The Age of Louis XIV

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The Age of Louis XIV Page 116

by Will Durant


  in England, 194, 459–63, 470, 472, 589

  and the false messiah (Sabbatai Zevi), 471–474

  in France, 457, 493

  in Germany, 414, 439, 458–59, 463–64, 470, 472

  ghetto, 456, 457, 463, 470

  heretics among, 458, 459, 474–78, 620–23, 629, 653

  and Huguenots, 73

  in Italy, 455–57, 472, 474

  Marranos (conversos and relapsos), 454–59

  passim, 461, 476

  in Netherlands, 73, 457–60, 470, 472, 476–78, 620–23, 629

  in Poland, 374, 458–59, 464, 465–68, 472, 474

  ritual-murder accusations, 457, 461, 462, 465–66, 468, 493

  Russia’s exclusion of, 468–69

  Sephardim, 454–57

  in Spain and Portugal, 447, 449, 454–55, 457–458, 476

  in Turkey, 455, 456, 470, 473–74

  Joachim, Patriarch of Moscow (fl. 1690), 378

  Johansson, Lars (fl. 1695), 368

  John IV, King of Portugal (r. 1640–56), 248, 446, 447

  John II Casimir, King of Poland (r. 1648–68), 370, 371, 372, 441, 467–68

  John III Sobieski, King of Poland (r. 1674–1696), 371–74, 422–24, 438, 468, 704

  John Bull (personification of England), 330

  John Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Hanover (r. 1641–79), 663, 664

  John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1608–19), 412

  Johnson, Esther (Swift’s “Stella”: 1681–1728), 313, 347, 348, 354–56

  passim, 487

  marriage to Swift, 357

  death, 360–61, 362

  Johnson, Dr. Samuel (1709–84), 146, 328

  comments on Milton, 212, 235–36, 239, 240

  on theater attendance, 314

  on Congreve, 319

  on Berkeley’s view of matter, 595

  Jones, Inigo (1573–1652), 264

  Jonson, Ben (1573?–1037), 314, 548

  Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1705–11), 708, 713

  Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1765–1790), 381

  Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria (d. 1699), 700

  Journal (Fox), 196–97

  Journal des Savants, 23, 484, 498

  Journal of the Plague Year, A (Defoe), 261, 337

  Journal to Stella (Swift), 354

  Jouvenet, Jean (1644?–1717), 98

  Juan of Austria, Don (1547–78), 452

  Juan Fernandez Islands, 336

  Judaism: basis of Christians’ hostility to, 469–470

  and Puritanism, 194

  see also Jews

  Jungius, Joachim (1587–1687), 519

  Junker, Prussian army men, 413

  Jure Divino (Defoe), 338

  Jurieu, Pierre (1637–1713), 85, 167, 608, 610, 612, 692–93

  Justinian I the Great, Eastern Roman Emperor (r. 527–65), 16

  Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis: C.A.D. 60-C.140), 147

  Kaiserslautern, Palatinate, 691

  Kalisz, province of, 467

  Kamchatka, Siberia, 403

  Kames, Henry Home, Lord (1696–1782), 592

  Kaminski, Wlodzimierz, 443*

  Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 574, 593, 597, 604, 625, 656, 667, 679

  Kara Mustafa (d. 1683), 422–24

  Karaite sect, 475

  Kardis, Treaty of (1661), 367, 383

  Karelia, 383

  Karl, Archduke, of Austria, see Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

  Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 374, 425

  Karlskirche, Vienna, 427

  Karlskrona, Sweden, 389

  Karlsruhe, 418

  Keményi, John, Transylvanian patriot, (fl. 1664), 421

  Kempis, Thomas a, see Thomas a Kempis

  Kattegat, 365, 367

  Keats, John (1795–1821), 657

  Keiser, Reinhard (1674–1739), 419

  Keith, George (1638?–1716) 256

  Keller, Baron von (fl. 1690), 379

  Kensington Palace, 265

  Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), 498, 504, 528, 538, 539, 541, 543

  and calculus, 500

  and law of gravitation, 537

  Kerbagh, Dutch heretic (fl. 1668), 167

  Kéroualle, Louise Renée de, Duchess of Portsmouth (1649–1734), 249, 266, 274, 287, 324

  Khotin, Bessarabia, 372, 374

  Kiel, 506

  University of, 486

  Kiev, Ukraine, 371, 385

  Kildare, county of, 187

  Kilkenny, Articles of (1682), 186–87

  Kilkenny School, 319

  Killing No Murder (Sexby), 201

  Kilroot, Ireland, 347

  King, Dr., physician to Charles II (fl. 1685), 287

  King, Edward (1612–37), 215

  King, Gregory (fl. 1696), 258

  King Arthur (Purcell and Dryden), 267

  King’s Company, see Drury Lane Theatre

  Kircher, Athanasius (1602–80), 507, 508, 514, 526

  Kirchheim, Württemberg, 256

  Kirke, Colonel Percy (1646?–91), 290, 296

  Kist, Gerrit (fl. 1697), 381

  Kit Cat Club, London, 266

  Kloster Melk, Benedictine abbey, 427

  Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646–1723), 265, 266, 391

  Knutzen, Matthias (fl. 1674), 660

  Kochowski, Wespazian (fl. 1690), 374

  Königsmarck, Count Philipp von (1662–94?), 415

  Koerbagh, Adriaan (d. 1699), 374

  Kol Sakal (Leo Modena), 475, 476

  Königsberg, East Prussia, 380, 414, 418

  Treaty of (1656), 366

  Koninck, Philips de (1619–88), 168*

  Koppenbrügge, 380

  Kraft, Dresden chemist (fl. 1677), 516

  Krasinski Palace, Warsaw, 374

  Krieger, G. F., composer (fl. 1688), 419

  Kronstadt, Russia, 396

  Kuhnau, Johann (1660–1722), 419, 443

  Kunga-Skald (Dahlstierna), 368

  Kuprili, Ahmed (1635–76), 421–22

  Kuprili, Mohammed (1586?–1661), 421

  Kuprili, Mustafa (1637–91), 425

  Kykduin, naval battle at, 179

  labor, conditions of, in France, 23–24

  in England, 257–58, 303

  Locke’s views on, 581

  strikes, 166, 303

  La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–96), 32, 74, 146, 159–60, 162

  La Calprenède, Gauthier de (d. 1663), 149

  La Chaise, François de (1624–1709), 48, 68, 280, 284, 718

  Ladislas IV, King of Poland (r. 1632–48), 370, 466

  La Fare, Charles Auguste de (1644–1712), 86

  La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, Comtesse de (1634–93), 30, 31, 36, 98, 151, 312, 598

  writings of, 142, 147, 150–151, 158–59

  and La Rochefoucauld, 150–51, 158–59

  La Ferté-Milon, France, 132

  La Feuillade, François d’Aubusson, Duc de (1625–91), 689

  La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–95), 13, 19, 74, 98, 126, 133, 144–46, 149, 162, 163

  Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736–1813), 546

  La Hogue, France, 693

  Lahontan, Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de (1666–1715), 509

  laissez faire, 25, 258, 690, 698

  “L’Allégro” (Milton), 213–14

  Lambert, Anne Thérèse de Courcelles, Marquise de (1647–1733), 31, 619

  Lambert, Maj. Gen. John (1619–83), 202–3, 231

  Lambert de Thorigny, Nicolas (fl. 1640), 96

  La Mettrie, Juiian Offroy de (1709–51), 563, 587, 599

  La Mottc-Guyon, Jean Marie de, see Guyon, Jean Marie de La MotteLamy, Guillaume (fl. 1669), 599

  Lancashire, 194

  landscape gardening, 92, 103

  Landskrona, Sweden, 368

  Lanfranco, Giovanni (1580–1647), 435

  Lange, Carl Georg (1834–1900), 645

  Languedoc, 73

  Languedoc Canal, 25
>
  Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de (1749–1827), 496, 546

  Laracor, Ireland, 348, 352

  Largillière, Nicolas de (1656–1746), 89, 98–99

  La Rochefoucauld, Andrée de Vivonne, Duchesse de (1013?–70), 155, 158

  La Rochefoucauld, François (Prince de Marsillac), Duc de (1613–80), 30, 151, 155–59, 249, 553, 592

  and Mme. de Longueville, 7–8, 155–56, 158

  and Fronde, 8, 156

  writings of, 28, 94, 95, 129, 131, 156–57, 160

  and Mme. de La Fayette, 150–51, 158–59

  La Rochelle; France, 82, 459

  La Sablière, Marguerite de (1636–93), 31, 146

  La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, Saint (1651–1719), 486

  La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87), 26

  La Savonnerie, carpet works at, 95

  Latin language, 106, 168, 416, 485, 489, 520, 576

  Addison’s proficiency in, 341

  dictionary of, 490

  Milton’s proficiency in, 213, 227

  Latitudinarians (“Broad Churchmen”), 253–54

  Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury (1573–1645), 218

  Lauderdale, John Maitland, 2d Earl of (1616–1682), 277

  Laudians (“High Churchmen”), 253–54

  Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Comte (later. Duc) de (1633–1723), 10

  La Vallière, Louise de La Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de (1644–1710), 19, 36–37, 38, 46, 76, 79, 98, 114

  La Voisin (Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin: d. 1680), 28, 140

  Lawes, Henry (1596–1662), 215

  Law of Freedom, The (Winstanley), 185

  Le Brun, Charles (1619–90), 19, 45, 88, 89, 90, 93–95, 96–98, 98–103

  passim, 131

  Lecky, William Edward Hartpolc (1838–1903), 681

  Le Clerc, Jean (1657–1736), 484, 577, 578, 630

  Le Clerc, Sébastien (1637–1714), 95

  Lee family, in America, 183

  Leeuwenhoek, Anton van (1632–1723), 381, 497, 498, 520–21

  Lefort, François (1656–99), 379, 380, 382, 383, 392, 394, 404, 408

  Leghorn, see Livorno

  Legros, Pierre (1629–1714), 100

  Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), 45, 331, 382, 415, 416, 484, 486, 494, 498, 544, 576, 602, 613, 658–81

  and Berlin Academy, 414, 495, 664, 677

  and “best of all possible worlds,” 604, 672–75, 679, 715

  and Christian unity, 76, 80, 661, 663–67

  and gravitation, 541, 54, 675

  letters of, 677

  and Locke, 667–69, 679

  and mathematics, 499, 500–1, 528, 533–34, 546, 662–63, 675

  and matter as energy, 675

  and Newton, 500, 533–34, 541–42, 546, 662–63, 675, 679

  and Peter the Great, 387, 393, 403, 405, 677

  and Royal Society of London, 497, 667

  and Spinoza, 632–33, 636, 655, 658, 663, 664

  Leicester, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of (1532–1588), 460

  Leiden, 166, 168, 169, 227, 508, 625

  University of, 412, 526

  Leipzig, 382, 411, 419, 464, 484, 485

  University of, 659, 660, 661

  Leith, Scotland, 188, 482

  Lely, Peter (Pieter van der Faes: 1618–80), 192, 195, 265–66, 274

  Lemaistre, Antoine (1608–58), 52

  Lemaître de Séricourt, Simon (fl. 1660), 52, 68

  Lemberg, see Lvov

  Lcmery, Nicolas (1645–1715), 495

  Lcmercier, Jacques (1585–1654), 90, 91, 96

  Lenclos, Ninon de (1620–1705), 28–30, 39, 85, 98, 161, 440, 599

  Le Nôtre, André (1613–1700), 19, 91–92, 100, 103

  Lens, battle at (1648), 7, 129, 448

  lenses, 263, 504, 520, 621, 630

  Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici), Pope (r. 1513–1521), 104

  Leo ben Isaac Modena (1571–1648), 475–76

  Leopold 1, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1658–1705

  earlier, Archduke Leopold), 380, 414, 420–25, 658, 663, 708

  in alliance against Louis XIV, 43–44, 691, 693

  and Christina, 439, 441

  flees Vienna, 423, 707

  opera fostered by, 421, 445

  and Regensburg Truce, 45, 425

  religious policies of, 420–21, 422–23, 464, 664

  and Sobicski, 373, 422, 423–24

  and Spanish succession, 699–708

  passim; and the Turks, 44, 45, 421–25, 691

  and War of Devolution, 43, 422

  and War of Palatinate, 425, 699

  Leopold I, Duke of Lorraine (r. 1697–1729), 700

  Leopold William, Archduke of Austria (1614–1662), 165

  Lepanto, battle of (1571), 422

  Lepaurrc, Jean (1617–82), 95

  Le Peletier, Claude (fl. 1683), 691

  Le Qucsnoy, France, 714

  Leslie, Charles (1650–1722), 571

  Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), 485, 593, 613, 656, 660

  Le Sueur. Eustache (1617–55), 95, 96

  Leszczvi’iski, Stanislas, see Stanislas I, King of Poland

  Le Tellicr (or Tellier), Michel, Jesuit priest (1643–1719), 68, 101, 712, 717–18

  Letters on the Study of History (Boling-broke), 307

  Letters on Toleration (Locke), 484

  Letters to Serena (Toland), 568

  Letter to a Deist (Stillingfleet), 563

  Letter to a Dissenter (anonymous–Halifax), 292

  “Letter to Mr. Hartlib” (Milton), 217, 487

  lettres de cachet, 17, 68, 272

  Leucippus (5th cent. B.C.), 516

  Levant, 26

  Le Vau, Louis (1612–70), 19, 91, 92

  Levellers, 80, 185, 227, 461

  Levi ben Gerson (1288?–1344?), 621, 653

  Leviathan, The (Hobbes), 549–62, 567, 651, 654

  L’Hôpital, Michel de (1507–73), 607

  Libavius (Andreas Libau: d. 1616), 515

  libraries, 484–85

  Library of St. Petersburg, 403

  Licensing Act (England), 313

  Liechtenstein, Prince von und zu (fl. 1702), 435.

  Liechtenstein Palace, Vienna, 426

  Life, Adventures, Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton, The (Defoe), 337

  life insurance, 57, 502

  Life of John Sheppard (Defoe), 337

  Life of Mrs. Godolphin (Evelyn), 332

  light, 507, 512, 513–15, 534–36, 546

  Lilburne, Col. John (1614?–57), 184, 185, 227

  Lille, 42, 43, 710, 712, 714

  Limborch, Philip van (1633–1712), 577, 578, 589

  Limburg, province of, 164

  Limerick, Treaty of (1691), 303

  Limousin, province of, 71

  Linnaeus, Carolus (1707–78), 519

  Lisbon, 446, 454

  Treaty of (1668), 446

  Lister, Martin (1638–1712), 498–507

  literature, 529, 607

  Arabic, 492–93

  Dutch, 168

  English, 148, 162, 163, 207–43, 273, 276, 277, 307, 311, 312–62, 593

  French, 3, 17, 26, 48, 55, 60, 66, 76, 90, 102, 104, 127, 128, 129–63, 312, 324, 490, 602, 607, 614

  German, 416–17, 485

  Greek, 132, 162–63, 217, 241, 490, 491

  Hebrew, 241, 456, 465, 475, 490

  Hungarian, 421

  Italian, 432, 434, 435, 438, 441, 442, 475

  Latin, 163, 217, 490

  Polish, 374

  Portuguese, 446–47

  Russian, 375–76, 404

  Spanish, 446, 452

  Yiddish, 465

  Lithuania, 366, 370, 467, 468

  Livonia, 367, 369, 375, 380, 383, 390

  Livorno (Leghorn), Italy, 455–56, 473

  Lloyd, Edward (fl. 1688–1713), 304

  Locke, John (1632–1704), 266, 311, 321, 331, 491, 564, 570, 575–90, 613

  and Berkeley, 593, 594, 596
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  on education, 488–90, 590, 591

  exile in Holland, 167, 484, 578

  and the French Enlightenment, 74, 597, 679, 680, 681

  government employment, 304, 342, 577, 578

  and Leibniz, 660, 667–69, 679

  and Newton, 543, 544, 545, 679

  and political philosophy, 285, 286, 563, 566, 576, 578–83

  psychology, 551, 562–63, 568, 577, 583–88, 594, 596, 603, 642, 660, 667–69, 679

  and religious toleration, 484, 588–90, 608

  and Shaftesbury earls, 279, 285, 488, 490, 577, 590, 591, 593

  logarithms, 500

  London, 168, 258, 259–63, 332, 485

  air pollution in, 260–61, 332, 501, 591

  anti-Catholic demonstrations in, 249, 280–83

  passim, 285, 294, 297

  architecture in, 264–65, 507

  bankers and merchants of, 203, 259–60, 299, 461, 463

  Charles II hailed in, 204–6

  passim, 244

  City of, 260, 263

  coffeehouses, 275

  Corporation of, 263

  Great Fire of (1666), 235, 262–63, 264, 276, 277, 289, 322, 507

  Huguenots in, 74

  Jews of, 194, 461, 463

  parks, 275–76

  plague in, 235, 261–62, 263, 276, 277, 322, 333, 525

  population statistics, 501–2

  under Puritans, 194, 195

  Restoration morals and customs in, 268, 272

  Whig sentiment in, 285

  see also Westminster

  London Gazette, 313

  Longhena, Baldassare (1604–82), 433, 456

  longitude, calculation of, 504, 509, 538

  Longueville, Duc de (d. 1663), 7, 8

  Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchesse de (1619–79), 7, 8, 10, 30, 68, 76

  liaison with La Rochefoucauld, 7, 155–56, 158

  Lopez, Rodrigo (c. 1525–1594), 460

  Lords, House of, see under Parliament, English

  Lorrain, Claude (Claude Gellée: 1600–82), 435.

  Lorraine, duchy of, 10, 43, 44, 179, 661, 700

  Louis XIII, King of France (r. 1610–43), 4, 12, 90, 91, 106, 716

  Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 3, 12–18, 45, 144, 151, 162–63, 250, 365, 440, 485, 495

  absolutism of, 12, 14–15, 77–78, 84, 141, 396, 721

  accession of (1643), 4

  his ambition for conquest, 41–45, 201, 291, 331, 426

  and the army, 32, 33, 41, 44, 693–94, 706

  and the arts, 3, 87–103, 162

  birth of (Sept. 5, 1638), 12

  and Boileau, 130, 147, 149

  character and appearance, 12–15, 392

  and Charles II of England, 36, 273, 276–82

  passim, 284

  children of, 14, 37, 38, 40

  and the Church, 46–49, 52, 67, 70, 76, 79, 82, 83, 115, 291, 432, 617, 628 (see also religion, personal practice, below)

  court of, 18, 27, 31–34, 160, 162–63, 394, 481

  death of (Sept. I, 1715), 718–19

 

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