnet), 330
History of the Royal Society (Sprat), 497
History of the Worthies of England (Fuller), 330
Hobbema, Mcindcrt (1638–1709), 170
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 13, 66, 85, 482, 483, 486, 497, 548–64, 576
on Catholic Church, 559, 560
and Charles II, 251, 549, 561
on church and state, 529, 557–59, 628, 652
ecclesiastical attacks on, 251, 560, 561, 587, 597
exile in Paris, 549, 560
and Leibniz, 661
and Locke, 551, 576, 580–81, 584, 585, 587
and mathematics, 500, 548–49, 550, 562
and Milton, 228–29, 239
on mind and matter, 239, 574, 584, 587, 604, 613, 642, 654
political philosophy, 529, 549, 554–59, 563, 565, 572, 680–81, 650–52, 654, 658
psychology, 550–53, 562, 574, 584, 588, 590, 592, 604, 642, 644, 646
religion, personal, 558, 562, 570
and Spinoza, 613, 621, 628, 642, 644, 646, 650–652, 654
his work, evaluation of, 331, 562–564, 588, 613, 680
Höchstädt, Bavaria, 707
Hocquincourt,
Maréchal Charles d’ (1599–1658), 161
Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, 286
Hogarth, William (1697–1764), 266
Hohenzollern, house of, 412, 413
Holbach, Paul Henri Dietrich, Baron d’ (1723–1789), 563, 587, 614, 656
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543), 250
Holland (present Netherlands), see United Provinces
Holland, province of, 73, 84, 173, 175, 178, 405, 461, 463
Locke, exile in, 484, 577, 578, 589
Holland House, London, 346
Holowczyn, 387
Holstein, duchy of, 387
Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice; 1684–1690), against the Turks, 424–25
Holy Roman Empire, 3, 8, 411–27, 658
Catholicism and Protestantism in, 420–23, 665, see also under Germany; in Grand Alliance (1689, 1701),
against France, 693, 705–7
in Great Coalition against France (1672f), 43–45, 175, 178, 179
in Holy League (1684), 424–25
and Hungary, 421–26, 706
and Jews, 464
in League of Augsburg (1686f.) against France, 180, 691
in Palatinate War (1688f.), against France, 425, 699
and Spanish-succession conflict with France (1701–14), 414, 464, 699–708, 710–15
and Turks, 41, 45, 420–425, 691, 705, 706–7
weakness of, 41, 411–12, 426, 663
Home, Henry, see Kames, Henry Home, Lord
Homer (9th cent, B.C.), 142, 147, 23;, 241, 243, 327, 492
in Fontenelle’s Dialogues, 615
Homme machine, L’ (La Mettrie), 599
homosexuality, 28, 271
Hooch, Pieter de (1629–77), 168*, 170
Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 496, 498, 506–7, 510, 512–14, 518–19, 523, 528, 535, 537–39
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus: 65–8 B.C.), 147, 148, 162, 327
Horologium oscillatorium (Huygens), 510
horse racing, 195, 271, 286, 307
Horton, England, 213, 216
Hospice de la Charité, Marseilles, 101
Hospital de la Caridad, Seville, 450
Howard, Lady Elizabeth, wife of John Dryden, 322
Howard, Sir Robert (1626–98), 322
Howard Castle, 319
Huddleston, Father John (fl. 1651–85), 287
Hudibras (Butler), 328–29, 497
Hudson Bay, 713
Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630–1721), 459, 490, 599
Hughes, Margaret (fl. 1660), 314
Huguenots, 5, 38, 46, 48, 53, 69–75, 161, 432, 483, 582, 605, 720
Mazarin’s toleration of, 5, 69
Bossuet and, 75–76, 80, 82
Louis XIV’s policy toward, 70, 71, 72, 163, 291, 606, 686–687
persecution of, 50, 71–75, 82, 163, 291, 606, 607, 691
Cromwell’s intercession for, 194
emigration of, 72–75, 141, 589, 690
exiles from France, 73–75, 85, 166–67, 179, 296, 302, 414, 690, 692
Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament, An (Hall), 218
Hume, David (1711–76), 551, 571, 574, 586, 587, 593, 597, 604, 641, 642
quoted, on French theater, 143
—on Newton’s genius, 546
—on Berkeley’s view of matter, 596
—on Spinoza’s “atheism,” 656
Hungary, 3, 420–26
passim, 706
Hunyadi János (c.1387–1456), 421
Hutchinson, Colonel John (1615–74), 330
Hutchinson, Lucy Apsley (1620?–80), 202, 330
Hutten, Ulrich von (1488–1523), 485
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), 655
Huygens, Christian (1629–95), 168, 171, 498, 544, 630, 662
subsidized by Louis XIV, 129, 496, 499
his work in astronomy, 504
in mathematics, 57, 499–500, 662
in physics, 510–14
passim, 517, 528, 535, 536*
marine clock, 510
laws of motion, 510–11
velocity of sound, 513
wave theory of light, 514, 535–536*
Huygens, Constantijn, father of Christian (1596–1687), 499
Huygens, Constantijn, brother of Christian (fl. 1650), 504
Hyde, Anne, Duchess of York (1637–71), 269–70, 279
Hyde, Edward, see Clarendon, 1st Earl of
Hyde, Henry, see Clarendon, 2d Earl of
Hyde Park, London, 275
hygrometer, 506
ibn Ezra, Abraham (1092–1167), 620, 621, 626, 653
ichthyology, 519
Idea of a Patriot King (Bolingbroke), 307
Iliad, The (Homer), 162, 343
Pope’s translation, 492
Hobbes’s rendering in rhyme, 562
Illustre Théâtre, Paris, 106
“Il Penseroso” (Milton), 214–15
Impartial History of Peter Alexoivitz, the Present Czar of Muscovy (Defoe), 337
Impeachment of High Treason against Cromwell and Ireton (Lilburne), 184
Incognita (Congreve), 319
Independents (republican Puritans), 183, 246, 253, 590
see also Puritans
India, 26, 172, 259, 409, 509, 662, 699
Indian Emperor, The (Dryden), 322
Indian Queen, The (Dryden and Howard), 268, 322
Indians, American, 256, 447, 459, 509
Industrial Revolution, 512, 518
Ingria, 369, 375, 383, 384, 390
Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamfili), Pope (r. 1644–55), 67, 204, 432, 434
Mignard portrait of, 98
Velazquez’ portrait of, 98, 431, 435
character of, 431
Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi), Pope (r. 1676–89), 49, 291, 293, 424, 429, 431–32, 447, 666
Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli), Pope (r. 1691–1700), 49, 83, 432, 453, 523
and Spanish succession problem, 700–1
Innsbruck, 439, 506
University of, 486
Inquiry concerning Human Liberty (Collins), 571
Inquisition, Catholic: in Italy, 429–30, 447, 456
in Portugal, 447, 454–55, 456, 476, 477
in Spain, 251, 256, 449, 452, 454, 620
Inquisition, Protestant, 166, 167, 608
international language, 677
international law, 655, 658–59
Invalides, Hôtel des, 90, 95, 143
Inverse squares, law of, 499, 507, 536–41
passim
“Invisible College,” 496, 512
see also Royal Society of London
Iphigénie (Racine), 138, 143
Iran, Sephardic exiles in, 455
Ireland, 190, 203, 251, 252, 348, 356, 357, 361, 568
anti-Catholic legislation in, 187, 303
rebellion against Cromwell in, 183, 185, 186–87, 191, 201, 230
rebellion against William III in, 302, 303, 347, 483, 693
trade restrictions against, 259, 303
Ireton, Henry (1611–51), 184, 186, 245
Israel, Jewish state, 629
as Promised Land, 472
Italy, 83, 163, 216, 426, 428–32, 663
and art, 88, 90, 92, 95, 102, 104, 432–38
population of, 3, 257
war for Spanish possessions in, 699, 700, 704, 705, 706, 708, 714
see also Italian states by name
Iuvara, Filippo (1676–1735), 433
Ivan IV the Terrible, Czar of Russia (r. 1533–1584), 404, 468
Ivan V, Czar of Russia (r. 1682–99), 377, 378
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (1743–1819), 656
Jamaica, British colony, 200, 253, 255, 275
James I, King of England (r. 1603–25), 218, 228, 415, 461
James II, King of England (r. 1685–88), 35, 174, 263, 265, 266, 267, 288–99, 304, 313, 694, 706, 708
and Anglican Church, 253, 285, 289, 291–94, 299, 580
Catholic faith and partis
anship of, 179–80, 257, 277–87
passim, 288–98, 432
character of, 269–70, 288–89
and Charles II, 277, 282, 283, 287, 288
and daughters, Mary and Anne, 179, 279, 280, 295, 297, 306
death of, 705
deposing of, 74, 179–80, 295–99, 578
Ecclesiastical Commission revived by, 291, 293, 294, 297
helps Huguenots, Quakers, 73, 255–56
Louis XIV’s influence on, 14, 290, 296, 302, 693, 699, 705
marriages of, 269–70, 279, 294–95
and Monmouth, 283, 285, 286, 289–90, 295
and navy, 174, 270, 287, 333, 335
and parliamentary-supremacy issue, 288, 290, 291, 294, 297–98, 299
portraits of, 265, 288
and “Popish Plot,” 280, 281, 287
religious-toleration attempts of, 255, 256, 289, 291–292
and restoration attempts, 305, 693
his succession to throne, opposition to, 282, 284–85
and theater, 314, 316, 326
and women, 266, 269–270, 288
“James III” of England (James Francis Edward, the Old Pretender: 1688–1766), 14, 307, 310, 705, 706, 713
birth of, 294–95, 296
James, William (1842–1910), 645
Janissaries, 388, 425–26
Jansen, Cornelis (1585–1638), 53, 60, 67, 96
Jansenists, 30, 50, 53–55, 63, 74, 79, 85, 96, 132, 156, 161, 599
conflict with Jesuits, 48, 52–55, 59, 60, 67, 68, 81, 431, 483
Pascal’s championship of, 55, 57, 59, 60, 67
King’s persecution of, 68, 69, 163, 686, 720
and Gallicanism, 69
see also Port-Royal
Jasna Gora, Monastery of, 371
Java, 275, 509
Jaworów, Poland, 374
Jean Baptiste de La Salle, Saint (1651–1719), 486
Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem (1644–89), 250, 290, 296
Jennings, Sarah, see Marlborough, Duchess of Jerusalem, 472
Jesuits, 149, 201, 204, 209, 251, 277, 582
in Austria, 382, 420
and casuistry, 47–48, 59, 60, 79
and education, 106, 486
in England, 257, 280, 281, 293, 294, 295
in France, 30, 47–48, 50, 52–55, 59–61, 67, 68, 74, 79, 81, 85, 161, 486, 490, 599, 605, 718, 719
in Germany, 414, 415, 526
in Italy, 4, 48, 429, 435
Louis XIV’s association with, 85, 718, 719
and Pascal’s Provincial Letters, 59–60, 61, 67, 85, 149
in Poland, 465, 468
in Portugal, 447, 476
in Russia, 399
and science, 507, 508, 526
in Spanish Netherlands, 164
Jews, 69, 454–78, 493, 607, 608, 653
in America, 467, 483
Ashkenazim, 458–59, 463–69
in Austria and Bohemia, 464
education among, 466